Progress with rotavirus vaccines: summary of the Tenth International Rotavirus Symposium.

Over 350 scientific, public and private sector experts from 47 countries convened at the Tenth International Rotavirus Symposium in Bangkok, Thailand on 19-21 September 2012 to discuss progress in the prevention and control of rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalizations and deaths among young children worldwide. Participants discussed data on the burden and epidemiology of rotavirus disease, results of trials of rotavirus vaccines, postmarketing data on vaccine impact and safety from countries that have implemented rotavirus vaccination programs, new insights in rotavirus pathogenesis, immunity and strain diversity, and key issues related to vaccine policy and introduction.

Vaccination legislation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Governments have the authority and responsibility to ensure vaccination for all citizens. The development of vaccination legislation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) parallels the emergence of sustainable, relatively autonomous, and effective national immunization programs. We reviewed vaccination legislation and related legal documents from LAC countries (excluding Canada, Puerto Rico, the United States, and the US Virgin Islands), and described and assessed vaccination legislation provisions. Twenty-seven of the 44 countries and territories in the Region have proposed or enacted vaccination legislation. Provisions vary substantially, but legal frameworks generally protect the sustainability of the immunization program, the individual's right to immunization, and the state's responsibility to provide it as a public good. Of the legislation from countries and territories included in the analysis, 44 per cent protects a budget line for vaccines, 96 per cent mandates immunization, 63 per cent declares immunization a public good, and 78 per cent explicitly defines the national vaccine schedule. We looked for associations between vaccination legislation in LAC and national immunization program performance and financing, and conclude with lessons for governments seeking to craft or enhance vaccination legislation.

A erradicação da poliomielite nas Américas / The eradication of polio in the Americas

O projeto "A história da poliomielite e de sua erradicação no Brasil", desenvolvido pela Casa de Oswaldo Cruz (COC/Fiocruz), realizou entrevista com Ciro de Quadros em12 de março de 2001, no Rio de Janeiro, a qual foi editada para publicação. Tendo como temática a história da poliomielite, a entrevista aborda, também, a trajetória de vida e profissional deste médico que trabalhou durante anos na Etiópia, no Programa Mundial de Erradicação da Varíola, colaborou com a criação do PAI (Programa Ampliado de Imunizações) em Washington e posteriormente, continuou sua luta contra a poliomielite e demais doenças imunopreveníveis, como diretor dos programas internacionais do Instituto de Vacinas Albert Sabin. (AU)

El uso de la radiografía de tórax para la vigilancia de neumonías bacterianas en niños latinoamericanos / The use of chest X-rays for surveillance of bacterial pneumonias in children in Latin America

La División de Vacunas e Inmunización de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) está promoviendo la vigilancia epidemiológica de neumonías bacterianas en niños latinoamericanos, con el objetivo de generar pruebas científicas que sustenten futuras decisiones de control mediante vacunas en los países de la Región. Como es poco frecuente que el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades abarque la documentación bacteriológica del agente causal, los estudios de este tipo que se realizan en el mundo aceptan la imagen radiológica de consolidación alveolar como criterio confirmatorio de una neumonía presuntamente bacteriana. En este informe se examinan la racionalidad teórica y los requisitos necesarios para utilizar la radiología de tórax como instrumento para la vigilancia epidemiológica de neumonías bacterianas. Además, se ofrece un resumen de las actividades realizadas en dos años de trabajo conjunto entre el Centro para Vacunas en Desarrollo, en Chile, y la División de Vacunas e Inmunización de la OPS. Durante ese período se fomentó el estudio epidemiológico de las neumonías bacterianas en niños latinoamericanos utilizando los criterios y definiciones acordados a escala internacional, así como herramientas y soluciones prácticas ajustadas a la realidad de la Región. Las actividades desarrolladas hasta ahora evidencian la necesidad y factibilidad de estandarizar la interpretación de las radiografías de tórax para utilizarlas en estudios epidemiológicos

The Division of Vaccines and Immunization of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is promoting epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonias in children in Latin America in order to generate scientific evidence to support future decisions concerning using vaccines to control such pneumonias in the countries of the Region of the Americas. The diagnosis of these diseases rarely includes bacteriological documentation of the causative agent. Therefore, studies of this type that are carried out around the world accept radiological images of alveolar consolidation as a confirmatory criterion for a presumptively bacterial pneumonia. radiology as an instrument for epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonias. The piece also summarizes the activities carried out during 2 years of joint efforts between the Center for Vaccine Development (Centro para Vacunas en Desarrollo) of Chile and PAHO's Division of Vaccines and Immunization. During those 2 years, the two groups encouraged the epidemiological study of bacterial pneumonias in Latin American children, using internationally accepted criteria and definitions as well as tools and practical solutions adapted to the reality of the Region of the America. The activities so far show both the need for and the feasibility of standardizing the interpretation of chest radiographs so that they can be used in epidemiological studies

Introducción de la vacuna conjugada contra Hib en Chile y Uruguay / Introducing Hib conjugate vaccine in Chile and Uruguay

In some countries, the invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has been practically eliminated thanks to vaccination. However, in much of the developing world, meningitides and pneumonias caused by these bacteria continue to be a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, as well as high hospitalization costs. Because safe and effective conjugate vaccines are now available, the Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization of the Pan American Health Organization has recommended introducting them into the regular vaccination regimen of as many countries as possible. This has been done in Chile and Uruguay, where the Hib vaccine now forms part of the regular vaccination routine. When the vaccine was being introduced, both countries had difficulties they could have avoided if they had known of the experiences of other nations. Therefore, these two countries now offer the lessons they learned to other nations considering introducing the vaccine into their immunization programs. The most important lessons were to: strengthen the epidemiological surveillance system sufficiently in advance of introducing the vaccine; with the support of scientific societies, present the technical information that justifies introducing the vaccine; seek community baking and acceptance; precisely establish in advance the presentation and dosage of the vaccine that is most appropriate for the country; and be certain to have the political and legal decisions needed to ensure the continuity of Hib vaccination in the future

Los laboratorios públicos productores de vacunas: el nuevo paradigma / Public laboratories for vaccine production: the new paradigm

Los laboratorios públicos productores de vacunas de América Latina y el Caribe han contribuido en diferente grado al control y a la erradicación de las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación y varios están produciendo las vacunas que se aplican rutinariamente en los programas nacionales de inmunización, como la vacuna antituberculosa (a base del bacilo de Calmette-Guérin, BCG), la vacuna contra difteria-tétanos-pertussis (DTP), el toxoide tetánico (TT), la vacuna antisarampionosa y la vacuna antipoliomielítica oral. Gracias a los adelantos científicos recientes, se prevé un aumento importante del número de vacunas seguras y eficaces que estarán disponibles en un futuro cercano para uso en los programas normales de vacunación. Sin embargo, los gastos asociados con el desarrollo de estas vacunas y con los derechos de propiedad intelectual que las protegen son cuantiosos. Además, pocos laboratorios en América Latina poseen la capacidad técnica para investigar y elaborar estas vacunas. Tales factores tendrán un impacto en la celeridad con que se incorporarán en los esquemas de vacunación de los países de la Región. En la actualidad, los laboratorios públicos productores de vacunas de la Región no están capacitados para competir en este nuevo contexto y corren el riesgo de ser desplazados del mercado por completo. De ahí la necesidad de que cambien radicalmente su manejo gerencial y su capacidad científicotécnica, lo cual exige que los gobiernos se comprometan a mejorar y fortalecer aquellos aspectos políticos y financieros que garanticen la participación de los laboratorios nacionales en el suministro sostenible de vacunas a los programas de vacunación, así como en la investigación, desarrollo y producción de vacunas nuevas