[Features of pathological anatomy of COVID-19 according to autopsy results in the Volgograd Region]. / Osobennosti patologicheskoi anatomii COVID-19 po rezul'tatam autopsii v Volgogradskoi oblasti.

In connection with the ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection, the study of its morphopathology and the analysis of autopsy data are relevant. At the same time, attention should be paid to thromboses that play a significant role in the development of fatal outcomes in COVID-19, even taking into account the prescription of anticoagulant therapy to most patients. OBJECTIVE: To make an assessment of morphological changes and a statistical analysis of the structure of mortality in COVID-19 on the basis of autopsy results in the Volgograd Region in 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was based on data from «The system for information on the work of the Volgograd Regional Autopsy Bureau¼ with a search for cases according to U07.1 code (the COVID-19 virus was identified) in January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020, as well as on the autopsy materials of the Volgograd Regional Autopsy Bureau, and microscopic examination with photo fixation. Statistical processing was performed using the R programming language. RESULTS: During the above period, 1119 deaths were identified with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Anatomopathological examination of the autopsy material showed that 77.54% of cases had blood clots mainly in the vessels of the pulmonary microvasculature, often only in the single veins during the applied anticoagulant therapy.Analysis of variance indicated that the obtained result statistically significantly differed from the random distribution, and the probability of the presence of blood clots of specified localization was 3.17 times higher (CI 2.3-4.4; p<0.05) than their absence, as evidenced by logistic regression. In addition, perivascular and intra-alveolar diapedesis hemorrhages were noted in most fatal cases. CONCLUSION: Thus, this investigation has revealed that the high frequency of thrombosis detected in the presence of perivascular and intra-alveolar diapedesis hemorrhages in COVID-19 confirms the tendency of patients with a severe course of the disease to manifest hemostatic disorders, significant blood vascular endothelial injury, and obvious vascular impermeability.

[Structural and functional changes of the foot after cyclic centrifugal physical loads in sports runners].

Foot structural and functional peculiarities after cyclic centrifugal physical loads in sports runners were studied. The work demonstrates the results of computer morphometry of 120 athlete runners (50 boys and 70 girls) aged 15-17 years--the students of Volgograd School of Olympic Reserve and Volgograd State Academy of Physical Education. Cyclic centrifugal loads of shock-type (long run on an inclined plane) resulted in significant reduction of the foot arch hight. In female runners, the reduction was found mainly in the longitudinal foot arch, while in male runners it was detected in transverse foot arch. Two basic types of foot arch reaction to prolonged cyclic loads were detected. This allowed us, for the first time, to divide the static flat-footedness into two major categpries: compensated, or dynamic, and true. In compensated static flat-footedness, the structural and functional foot parameters returned to their initial levels after the rehabilitation, while in true flat-footedness the complex rehabilitation measures could not restore the initial morpho-functional parameters: foot arches remained reduced.

Structural changes in the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla oblongata and intracardiac ganglia in growing rats in immobilization stress.

The aim of the present work was to study qualitative and quantitative measures of histological changes in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) of the medulla oblongata and the cardiac autonomic ganglia (CAG) in growing animals in conditions of immobilization stress of different durations. Experiments were performed on 56 mongrel white rats aged 30 days. Immobilization stress was produced by placing rats in a special apparatus with a controllable internal volume for 3, 7, 15, and 30 days. The NA and CAG were studied on paraffin sections using neurohistological methods and quantitative analysis. Morphological and morphometric changes, consisting of a delay in the growth of neurocyte cell and nucleus volumes, as compared with controls, were seen both in the NA of the medulla oblongata and the CAG and were evaluated as impairments in the histogenesis of nerve tissue during postnatal ontogenesis. The extent of structural changes in these components of the autonomous nervous system was directly dependent on the duration of the experimental treatment.

[Structural changes in the medullary nucleus ambiguus and cardiac autonomic ganglia of growing rats under influence of the immobilization stress].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative histological changes in the medullary nucleus ambiguus (NA) and cardiac autonomic ganglia (CAG) of the growing organism under the influence of immobilization stress of different duration. The experiments were performed on 56 outbred albino rats with the initial age of 30 days. Immobilization stress was induced by placing the rats into special chambers with a controllable volume of the inner space for 3, 7, 15 and 30 days. NA and CAG were studied on paraffin sections using the neurohistological methods and a quantitative analysis. Morphological and morphometric changes have demonstrated the retardation of the growth of neurocyte cell bodies and of their nuclei both in medullary NA and CAG as compared to those in control animals, which are regarded as an indication of a disturbance of the histogenesis of the nervous tissue in postnatal development. The degree of structural changes of the components of autonomic nervous system studied was directly related to the duration of experimental exposure to immobilization stress.