Global strategy in the treatment of HIV infection in 2022.

The treatment of HIV infection has become a cornerstone for the global control of the pandemic due to its benefits on individual health and for preventing the transmission of HIV. It should be started in all people with HIV infection and as quickly as possible. Ideally, it should be started on the same day of diagnosis or, failing that, within the first 7 days. Antiretroviral regimens with excellent efficacy, no significant toxicity, and convenient administration are currently available for initiation of antiretroviral treatment. They can incorporate two or three drugs and are always based on a second-generation integrase inhibitor.

Assessment of Noninvasive Markers of Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Monoinfected Patients on Stable Antiretroviral Regimens.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major nonacquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining condition for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). We aimed to validate noninvasive tests for the diagnosis of NAFLD in PWH. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of PWH on stable antiretroviral therapy with persistently elevated transaminases and no known liver disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated to compare the diagnostic accuracy of liver biopsy with abdominal ultrasound, transient elastography (TE) (including controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]), and noninvasive markers of steatosis (triglyceride and glucose index [TyG], hepatic steatosis index [HSI], fatty liver index [FLI]) and fibrosis ([FIB]-4, aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index [APRI], NAFLD fibrosis score). We developed a diagnostic algorithm with serial combinations of markers. Results: Of 146 patients with increased transaminase levels, 69 underwent liver biopsy (90% steatosis, 61% steatohepatitis, and 4% F ≥3). The AUROC for steatosis was as follows: ultrasound, 0.90 (0.75-1); CAP, 0.94 (0.88-1); FLI, 0.81 (0.58-1); HSI, 0.74 (0.62-0.87); and TyG, 0.75 (0.49-1). For liver fibrosis ≥F3, the AUROC for TE, APRI, FIB-4, and NAFLD fibrosis score was 0.92 (0.82-1), 0.96 (0.90-1), 0.97 (0.93-1), and 0.85 (0.68-1). Optimal diagnostic performance for liver steatosis was for 2 noninvasive combined models of tests with TyG and FLI/HSI as the first tests and ultrasound or CAP as the second tests: AUROC = 0.99 (0.97-1, P < .001) and 0.92 (0.77-1, P < .001). Conclusions: Ultrasound and CAP performed best in diagnosing liver steatosis, and FLI, TyG, and HSI performed well. We propose an easy-to-implement algorithm with TyG or FLI as the first test and ultrasound or CAP as the second test to accurately diagnose or exclude NAFLD.

Prevention of incisional hernia with a reinforced tension line (RTL) versus primary suture only in midline laparotomies: 3-year follow-up in a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Incisional hernia (IH) has an incidence of 10-23%, which can increase to 38% in specific risk groups. The objective of this study is to report the results at 3 years of follow-up of the use of the reinforced tension line (RTL) technique compared with primary suture only (PSO) closure in the prevention of IH in high-risk patients undergoing laparotomy. METHODS: Open randomized controlled clinical trial. Included were patients older than 18 years who underwent midline laparotomy, emergency or scheduled, who were considered high risk, and who completed 3-year follow-up. The patients were randomized 1:1 to the RTL technique or to PSO. The objective was to report the incidence of IH and the complications associated with the closure method. Intention-to-treat analysis and Cox regression were performed. RESULTS: A total of 124 patients were randomized; 51 patients from the RTL group and 53 patients from the PSO group finished the 3-year follow-up. The incidence of IH was higher in the PSO group (15/53, 28.3%) than the RTL group (5/51, 9.8%) (p = 0.016, OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.14-0.88, number needed to treat 5.4, log-rank test p = 0.017). The groups were similar in the rates of surgical site infection, hematoma, seroma, and postoperative pain during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The RTL technique is useful in the prevention of IH when compared with PSO in high-risk midline laparotomy patients, and it is not associated with a higher percentage of complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Local Committee CI-HRAEB-2013-020. March 13, 2013. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02136628, retrospectively registered.

Reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in sympatry.

Reproductive isolation is a necessary condition for plant domestication in their domestication centre where crops co-occur with their wild progenitors. However, the identification of reproductive barriers and their relative contribution to reproductive isolation have been overlooked in plants under domestication. We assessed pre- and post-pollination reproductive barriers and their relative contribution to reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in its domestication centre. We found that wild and domesticated chaya both exhibit a high degree of reproductive isolation. However, the reproductive isolation barriers exhibited some asymmetry: while pre-pollination barriers (differential pollen production and pollinator specificity) were only detected in wild plants, post-pollination barriers (pollen-pistil incompatibility and/or failure to set fruit) were observed in both wild and domesticated plants. We conclude that complete reproductive isolation has evolved in sympatry in co-occurring domesticated and wild chaya.

Experiencias de los alumnos en el Aprendizaje del Proceso de atención de enfermería / Students' experiences on learning the Nursing Process / Experiências dos alunos na Aprendizagem do Processo de Atenção de Enfermagem

Resumen Introducción La utilización del Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) como metodología propia de la disciplina, resuelve los problemas de las competencias de enfermería, permite intervenciones reflexivas para la solución de problemas individuales y atención integral a la persona, mejora la comunicación, delimita el campo profesional en cuanto identifica los fenómenos de interés y fundamenta la investigación; por ello tiene un espacio destacado en la formación del pregrado de enfermería. Objetivos a) Describir la experiencia de los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en el aprendizaje y aplicación del PAE durante su formación académica, b) Identificar si el estudiante reconoce al proceso como la metodología propia de la disciplina para otorgar el cuidado. Metodología Estudio con enfoque cualitativo-fenomenológico-descriptivo, los participantes fueron alumnos del tercero al séptimo semestre de un programa de Licenciatura en Enfermería, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad sobre el saber qué y cómo aprende y aplica el PAE, se realiza análisis de discurso, con codificación y decodificación hasta la construcción de las categorías. Resultados En el análisis emergieron tres categorías: a) Mundos diferentes, con tres subcategorías: darse cuenta, vinculación teoría-práctica e influencia del profesional de enfermería; b) Formación teórica con dos subcategorías: aprendizaje complejo y, salud y enfermedad; c) Ambivalencia en la enseñanza del PAE por el docente con dos subcategorías: heterogeneidad y desavenencia docente, y acompañamiento del profesor. Aquí se aborda la primera categoría. Discusión y conclusión Además de las diferencias entre la teoría y la práctica del PAE, la interacción del estudiante con personal de enfermería no favorece el desarrollo del aprendizaje y aplicación de este.

Abstract Introduction The utilization of the Nursing Process (NP), as a methodology of the discipline which addresses the issues on nursing competences, allows reflexive interventions aimed at solving individual problems and integrally assisting the person, improves the communications, locates the professional scope by identifying the phenomena of interest, and gives a foundation to nursing research. Because of this, the NP constitutes a fundamental part in nursing education. Objectives a) To describe the undergraduate students' experiences regarding learning and using the Nursing Process during their academic formation; and b) To identify if the student acknowledges the process as the discipline's methodology to provide healthcare. Methodology This is a qualitative phenomenological and descriptive study. Participants were students from the third to the seventh semesters of a baccalaureate nursing program. In-depth interviews focused on how to learn and apply the Nursing Process were carried out. A discourse analysis with codification and decodification was developed until categories emerged. Results From the analysis, three categories emerged: a) Different worlds, which included three sub-categories: realizing, linking the theory and practice, and the influence from the nursing professional; b) Theoretical formation, which included two sub-categories: complex learning, and health and illness; c) Ambivalence of the professional while teaching NP, which included two sub-categories: teacher's heterogeneity and incongruity, and teacher's support. Discussion and conclusion In addition to the remarks on the differences between the theory and the practice related to NP, some student-nursing staff interactions do not particularly favor learning and utilizing the Nursing Process.

Resumo Introdução A utilização do Processo de Atenção de Enfermagem (PAE) como metodologia própria da disciplina, resolve os problemas das competências de enfermagem, permite intervenções reflexivas para a solução de problemas individuais e atenção integral à pessoa, melhora a comunicação, delimita o campo profissional entanto identifica os fenómenos de interesse e fundamenta a pesquisa; por isso tem um espaço notável na formação do pre-grau de enfermagem. Objetivos a) Descrever a experiência dos alunos da licenciatura em enfermagem na aprendizagem e aplicação do PAE durante sua formação académica, b) Identificar se o estudante reconhece o processo como a metodologia própria da disciplina para conceder o cuidado. Metodologia Estudo com enfoque qualitativo-fenomenológico-descritivo, os participantes foram alunos do terceiro ao sétimo semestre de um programa de licenciatura em enfermagem, realizaram-se entrevistas a profundidade sobre o saber que e como aprende e aplica o PAE, realiza-se análise de discurso, com codificação e decodificação até a construção das categorias. Resultados Na análise emergiram três categorias: a) Mundos diferentes, com três subcategorias: dar-se conta, vinculação teoria-prática e influência do profissional de enfermagem; b) Formação teórica com duas subcategorias: aprendizagem complexa e, saúde e doença; c) Ambivalência no ensino do PAE pelo docente com duas subcategorias: heterogeneidade e desentendimento docente, e acompanhamento do professor. Aqui aborda-se a primeira categoria. Discussão e conclusão Além das diferenças entre a teoria e a prática do PAE, a interação do estudante com pessoal de enfermagem não favorece o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem e aplicação deste.

Evaluación cualitativa: una alternativa para la praxis de enfermería / Qualitative assessment: an alternative praxis for nursing / Avaliação qualitativa: uma prática alternativa para enfermagem

La evaluación cualitativa es un proceso que permite analizar las características y problemas del fenómeno a evaluar desde la perspectiva de los actores involucrados. Se realiza a través de un contacto directo y continuo en el campo de estudio, esto permite obtener una visión general de la cultura y el contexto donde se ubica el objeto de estudio. Objetivo. Proponer la evaluación cualitativa como una alternativa en la praxis de enfermería. Método. Análisis documental teórico-inductivo. Los criterios de inclusión estuvieron en relación con la utilidad y controversia en los enfoques en la investigación-evaluación cualitativa, además que nos permitieran apoyar su beneficio en el campo de enfermería. Los criterios de exclusión se apoyaron en eliminar la literatura respecto a la evaluación centrada en los procesos administrativos en enfermería. Resultados y Conclusiones. Se considera que la evaluación cualitativa es un recurso científico, que permite conocer y comprender la dimensión subjetiva de experiencias y significados, necesidades y expectativas, entre otros, de la persona en el acto de cuidar; asimismo, con base en dicho conocimiento y compresión, permite la emisión de juicios sobre el por qué y el cómo la persona vive el fenómeno, con la finalidad de mejorar la praxis

Qualitative evaluation is a process that allows analyzing the characteristics and problems of the phenomenon to be evaluated from the perspective of the actors involved. It is done through a direct and continuous contact in the field of study, this allows to obtain an overview of the culture and the context where the object of study is located. Objective. To propose the qualitative evaluation as an alternative in the nursing praxis. Method. Theoretical-inductive documentary analysis. The inclusion criteria were related to the utility and controversy in the qualitative research-evaluation approaches, in addition to allowing us to support their benefit in the field of nursing. Exclusion criteria were based on eliminating the literature regarding the evaluation focused on administrative processes in nursing. Results and conclusions. It is considered that the qualitative evaluation is a scientific resource, that allows to know and to understand the subjective dimension of experiences and meanings, needs and expectations, among others, of the person in the act of caring; Also, based on this knowledge and understanding, allows the issuance of judgments on why and how the person lives the phenomenon, in order to improve praxis

A avaliação qualitativa é um processo pelo qual estamos autorizados a analisar as características e problemas do fenômeno avaliado a partir da perspectiva das pessoas envolvidas. É realizado por um contato direto e permanente com a área de estudo que permite alcançar uma visão geral da cultura e contexto no qual o objeto de estudo está localizado. Objetivo: propor uma avaliação qualitativa como uma alternativa na prática da enfermagem. Método. Análise documental teórico-indutivo. Os critérios de inclusão foram a utilidade e controvérsia nos enfoques na pesquisa-avaliação qualitativa, além disso permitiu apoiar seu benefício na área da enfermagem. Os critérios de exclusão se apoiaram em eliminar a literatura com respeito à avaliação centrada nos processos administrativos na enfermagem. Conclusões: Considera-se que a avaliação qualitativa é um recurso científico para os enfermeiros, que lhes permite conhecer e compreender a dimensão subjetiva das experiências e necessidades, significados e expectativas, entre outros, das pessoas no ato de cuidar; também com base nesse conhecimento e compreensão, que permite fazer julgamentos sobre por quê e como as pessoas vivem o fenômeno, com o objetivo de melhorar a prática asistencial

Orchid seed removal by ants in Neotropical ant-gardens.

Most plants that inhabit ant-gardens (AGs) are cultivated by the ants. Some orchids occur in AGs; however, it is not known whether their seeds are dispersed by AG ants because most orchid seeds are tiny and dispersed by wind. We performed in situ seed removal experiments, in which we simultaneously provided Azteca gnava ants with seeds of three AG orchid species and three other AG epiphyte species (Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae and Gesneriaceae), as well as the non-AG orchid Catasetum integerrimum. The seeds most removed were those of the bromeliad Aechmea tillandsioides and the gesneriad Codonanthe uleana, while seeds of AG orchids Coryanthes picturata, Epidendrum flexuosum and Epidendrum pachyrachis were less removed. The non-AG orchid was not removed. Removal values were positively correlated with the frequency of the AG epiphytes in the AGs, and seeds of AG orchids were larger than those of non-AG orchids, which should favour myrmecochory. Our data show that Azt. gnava ants discriminate and preferentially remove seeds of the AG epiphytes. We report for the first time the removal of AG orchid seeds by AG ants in Neotropical AGs.

Registro nacional de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: prueba piloto, junio de 2015 a mayo de 2016 / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis National Registry: Pilot Test, June 2015 to May 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, que causa el deterioro de las neuronas motoras superiores e inferiores y lleva a la muerte al 50% de los enfermos en los primeros 3 años posteriores al diagnóstico, siendo la más frecuente de estas condiciones en los adultos. Se estima que la tasa de incidencia de la ELA para todas las edades es de 1,6 personas por cada 100.000 habitantes, cifra que aumenta a 5 personas por cada 100.000 en la séptima década de la vida. La incidencia estimada en Argentina es de 2 por 100.000 habitantes por año, pero no existen cifras oficiales. La ELA no es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria a nivel nacional, por cuya razón surge la necesidad de realizar un estudio que describa el comportamiento de la enfermedad en el país. OBJETIVOS A nivel general, desarrollar e implementar como prueba piloto el Registro Nacional de Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica (ReNELA) en Argentina. De manera específica, construir y consolidar una base de datos unificada para los efectores involucrados, realizar un análisis epidemiológico descriptivo de la base de datos construida y evaluar el registro y su alcance respecto de la población afectada en el período seleccionado. MÉTODOS Se elaboró un registro anónimo, que incluyó a pacientes vivos con residencia en el territorio nacional y diagnóstico de ELA basado en historias clínicas. El instrumento fue una base de datos construida para volcar los datos pertinentes al registro y analizarlos posteriormente. RESULTADOS Se logró construir una base con datos de 215 personas que padecen ELA. Dado que se estudió a la población alcanzada por la red de neurólogos y no fue posible tomar una muestra representativa, no cabe realizar inferencias estadísticas generalizables a la población del país. DISCUSIÓN Esta experiencia permitió identificar posibles factores que facilitarían la consolidación del registro y su continuidad para establecerse como una herramienta capaz de caracterizar epidemiológicamente la ELA en el país.

Evaluación cualitativa de la calidad de vida en adolescentes con cáncer durante el tratamiento con la quimioterapia en un Hospital Federal de tercer nivel / Qualitative evaluation of the quality of life in adolescents with cancer during treatment with chemotherapy in a third level Federal Hospital

Introducción: El propósito fue evaluar la calidad de vida (CV) de los adolescentes con cáncer durante el tratamiento con quimioterapia para, dar cuenta de problemas prácticos de su realidad mediante la interpretación y comprensión desde su perspectiva y experiencias, ya que son las personas que padecen la enfermedad. Los hallazgos de este estudio permitirán implementar áreas de oportunidad así como reforzar estrategias de intervención durante el cuidado a la persona, con base en sus necesidades, además de contribuir al avance del conocimiento de enfermería. Objetivo: Evaluar cualitativamente la calidad de vida en adolescentes con cáncer durante el tratamiento con quimioterapia, a través de sus experiencias y percepciones. Metodología: El presente estudio es una evaluación cualitativa, la recolección fue mediante la observación participante y entrevista a profundidad. Los informantes fueron adolescentes hombres y mujeres de 10 a 14 años de edad, con cáncer, en tratamiento con quimioterapia, en el área de oncología hospitalización, de un hospital de tercer nivel. La muestra fue propositiva, determinada hasta alcanzar la saturación de datos. Se realizó un análisis sistemático, a través de la propuesta por Miles y Huberman en 1994, en tres etapas. Reducción de datos, disposición y transformación de datos y obtención y verificación de conclusiones. Resultados: Se presentan en dos partes; un marco teórico sobre evaluación cualitativa en enfermería y los cuatro temas, producto del estudio. 1) Confirmación del diagnóstico; 2) ¿Lástima o compasión?; 4) Temor y convivencia con la muerte; 4) El transcurrir de la vida diaria en el hospital. Conclusiones: Dentro de todo el proceso que viven los adolescentes se entrelazan experiencias y percepciones positivas y negativas de la enfermedad y el tratamiento, ellos sufren las consecuencias y viven en otras condiciones su calidad de vida, porque la enfermedad los confronta con la muerte.

Introduction: The purpose was to evaluate the quality of life (CV) of adolescents with cancer during chemotherapy treatment, to report practical problems of their reality through the interpretation and understanding from their perspective and experiences, since they are the people who suffer from disease. The findings of this study will allow the implementation of areas of opportunity as well as to reinforce intervention strategies during the care of the person, based on their needs, in addition to contributing to the advancement of nursing knowledge. Objective: To evaluate qualitatively the quality of life in adolescents with cancer during chemotherapy treatment, through their experiences and perceptions. Methodology: The present study is a qualitative evaluation, the collection was through participant observation and in-depth interview. The informants were adolescent males and females aged 10 to 14 years, with cancer, being treated with chemotherapy, in the area of oncology hospitalization, from a third level hospital. The sample was propositive, determined until data saturation was reached. A systematic analysis was made, through the proposal by Miles and Huberman in 1994, in three stages. Reduction of data, provision and transformation of data and obtaining and verification of conclusions. Results: A theoretical framework on qualitative nursing assessment and the four themes, which are the product of the study, are presented in two parts. 1) Confirmation of diagnosis; 2) Pity or compassion? 3) Fear and coexistence with death; 4) The passing of daily life in the hospital. Conclusions: Within the whole process that adolescents live, experiences and positive and negative perceptions of illness and treatment are intertwined, they suffer the consequences and live in other conditions their quality of life, because the disease confronts them with death.

Prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure in asthmatic children at home and in the car: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) prevalence at home and inside the car between asthmatic and non-asthmatic Portuguese children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that assessed children's SHSe in a representative sample of nine Portuguese cities. A validated self-reported questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 4th grade students during the school year of 2010/2011. The asthma prevalence was defined by the answers to three questions regarding asthma symptoms, medication and inhaler use. We performed chi-square tests and analysed frequencies, contingency tables, confidence intervals, and odd-ratios. RESULTS: The self-reported questionnaire was administered to 3187 students. Asthma prevalence was 14.8% (472 students). Results showed that 32.3% of non-asthmatic children and 32.4% of asthmatic children were exposed to secondhand smoke as at least one of their household members smoked at home. The prevalence of parental smoking, smoking among fathers and smoking among mothers at home was also similar in both groups (asthmatic and non-asthmatic children). SHSe inside the car was 18.6% among non-asthmatic children and 17.9% among asthmatic children. CONCLUSIONS: Asthmatic and non-asthmatic children were equally exposed to secondhand smoke, because no significant differences were found between the two groups concerning the prevalence of SHSe at home and inside the car. These findings highlight the need to include SHSe brief advice in paediatric asthma management.

LONG-TERM CONSERVATION OF PROTOCORMS OF Brassavola nodosa (L) LIND. (ORCHIDACEAE): EFFECT OF ABA AND A RANGE OF CRYOCONSERVATION TECHNIQUES.

BACKGROUND: Populations of Brassavola nodosa have been severely affected by habitat destruction and illegal collecting, and as with the majority of orchid species, it is critical to take action to guarantee their continued survival. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to establish protocols for the long-term conservation of protocorms of species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different cryogenic techniques were compared: encapsulation-dehydration (ED), encapsulation-vitrification (EV), encapsulation-dehydration-vitrification (EDV) and vitrification. RESULTS: Preculture of protocorms with ABA was a critical factor in obtaining high percentages of regrowth. With vitrification, 100% regrowth was achieved in five treatments, mainly when protocorms were dehydrated with PVS2 for 120 min. 100% regrowth was also obtained with EDV, where the protocorms were precultured with ABA 5 mg/l for 3 days and incubated with PVS2 for 60 min. With the ED, regrowth of 72% was achieved with the preculture of protocorms with ABA 5 mg/l for the three times of incubation used (3, 6 and 9 days). In the case of EV, 92% regrowth, was recorded when protocorms were precultured for 9 days with ABA 3 mg/l and incubated with PVS2 for 90 min. CONCLUSION: Although regrowth of protocorms was obtained with all the techniques used, the vitrification technique is preferred since it requires less labour and is less costly.

Estado nutricional, niveles de actividad física y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de la Universidad Santo Tomás / Nutritional status, levels of physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in college students of Santo Tomas University

Introduction: Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD) increase the presence of risk factors (RF) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young people. Objective: To analyze the relation among the nutritional status (NS), physical activity (PA) and the prevalence of cardiovascular RF in students from Santo Tomas University in Temuco enrolled in year 2010. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out; 177 out of 348 students of both genders were chosen as the sample, 32.2% males and 68.8 % females. The age ranged between 18 and 25 years old. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, blood samples, PA surveys and obesity backgrounds were taken. The study outcomes helped to estimate the NS, the practice of PA, the prevalence of the different RF. Outcomes: The study showed that the 34.5% of the students present malnutrition by excess, 70.6% are sedentary, and a 9.6% is at risk of CVD by presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). The risk by abdominal obesity reached 53.1%. Parameters which showed significant differences were HDL cholesterol lowered in active students (p= 0.027). When the PA together with BMI variables, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, glycaemia and blood pressure were analyzed, no significant differences were observed. Conclusions: A high prevalence of malnutrition by excess, for being sedentary and RF of CVD was present with a predominance in female students.

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) incrementan la presencia de factores de riesgo (FR) de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en jóvenes. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre estado nutricional (EN), actividad física (AF) y prevalencia de FR cardiovascular en estudiantes de la Universidad Santo Tomás sede Temuco, ingreso 2010. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal; de un total de 348 estudiantes, se obtuvo una muestra de 177 sujetos, de los cuales 32,2% correspondió a hombres y 68,8% a mujeres, la edad fluctuó entre 18 y 25 años. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial, muestras sanguíneas, encuestas de AF y antecedentes de morbilidad. Los resultados permitieron estimar el EN, la práctica de AF y la prevalencia de los distintos FR. Resultados: El estudio reveló que 34,5% de los estudiantes presentaban tiene malnutrición por exceso, 70,6% eran sedentarios y 9,6% tenían riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular por presencia de Síndrome Metabólico (SM); mientras, el riesgo por obesidad abdominal fue de 53,1%. Los parámetros que evidenciaron diferencias significativas fueron el colesterol HDL que se mostró disminuido en los estudiantes activos (p= 0,016) y el colesterol total, que se observó levemente aumentado en los sedentarios (p= 0,027). Al analizar la AF con las variables IMC, triglicéridos, colesterol LDL, glicemia y presión arterial, no se observaron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Se observó alta prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso, sedentarismo y factor de riesgo de ECV con predominio en las mujeres.

Assessment of antiproliferative activity of pectic substances obtained by different extraction methods from rapeseed cake on cancer cell lines.

In this work the antiproliferative activity of pectic substances obtained by different extraction methods from defatted rapeseed cake was assessed on cancer cell lines. The process consisted of sequential treatment with alkalized water (pH∼8), EDTA (0.01 M), alkaline protease (Alkalase 2.4L) and a commercial pectinase preparation (Viscozyme L or Pectinex Ultra SP-L). Pectic extracts identification was performed using spectroscopy and chromatography techniques. FT-IR and HPLC-IR results suggest that the neutral pectic extracts produced would be arabinogalactans and ß-galactans. All the pectic substances extracted (acid and neutral) from RSC exhibited antiproliferative activity, being more effective on MCF-7 cells than Caco-2. The most effective pectic extract was obtained by Alkalase 2.4 L which killed over 80% of MCF-7 cells and 60% of Caco-2 cells. At less than 10 mg/mL pectic extracts enriched in neutral sugars also exhibited antiproliferative activity (50 and 40%, respectively), which was superior to the modified citric pectins activity at the same concentration for the breast cancer cell line (61.6% for MCF-7 and 49.9% for Caco-2 cells). These results show that the antiproliferative activity depends on both the type of pectin (acid or neutral) and the extraction procedure.

Effects of flower dimorphism and light environment on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in a cleistogamous herb.

Although it is known that floral dimorphism contributes to the maintenance of mixed breeding systems, the consequences of producing progeny of a contrasting genetic background and seeds with differential resource allocation has been practically ignored regarding establishment of belowground organisms-plant interactions. This article evaluates the combined effect of floral dimorphism with cross type and light environment on interactions between Ruellia nudiflora and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). R. nudiflora produces cleistogamous (CL) flowers that exhibit obligate self-pollination and chasmogamous (CH) flowers with facultative self- (CHs) or cross- (CHc) pollination. We evaluated the establishment of the plant-AMF interaction in progeny derived from each floral type, under two light conditions (shaded versus open). We established different scenarios depending on the existence of inbreeding depression (ID) and whether the differential resource allocation (DRA) to CH and CL flowers affected the R. nudiflora-AMF interaction. We predicted that under shaded light conditions there might be an intensification of ID, having a negative effect on AMF colonisation. The percentages of hyphae and vesicles in the harvested roots was significantly higher in the shaded plants (F ≥ 4.11, P < 0.05), while progeny of CHc and CHs presented a higher percentage of hyphae and vesicle colonisation compared to CL progeny (F = 15.26, P < 0.01). The results show that DRA to CH flowers and light availability both determines the establishment of R. nudiflora-AMF interaction. The results also suggest that even under stressful light conditions, endogamy does not affect this interaction, which may explain the success of R. nudiflora as an invasive species.

Favourable impact of regular swimming in young people with haemophilia: experience derived from 'Desafio del Caribe' project.

Swimming is beneficial for persons with haemophilia (PWH) providing good maintenance of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system and improving many psychological characteristics. In the Desafío del Caribe Project, young PWH from Venezuela and Mexico took part in an open water competition in the Gulf of Mexico under a multidisciplinary team supervision. Eight severe haemophilia A, two moderate haemophilia A, one severe haemophilia B and two moderate haemophilia B subjects were included. Haematological, musculoskeletal and psychological evaluations were carried out before and during training for the competition. Training program included physical exercise routines and swimming practices that alternated between pools and open water. Swimmers had coverage with factor concentrates before pool and open water trainings. In physiatric evaluations, the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) was used. The objective of the psychology area was to analyse self-esteem, precompetition anxiety, coping mechanisms and relaxation levels. The need of factor prophylaxis before intense trainings was confirmed. In the musculoskeletal system a decrease of elbow pain as well as an increase of muscle strength in the ankles were observed. In the psychological area significant differences between the first and second test in self-esteem levels, cognitive anxiety and group cohesion were found. PWH must be provided with orientation and encouragement to practice swimming regularly. High competition exercise must be supervised by a multidisciplinary team which must evaluate the pros and cons of the activity to make relevant recommendations.

Pérdida severa y aguda de campo visual en paciente joven con drusas de papila / Severe and acute loss of visual field in a young patient with optic disc drusen

CASO CLÍNICO: Presentamos el caso de un paciente joven con drusas papilares bilaterales que en el curso de 10 meses ha presentado una importante reducción de campo visual en ojo derecho con pérdida moderada de visión, correspondiéndose la exploración oftalmológica con el paso de drusas ocultas a visibles. DISCUSIÓN: Las drusas de papila son un hallazgo relativamente frecuente y considerado como una enfermedad benigna en la mayoría de las ocasiones por la baja frecuencia de complicaciones que aparecen en su evolución; este caso muestra cómo pueden convertirse en un verdadero problema en un corto periodo de tiempo

CASE REPORT: We describe a case of a young patient with bilateral optic disc drusen, who in the course of 10 months, had a sudden visual field constriction in the right eye accompanied by moderate loss of vision, corresponding to the ophthalmological examination of changing from hidden to visible drusen. DISCUSSION: The optic disk drusen are a fairly common disorder that is mainly considered as a benign disorder due to the low frequency of complications that appear during their course. This case shows how they can become a real problem in a short period of time

El cuidado de Enfermería en el cuerpo de la persona con cáncer / Nursing care in the body of the person with cancer

Introducción: El cáncer es una de las enfermedades que más muertes ocasiona en la población a nivel mundial. Esta enfermedad afecta no sólo al cuerpo (sujeto-objeto que cuidamos los profesionales de Enfermería y que poco hemos reflexionado sobre él), sino también afecta lo psicológico y espiritual de la persona. Objetivo: Iniciar una reflexión filosófica del cuerpo de la persona con cáncer. Desarrollo: Es necesario introducirnos en los diferentes conceptos del cuerpo para que se comprenda desde el punto de vista filosófico que el cuerpo es un sujeto que requiere de acompañamiento durante el cuidado, de la comprensión del funcionamiento de ese cuerpo diferente, resultado de los tratamientos empleados para su curación, porque no es fácil acompañar a un cuerpo mutilado por un tratamiento quirúrgico, comprender que fue un tratamiento para salvar la vida, pero que afecta el hacer de las actividades diarias que son el motor de la vida del ser humano. Conclusión: La enfermería es una piedra angular durante el tratamiento de las personas con cáncer, ya que este proceso da lugar al surgimiento de una persona diferente pero dispuesta a seguir existiendo, independientemente de las transformaciones de su cuerpo y de su relación con el medio ambiente.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the illnesses which provoke more deaths in the population in a world level. This illness it affects not only the body, subject-object which we the nursing professionals care and which low is what we have reflected on, but also the psychology and spirit of the person. Objective: To initiate a philosophical reflection on the body of the person with cancer. Development: It is necessary to engage into the different concepts of the body so that it is comprehended from the philosophical point of view that the body is a subject which requires company during its care, from the comprehension of the functioning of that different body, result of the treatments used for its healing, because it is not easy to accompany a mutilated body due to a surgical treatment, to understand that it was a treatment to save its life, but it affects the daily activities which are the engine of the human being. Conclusion: Nursing is a corner Stone during the treatment of the persons with cancer, because this process gives to the emergence of a different person but willing to continue existing, independently of the transformations of the body and its relation to the environment.

Severe and acute loss of visual field in a young patient with optic disc drusen.

CASE REPORT: We describe a case of a young patient with bilateral optic disc drusen, who in the course of 10 months, had a sudden visual field constriction in the right eye accompanied by moderate loss of vision, corresponding to the ophthalmological examination of changing from hidden to visible drusen. DISCUSSION: The optic disk drusen are a fairly common disorder that is mainly considered as a benign disorder due to the low frequency of complications that appear during their course. This case shows how they can become a real problem in a short period of time.

Urinary profile of catecholamines and metabolites in Parkinson patients with deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS-STN) is thought to continuously alter the activity of STN neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). A chronic decrease in the levodopa dose with continuous STN stimulation may induce plastic neuronal changes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to study urinary excretion of catecholamines in patients with PD before and after DBS-STN. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were submitted to DBS-STN, and evaluated before and after surgery with respect to catecholamines and metabolites in 24-h urine measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: Of the 23 patients evaluated, a significant decrease of about 60% in the urinary excretion of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA; in nmol/mg creatinine/24 h) was observed 1 week after DBS-STN. Moreover, in 17 patients with a follow-up of 8 weeks after surgery, there was a further 50% decrease in urinary L-DOPA levels, dropping to about 75% of the values before surgery. There was also a significant decrease in dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels 1 week after DBS-STN that was no longer present 8 weeks after. A significant increase in the DA/l-DOPA ratio was observed 1 week after surgery, with a further increase 8 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: After DBS-STN, the DA/l-DOPA ratio, an indirect measure of DA synthesis, increased. These results show that DBS-STN may improve the efficacy of oral levodopa.