Tourism's long- and short-term influence on global cities' economic growth: The case of Hong Kong.

This research examines how tourism development has impacted economic growth in a global city-Hong Kong. A large body of research has investigated national tourism-led growth in developed and developing countries. However, many such studies have overlooked how policies aimed at fostering the development of tourism affect the local economic development of global cities. The Chinese and Hong Kong governments liberalized their visa policies with the launch of the Individual Visit Scheme in 2003. Such liberalization has led to significantly more tourist arrival from China. Our autoregressive distributed lag model of tourism-related data from 2003 to 2019 provides strong evidence that more tourism can spur short-run economic growth. Yet, such tourism can lead to uncertain effects on local economic development in the longer run. Hong Kong's transient tourism-led growth has almost entered the stagnation stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle model. During such stagnation, jurisdictions like Hong Kong can expect limited long-term economic growth from their tourist sector. Our findings thus sound a warning for global cities looking to tourism to sustain longer-term economic growth.

[A case-control study of multiple myeloma patients with central nervous system involvement].

Objective: To investigate the treatment options for multiple myeloma patients with central nervous system involvement (CNS-MM) , as well as their clinical characteristics and prognostic factors. Methods: Between January 2011 and January 2022 our center diagnosed 18 people with CNS-MM. A retrospective analysis was done on the clinical information from the initial diagnosis and central nervous system involvement, and it was compared to 1∶3 matched newly diagnosed MM from the same period. Analysis was done on the clinical characteristics and survival rates of the two groups. Results: In patients with CNS-MM, the median time of onset was 14.2 (0.9-79.6) months and the median overall survival (OS) was 30.5 months from initial diagnosis and only 3.8 months in patients after CNS involvement. The CNS-MM patients showed more IgD type (P=0.010) , severer anemia (P=0.014) , a higher proportion of bone marrow plasma cells (P=0.013) , more extramedullary lesions (P=0.001) , and increased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (P=0.009) when compared to the control group. Lenalidomide or pomalidomide-based combinations had higher rates of hematology and CNS remission than bortezomib or daratumumab-based regimens (75.0% vs 16.7% , P=0.019) . Patients who received IMiD-based regimens and had 2 high-risk factors at initial diagnosis (high LDH and extramedullary lesions) had a significantly lower incidence of CNS-MM (P=0.026) . At the initial diagnosis, LDH (P=0.008, HR=7.319, 95% CI 1.663-32.219) and extramedullary lesions (P=0.006, HR=8.054, 95% CI 1.828-35.486) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of CNS-MM. Conclusion: Patients with CNS-MM had a poor prognosis. Patients with high LDH or extramedullary lesions at the time of the initial diagnosis are more likely to have CNS-MM. The prognosis of this patient may be improved by immunoregulator-based therapy.

[The efficacy and safety of daratumumab in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of daratumumab in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) . Methods: The clinical characteristics, adverse reactions, efficacy, and prognosis of 46 patients with RRMM treated with daratumumab in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from September 2017 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients were treated with daratumumab-based regimen: 8 in the Dd group, 35 in the DRd group, and 3 in the DVd group. With a median follow-up of 9.6 months, the overall response rate (ORR) was 75% [complete remission (CR) rate 18.2% ] among the 44 patients available for evaluation. The ORRs of patients resistant to bortezomib, lenalidomide, and both were 70.6% , 69.2% , and 63.6% , respectively. The CR rates of patients resistant to bortezomib, lenalidomide, and both were 17.6% , 11.5% , and 13.6% , respectively. No significant difference was observed in ORR and CR rates among the three groups. The ORRs of the DRd, DVd, and Dd groups were 85.3% , 66.7% , and 28.6% , respectively (P=0.007) . The median PFS of 46 patients was 8.9 months, the median OS was not reached, and the 1-year OS rate was 74% . The median PFS and OS in the DRd group were longer than those in the Dd group (PFS: 14.4 months vs 2.0 months; OS: not reached vs 5.2 months) . After treatment with daratumumab, neutropenia is the most common hematological adverse reaction above grade 3. Non-hematological adverse reactions are mainly infusion-related adverse reactions and infections. Prognostic analysis showed that patients with extramedullary invasion had shorter PFS and OS compard with patients without extramedullary invasion (PFS: 5.7 vs 14.4 months, P=0.033; OS: 6.3 months vs not reached, P=0.029) . The OS of patients with an ECOG score of 3-4 was significantly shorter than patients with an ECOG score of 1-2 (5.9 months vs not reached, P=0.004) . Conclusion: Daratumumab-based regimens have good efficacy and safety in the treatment of RRMM.

Nursing management at a Chinese fever clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The rampant spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has assumed pandemic proportions across the world. Attempts to contain its spread have entailed varying early screening and triage strategies implemented in different countries and regions. AIM: To share the experience of scientific and standardized management of fever clinics in China, which provide the first effective checkpoint for the prevention and control of COVID-19. INTRODUCTION: A fever clinic was established at our hospital in Tianjin, China, for initially identifying suspected cases of COVID-19 and controlling the spread of the disease. METHODS: The management system covered the following aspects: spatial layout; partitioning of functional zones; a work management system and associated processes; management of personnel, materials and equipment; and patient education. RESULTS: Within two months of introducing these measures, there was a comprehensive reduction in the number of new COVID-19 cases in Tianjin, and zero infections occurred among medical staff at the fever clinic. DISCUSSION: The fever clinic plays an important role in the early detection, isolation and referral of patients presenting with fevers of unknown origin. Broad screening criteria, an adequate warning mechanism, manpower reserves and staff training at the clinic are essential for the early management of epidemics. CONCLUSION: The spread of COVID-19 has been effectively curbed through the establishment of the fever clinic, which merits widespread promotion and application. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICIES: Health managers should be made aware of the important role of fever clinics in the early detection, isolation and referral of patients, and in the treatment of infectious diseases to prevent and control their spread. In the early stage of an epidemic, fever clinics should be established in key areas with concentrated clusters of cases. Simultaneously, the health and safety of health professionals require attention.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: a clinical data report from a single center].

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 51 patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) and evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of ibrutinib in the treatment of WM. Methods: We carried out a single-center retrospective study, including 51 patients with WM of our single center from November 2008 to October 2019. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 65 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2.64∶1. There were 9 (18%) , 21 (41%) , and 21 (41%) ISSWM stage low-, intermediate- and high-risk patients identified, respectively. A total of 27 (73%) patients harbored MYD88(L265P) mutation. The median follow-up time was 38.6 (0.3-120.0) months, the median progression free survival was 46.4 months, and the median overall survival was not reached. The overall remission and major remission rates of patients who received ibrutinib were 87% and 80%, respectively. The median time to achieve at least partial remission of patients treated with ibrutinib was 8 weeks, which was earlier than those treated with other drugs (P<0.05) . Conclusion: WM is often seen in elderly men. MYD88(L265P) had a high frequency in WM. The findings of our study validate the efficacy of ibrutinib monotherapy. Even in patients with advanced age and at high risk of ISSWM, the overall remission rate and major remission rate are high. Ibrutinib is a safe and effective therapy because of its rapid onset and rare serious adverse reactions.

Emphasis on the early diagnosis of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: retrospective analysis over 16 years at one Chinese center.

PURPOSE: Antithyroid drug (ATD)-induced agranulocytosis is a rare but life-threatening adverse drug reaction that occurs in patients during the treatment of Graves' disease. We aimed to comprehensively examine data for patients with this rare complication and to improve the clinical safety of ATDs. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 64 hospitalized patients diagnosed with ATD-induced agranulocytosis between 2000 and 2015. RESULTS: Agranulocytosis occurred in 52 (81.3%) patients within the first 3 months after initiation of ATD therapy. Fever (84.4%) and sore throat (82.8%) were the most common symptoms. Although they experienced symptoms, 30 (46.9%) patients did not seek treatment immediately and delayed their diagnosis of agranulocytosis. The minimum granulocyte count was lower in the patients diagnosed after the appearance of symptoms than in those diagnosed before the appearance of symptoms (0.01 × 109/L (0 × 109/L - 0.06 × 109/L) versus 0.26 × 109/L (0.05 × 109/L - 0.40 × 109/L), P < 0.001). The interval days from the appearance of symptoms to the diagnosis of agranulocytosis were negatively correlated with the minimum granulocyte count (r = -0.348, P = 0.005). In addition, a lower minimum granulocyte count was associated with a longer recovery time (ß = -11.899, 95% CI -15.304 to -8.496). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have demonstrated that delayed diagnosis of ATD-induced agranulocytosis is common in our population. Delayed diagnosis is associated with severe agranulocytosis and may prolong the recovery time from agranulocytosis. Monitoring of the white blood cell and granulocyte counts may be an effective way to establish an early diagnosis and prevent progression to severe agranulocytosis.

Contrast Functions of αA- and αB-Crystallins in Cancer Development.

α-Crystallins, initially identified as the structural proteins of the ocular lens, belong to the small heat shock protein family. They play significant roles in maintaining the lens transparency and preventing protein aggregation. α-Crystallins exist in two isoforms: αA and αB, and they display differential tissue distribution. Their mutations are implicated in several human diseases including cardiac myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, cataracts and various types of cancers. Increased αB expression was detected in retinoblastoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate and renal cell carcinomas, indicating its role in promoting tumor growth. A complex picture emerges for αA. Although earlier studies suggest that αA may promote cancer development, recent studies from our laboratory demonstrate that αA can act as a tumor suppressor inhibiting cell transformation and retarding cell migration through modulating MAP kinase activity. In this review, we summarize the recent progress about the functions of αA and αB in cancer development.

[Effect of moluodan on gastric secretion in atrophic gastritis rats].

Objective: To investigate the effect of moluodan on gastric secretion and the underlying mechanism of moluodan in treating atrophic gastritis. Method: According to the random number table, 120 healthy male specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, model group, moluodan low-dose group, and moluodan high-dose group, with 30 rats in each group. The control group was administered with normal saline 2 ml/d by gavage, the other three groups were administered with 2% sodium salicylate 1 ml/d, 20 mol/L sodium deoxycholate 1 ml/d, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) 200 mg/kg for every 10 days. And 16 weeks later, the control group and model group were treated with normal saline 2 ml/d by gavage, meanwhile the moluodan low-dose group was treated with moluodan 0.9 g·kg-1·d-1and the high-dose group was treated with moluodan 1.8 g·kg-1·d-1, continuously for 12 weeks. Ten rats of each group were sacrificed at the end of 4, 8, 12 weeks. The effect of moluodan on atrophic gastritis was observed. The secretion function of gastric mucosa was assessed through detecting the numbers of gastrin-secreting cells (G cells) and somatostatin-secreting cell (D cells) in gastric mucosa using immunochemical staining, and measuring the serum levels of gastrin (GAS) and somatostatin (SS) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: After 8 weeks, the numbers of G and D cells in gastric mucosa in the moluodan high-dose group significantly increased compared with the model group[(0.617±0.114) vs (0.476±0.116) cells/mm2, (0.504±0.084) vs (0.369±0.148) cells/mm2, both P<0.05]; the numbers of G and D cells in gastric mucosa in the low-dose group increased after 12-week's treatment[(0.674±0.129) vs (0.528±0.103) cells/mm2, (0.526±0.087) vs (0.371±0.058) cells/mm2, both P<0.05]. The serum GAS levels increased markedly after 8 weeks in the moluodan high-dose group and after 12 weeks in the low-dose group[(1.313±0.080) ng/ml vs (0.964±0.080) ng/ml, (1.202±0.124) ng/ml vs (0.909±0.054) ng/ml, both P<0.01]; the serum SS levels in both high- and low-dose groups were significantly lower than in the model group after 8-week's treatment[(2.376±0.199) ng/ml, (2.238±0.155) ng/ml vs (2.605±0.183) ng/ml, both P<0.05]. Conclusion: Moluodan may treat atrophic gastritis by repairing G and D cells in gastric mucosa and thus increasing serum levels of GAS.

Identification of a novel HLA-B*44 allele, HLA-B*44:237N, in a Chinese individual.

B*44:237N differs from B*44:03:01 by nucleotides deletion at nucleotide 286 and 287 in exon 2.

A novel HLA-B allele, HLA-B*40:01:47.

HLA-B*40:01:47 differs from HLA-B*40:01:01 by one nucleotide exchange at position 420 in exon 3.

HLA-A*24:02:96, a novel variant of HLA-A*24:02:01:01, identified in a Chinese individual by sequence-based typing.

HLA-A*24:02:96 shows one nucleotide difference from HLA-A*24:02:01:01 at position 318 in exon 2 from C to T.

A novel allele, HLA-B*55:77, identified by sequence-based typing in a Chinese individual.

HLA-B*55:77 differs from B*55:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide at position 164 in exon 2.

Identification of a novel HLA-B*40 allele, HLA-B*40:324, by sequence-based typing, in a Chinese individual.

The new allele, HLA-B*40:324 differs from B*40:63 by two nucleotide changes in exon 3.

A novel allele HLA-A*11:152 was identified by sequence-based typing in a Chinese individual.

HLA-A*11:152 differs from A*11:01:01 by a single nucleotide at position 266 in Exon 2.

Hepatic arterial infusion plus systemic chemotherapy as third-line or later treatment in colorectal liver metastases.

BACKGROUNDS: The present study aimed to evaluate benefit of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAI) combined with systemic chemotherapy (SCT) for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLMs) in a palliative setting. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study including 43 consecutive patients with CLM after failure of standard SCT. Among them, 20 (47 %) patients underwent HAI combined with SCT (Group A) and 23 historical control patients who had received SCT with or without targeted agent treatment (Group B). RESULTS: The two groups had similar characteristics. Compared with SCT alone, HAI combined with SCT prolonged survival (median 19.8 vs. 9.0 months; P = 0.045). Median hepatic progression-free survival was significantly longer for HAI combined with SCT vs. SCT alone (median 8.1 vs. 4.7 months; P = 0.027), as were response rates (25 and 0 %; P = 0.038) and progression-free survival (median 5.7 vs. 3.0 months; P = 0.02). Three patients (15 %) achieved conversion to potentially curative surgery. Grade 3/4 toxicities for Group A and Group B were neutropenia (5 and 8.7 %, respectively), anemia (5 and 0 %, respectively), and hyperbilirubinemia (0 and 4.3 %, respectively). Other complications were mostly grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS: HAI combined with SCT treatment can improve overall survival compared with SCT alone in highly advanced CLM refractory to intravenous chemotherapy.

A 6-year follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing methimazole treatment with or without exogenous L-thyroxine in Chinese patients with Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVE: Antithyroid drug therapy is one of the main medical treatments for Graves' disease. There have been conflicting reports as to whether the addition of exogenous L-thyroxine improves remission rates more than antithyroid drugs alone. This randomized, controlled and prospective clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the long-term outcome of methimazole treatment with or without exogenous L-thyroxine in Chinese patients. METHODS: 145 patients with Graves' disease were randomly divided into 3 groups and all patients initially received 30 mg of methimazole daily for at least 1 month and then followed the titration -regimen with or without L-thyroxine: group 1 (30 mg→20 mg→15 mg→10 mg→5 mg); group 2 (30 mg→20 mg→15 mg→10 mg+L-thyroxine→5 mg+L-thyroxine); group 3 (30 mg→20 mg→15 mg→10 mg+L-thyroxine→5 mg+L-thyroxine→2.5 mg+L-thyroxine). The drug therapy was discontinued after 5 months of the final dose. RESULTS: 16 out of 46 patients in group 1 (34.8%), 12 out of 47 in group 2 (25.5%) and 16 out of 52 in group 3 (30.8%) had a recurrence of Graves' disease within 6-year follow-up after drug withdrawal. Survival Analysis showed no significant differences in the remission rates between any 2 groups, despite the remission rates in group 2 and 3 were slightly higher than that in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of L-thyroxine to methimazole treatment in patients with Graves' disease neither improves nor prevents the remission or recurrence of Graves' disease in China.