Executive Functions, Episodic Autobiographical Memory, Problem-Solving Capacity, and Depression Proposal for a Structural Equations Model.

The executive functions play an important role in storing and recovering autobiographical memories, especially episodic memories. These types of memories provide information about solutions and experiences from the past that can be utilized as examples in the present when seeking solutions to any problem. In addition, a close relationship between depression and the executive functions has been widely recognized. This study aims to elaborate a structural equations model that empirically supports the relationships among the executive functions, episodic autobiographical memory, and the adaptive capacity to solve problems, taking into account the depressed mood state. In all, 32 healthy elderly people, 32 patients with Parkinson disease, 32 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and 32 with Alzheimer disease were evaluated. Structural equation models were estimated to test the effects among the constructs. The final model shows adequate fit indexes, thus revealing that an individual's problem-solving capacity will depend on the capacity to access the episodic autobiographical memory, which in turn will depend on the maintenance of executive functioning. In a parallel way, the mood state, and specifically depression, will play a modulator role because when there is depressive symptomatology, some capacities that depend on executive control can be diminished.

Wellbeing, resilience, and coping: Are there differences between healthy older adults, adults with mild cognitive impairment, and adults with Alzheimer-type dementia?

The changes that occur with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease could affect psychological aspects unrelated to memory. The purpose of this study is to compare 32 healthy older adults, 31 amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) adults, and 32 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), in order to determine whether there are differences in their psychological wellbeing, resilience, and coping strategies. Unifactorial MANOVAS and ANOVAS were performed to analyze the between-group differences. The results reveal that the AD group showed lower levels of resilience and orientation toward problem-solving and greater use of religious strategies. In addition, they had significantly lower wellbeing scores than the other groups. The worsening of the pathology impedes the capacity for adaptation and resilience and the application of strategies oriented toward the problem, and it increases the application of strategies based on magical thinking. Moreover, it also produces a reduction in wellbeing.

The role of self-referencing in true and false recognition in young people and healthy older people / El papel del efecto de auto-referencia sobre el verdadero y falso reconocimiento en jóvenes y mayores sanos

Background: Given the uneven results about the role self-referencing plays in false recognition, we planned an experiment that would allow us to analyze whether self-referencing affects false recognition, and its relationship with healthy aging. Method: A sample of healthy older people (n = 30) and another sample of young people (n = 38) rated whether 40 personality-trait adjectives (20 with a positive valence and 20 with a negative valence) described them or not (self-referencing condition). They then took a recognition test of these adjectives along with 40 other new adjectives. Next, they rated whether 40 other different adjectives described a third person or not (other-referencing condition), and then performed another similar recognition test. These two conditions were counter-balanced across participants. Results: The results clearly showed that self-referencing produces both an increase in true recognition and a decrease in false recognition in both samples. Conclusions: Our results support the idea that self-referencing reduces false recognition by using conscious monitoring strategies, and that self-referencing is a suitable cognitive method for enhancing older individuals’ impaired memory (AU)

Antecedentes: dados los resultados contradictorios acerca del papel que el efecto de auto-referencia ejerce sobre el falso reconocimiento, diseñamos un experimento para analizar si dicho efecto afecta al falso reconocimiento y su relación con el envejecimiento. Método: una muestra de personas mayores sanas (n = 30) y otra muestra de personas jóvenes (n = 38) valoraron si 40 adjetivos sobre rasgos de personalidad (20 de ellos con valencia positiva y 20 con valencia negativa) los describían o no (condición de auto-referencia). A continuación llevaron a cabo una tarea de reconocimiento sobre dichos 40 adjetivos junto con otras 40 adjetivos nuevos. Después valoraron otros 40 adjetivos en relación a una tercera persona (condición de otra-referencia), seguida de su correspondiente test de reconocimiento. Estas dos condiciones se contrabalanceron entre participantes. Resultados: los resultados mostraron claramente que la condición de autoreferencia produce tanto un incremento en el reconocimiento correcto como un decremento en el falso reconocimiento en ambas muestras. Conclusiones: nuestros resultados apoyan la idea de que el efecto de autoreferencia reduce el falso reconocimiento mediante el uso de estrategias conscientes de monitorización, y que el método de autoreferenciar es una estrategia cognitiva eficiente para mejorar la memoria de las personas mayores (AU)

The role of self-referencing in true and false recognition in young people and healthy older people.

BACKGROUND: Given the uneven results about the role self-referencing plays in false recognition, we planned an experiment that would allow us to analyze whether self-referencing affects false recognition, and its relationship with healthy aging. METHOD: A sample of healthy older people (n = 30) and another sample of young people (n = 38) rated whether 40 personality-trait adjectives (20 with a positive valence and 20 with a negative valence) described them or not (self-referencing condition). They then took a recognition test of these adjectives along with 40 other new adjectives. Next, they rated whether 40 other different adjectives described a third person or not (other-referencing condition), and then performed another similar recognition test. These two conditions were counter-balanced across participants. RESULTS: The results clearly showed that self-referencing produces both an increase in true recognition and a decrease in false recognition in both samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the idea that self-referencing reduces false recognition by using conscious monitoring strategies, and that self-referencing is a suitable cognitive method for enhancing older individuals’ impaired memory.

Effectiveness of follow-up reminiscence therapy on autobiographical memory in pathological ageing.

The objective is to examine the effects of reminiscence therapy (RT) on total, episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) groups, testing the effects of RT on different stages of autobiographical memory, and its effectiveness at follow-up. A sample composed of 43 aMCI (27 treatments, 16 controls) and 30 AD (15 treatments, 15 controls) subjects were evaluated with the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) test. The RT consisted of 10 sessions lasting 60 minutes each. Both groups, aMCI and AD, showed significant effects on overall autobiographical memory; aMCI showed significant main effects on episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in the treatment group, increasing scores in both cases. For AD, significant effects were observed on autobiographical episodic memory, showing an increase in the treatment group from Time 1 to follow-up; semantic memory showed a decrease in the control group from Time 1 to follow-up. Results show that RT implementation and follow-up are effective in increasing autobiographical memory in subjects with aMCI and AD.

Autobiographical memory for the differential diagnosis of cognitive pathology in aging.

AIM: The present study distinguishes three memory stages across the lifespan, and aims to compare episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in healthy older adults, with amnesic mild cognitive impairment, and with Alzheimer's disease. This information can offer evidence about the way semantic and episodic autobiographical memory work, and how the disease affects them. METHODS: The sample was composed of 56 people, all aged over 60 years; 15 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 12 with Alzheimer's disease and 29 healthy older people. Participants were evaluated with the Autobiographical Memory Interview. RESULTS: A mixed anova showed significant main effects of memory and time-period, and significant interactions of memory × group, time-period × group and memory × time × group. DISCUSSION: Assessment of autobiographical memory provides information to differentiate amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients from Alzheimer's disease patients. Although the decline in episodic memory starts with the onset of the disease, semantic memory is maintained until moderate stages of dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16:1220-1225.