Social inequalities in self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian adults: PNAD COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate inequalities related to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status in self-reported positive diagnosis for COVID-19 in Brazilian adults. METHODS: Data available from the National Household Sample Survey COVID-19 (PNAD COVID 19) (July/September/November, 2020) were used in this retrospective investigation. The analyses considered the sampling design, primary sampling units, strata and sample weights. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate prevalence ratio (PR) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the associations. RESULTS: In July, September and November 2020, with regard to the rapid test, indigenous people were 2.45 (95%CI 1.48-4.08), 2.53 (95%CI 1.74-4.41) and 1.23 (95%CI 1.11-1.86) times more likely to report a positive history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. With regard to the RT-PCR test in November, indigenous people were more likely to test positive for COVID-19 (PR: 1.90; 95%CI 1.07-3.38). It was observed that the indigenous group was 1.86 (95%CI 1.05-3.29) and 2.11 (95%CI 1.12-3.59) times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 in September and November (2020). Income was associated with testing positive for COVID-19: in November, individuals whose income ranged from R$0.00-R$1.044 were more likely (PR: 1.69; 95%CI 1.16-23.06) to test positive using the RT-PCR test; participants whose income was in this range were also more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 using blood tests (PR: 1.72; 95%CI 1.43-2.07). CONCLUSION: The data presented show an association between race/ethnicity and economic status with a positive diagnosis of COVID-19.

Social inequalities in self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian adults: PNAD COVID-19 / Desigualdades sociais no autorrelato de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 em adultos brasileiros: Pnad COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate inequalities related to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status in self-reported positive diagnosis for COVID-19 in Brazilian adults. Methods: Data available from the National Household Sample Survey COVID-19 (PNAD COVID 19) (July/September/November, 2020) were used in this retrospective investigation. The analyses considered the sampling design, primary sampling units, strata and sample weights. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate prevalence ratio (PR) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the associations. Results: In July, September and November 2020, with regard to the rapid test, indigenous people were 2.45 (95%CI 1.48-4.08), 2.53 (95%CI 1.74-4.41) and 1.23 (95%CI 1.11-1.86) times more likely to report a positive history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. With regard to the RT-PCR test in November, indigenous people were more likely to test positive for COVID-19 (PR: 1.90; 95%CI 1.07-3.38). It was observed that the indigenous group was 1.86 (95%CI 1.05-3.29) and 2.11 (95%CI 1.12-3.59) times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 in September and November (2020). Income was associated with testing positive for COVID-19: in November, individuals whose income ranged from R$0.00-R$1.044 were more likely (PR: 1.69; 95%CI 1.16-23.06) to test positive using the RT-PCR test; participants whose income was in this range were also more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 using blood tests (PR: 1.72; 95%CI 1.43-2.07). Conclusion: The data presented show an association between race/ethnicity and economic status with a positive diagnosis of COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar as desigualdades relacionadas a raça/etnia e condição socioeconômica no autorrelato de resultado positivo para COVID-19 em adultos brasileiros. Métodos: Os dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad) COVID-19 (julho/setembro/novembro, 2020) foram utilizados nesta investigação retrospectiva. As análises consideraram o desenho amostral, unidades primárias de amostragem, estratos e pesos amostrais. Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) das associações. Resultados: Nos meses de julho, setembro e novembro de 2020, referente ao teste rápido, os indígenas tinham 2,45 (IC95% 1,48-4,08), 2,53 (IC95% 1,74-4,41) e 1,23 (IC95% 1,11-1,86) vezes maior probabilidade de reportar o histórico positivo de infecção por SARS-CoV-2, respectivamente. Com relação ao teste RT-PCR no mês de novembro, os indígenas apresentaram mais chance de testarem positivo para COVID-19 (RP: 1,90; IC95% 1,07-3,38). Foi observado que o grupo de indígenas apresentou 1,86 (IC95% 1,05-3,29) e 2,11 (IC95% 1,12-3,59) vezes mais chances de positivarem para COVID-19 em setembro e novembro (2020). A renda esteve associada com a testagem positiva para a COVID-19: no mês de novembro, indivíduos com renda variando entre R$ 0,00-R$ 1,044 tiveram maior probabilidade (RP: 1,69; IC95% 1,16-23,06) de testarem positivo através do teste RT-PCR; participantes com renda variando na referida faixa de valor também apresentaram maior chance de serem diagnosticados com COVID-19 através de testes sanguíneos (RP: 1,72; IC95% 1,43-2,07). Conclusão: Os dados apresentados evidenciam a associação entre a raça/etnia e o status econômico com o resultado positivo para COVID-19.

Agreement between schoolchildren and their parents on rating the child's oral health-related quality of life.

The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children's oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children's perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers' views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children's dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman's correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children's and parents/caregivers' OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers' perception compared to the children's score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children's OHRQoL.

Agreement between schoolchildren and their parents on rating the child's oral health-related quality of life

Abstract The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children's oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children's perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers' views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children's dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman's correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children's and parents/caregivers' OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers' perception compared to the children's score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children's OHRQoL.