Quorum Sensing: An Under-Explored Phenomenon in the Phylum Actinobacteria.

Quorum sensing is known to play a major role in the regulation of secondary metabolite production, especially, antibiotics, and morphogenesis in the phylum Actinobacteria. Although it is one of the largest bacterial phylum, only 25 of the 342 genera have been reported to use quorum sensing. Of these, only nine have accompanying experimental evidence; the rest are only known through bioinformatic analysis of gene/genome sequences. It is evident that this important communication mechanism is not extensively explored in Actinobacteria. In this review, we summarize the different quorum sensing systems while identifying the limitations of the existing screening strategies and addressing the improvements that have taken place in this field in recent years. The γ-butyrolactone system turned out to be almost exclusively limited to this phylum. In addition, methylenomycin furans, AI-2 and other putative AHL-like signaling molecules are also reported in Actinobacteria. The lack of existing screening systems in detecting minute quantities and of a wider range of signaling molecules was a major reason behind the limited information available on quorum sensing in this phylum. However, recent improvements in screening strategies hold a promising future and are likely to increase the discovery of new signaling molecules. Further, the quorum quenching ability in many Actinobacteria has a great potential in controlling the spread of plant and animal pathogens. A systematic and coordinated effort is required to screen and exploit the enormous potential that quorum sensing in the phylum Actinobacteria has to offer for human benefit.

Rufibacter immobilis sp. nov., isolated from a high-altitude saline lake.

Two pinkish-red, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile aerobic bacterial strains (MCC P1(T) and MCC P2), capable of growing at low temperatures (15 °C), were isolated from water of a saline lake located in the western Himalayas of India. The strains were capable of growth in the presence of 0-2.0% NaCl and at pH 6.5-9.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the closest similarity of 96.3% to the type strain of the only species of the genus Rufibacter , Rufibacter tibetensis CCTCC AB 208084(T). Strains MCC P1(T) and MCC P2 shared 99.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 88.6% DNA-DNA relatedness. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C17 : 1ω6c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B/iso-C17 : 1 I). Predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the strains was 52.6-52.8 mol%. Based on morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomical and molecular characteristics, strains MCC P1(T) and MCC P2 represent a novel species of the genus Rufibacter , for which the name Rufibacter immobilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MCC P1(T) ( =MCC 2268(T) =CCTCC AB 2013351(T)).