RESUMO
The pyramided genetically modified (GM) soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788, expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was approved for commercial use in Brazil. We conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies to assess the efficacy of this Bt soybean against key soybean lepidopteran pests. Neonates of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to Bt proteins in diet-overlay bioassays. MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean and individual components were evaluated in laboratory (leaf disc), greenhouse (high artificial infestations), and in field conditions (natural infestations). Neonates of A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera were highly susceptible to Cry1A.105 (LC50 from 0.79 to 48.22 ng/cm2), Cry2Ab2 (LC50 from 1.24 to 8.36 ng/cm2), and Cry1Ac (LC50 from 0.15 to 5.07 ng/cm2) in diet-overlay bioassays. In laboratory leaf disc bioassays and greenhouse trials, MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 soybean as well as the individual components were highly effective in controlling A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera. Similarly, under field conditions, the pyramided genotypes expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1Ac were highly effective at protecting soybean against C. includens. We concluded that the individual Bt proteins expressed by GM soybean MON87751 × MON87708 × MON87701 × MON89788 killed all or nearly all the susceptible A. gemmatalis, C. includens, and H. armigera, fulfilling one important criterion for successfully delaying resistance to pyramided Bt crops.
Assuntos
Glycine max , Mariposas , Animais , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Brasil , Endotoxinas , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Larva , Mariposas/genética , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Glycine max/genéticaRESUMO
Aphids are considered relevant pests on wheat either by direct damage through sap sucking or by indirect damage vectoring BYDV (Barley yellow dwarf virus). Rhopalosiphum padi L. has been observed infesting wheat fields with an increasing frequency. The knowledge and the available technology, besides being more related to other aphids species already recognized as pests, they are insufficient to control the specific problem of R. padi. Thus, this work evaluated the effects of feeding duration and infestation densities of R. padi on seedlings of wheat cv. Embrapa 16. Grain yield, yield components and the extent of symptoms were recorded. The experiment was carried out in the field under a completely randomized split-plot experimental design with four replications. The main plot was feeding duration (two and seven days) and the sub-plots were infestation densities (zero, two and 10 aphids per plant). Independent on feeding duration, 10 aphids per plant resulted in significant yield losses, reduction of number of heads and tillers per plant. Canopy dry matter was also reduced. Infestations of two and 10 aphids per plant resulted in continuous yellowing of wheat plants from tillering to the end of flowering stage. When aphids fed for seven days on wheat, more yellowing symptoms were observed at the flower stage in comparison with two days feeding.
Assuntos
Afídeos/fisiologia , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Triticum/parasitologia , Agricultura , Animais , Densidade Demográfica , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Aphids are considered relevant pests on wheat either by direct damage through sap sucking or by indirect damage vectoring BYDV (Barley yellow dwarf virus). Rhopalosiphum padi L. has been observed infesting wheat fields with an increasing frequency. The knowledge and the available technology, besides being more related to other aphids species already recognized as pests, they are insufficient to control the specific problem of R. padi. Thus, this work evaluated the effects of feeding duration and infestation densities of R. padi on seedlings of wheat cv. Embrapa 16. Grain yield, yield components and the extent of symptoms were recorded. The experiment was carried out in the field under a completely randomized split-plot experimental design with four replications. The main plot was feeding duration (two and seven days) and the sub-plots were infestation densities (zero, two and 10 aphids per plant). Independent on feeding duration, 10 aphids per plant resulted in significant yield losses, reduction of number of heads and tillers per plant. Canopy dry matter was also reduced. Infestations of two and 10 aphids per plant resulted in continuous yellowing of wheat plants from tillering to the end of flowering stage. When aphids fed for seven days on wheat, more yellowing symptoms were observed at the flower stage in comparison with two days feeding.
Os pulgões associados ao trigo são considerados pragas relevantes por causarem danos diretos, ao se alimentarem da seiva do floema, ou indiretos, ao atuarem como vetores do BYDV (Barley yellow dwarf virus). Rhopalosiphum padi L. tem infestado lavouras com freqüência crescente. O conhecimento e a tecnologia disponíveis, além de estarem mais relacionados a outras espécies de pulgões já reconhecidas como pragas, são insuficientes para controlar o problema específico de R. padi. O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o efeito da duração e da densidade de infestação de R. padi na fase de plântula, na manifestação de sintomas de danos, na produção de grãos e seus componentes e em outras características agronômicas em trigo. O experimento foi conduzido no campo, com a cultivar Embrapa 16, em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, avaliando-se duas durações (dois e sete dias) e três densidades de infestação (zero, dois e 10 pulgões por planta), sete dias após a emergência das plantas. A densidade de 10 pulgões por plântula de trigo, independente da duração (dois ou sete dias), reduz a produção de grãos, o número de espigas, o número de afilhos e a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas. Dois e 10 pulgões por plântula provocam amarelecimento de folhas crescente, que se manifesta no afilhamento, no pré-espigamento e no final do estádio de floração das plantas. Sete dias de infestação provoca a manifestação, na fase de floração das plantas em grau de amarelecimento maior que dois dias de infestação.