In vitro investigation on Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia of phytochemical components, optical characteristics, and antioxidant-antibacterial activities.

Medicinal plants hold significant cultural significance and play a crucial role in the advancement of potentially safe drugs for the therapy of disease worldwide. Pennisetum purpureum or elephant grass has been used for traditional medications in Indonesia without understanding the phytochemicals of those plants. Herein, our report revolves around the qualitative and quantitative examination of phytochemical components, optical properties, antioxidants, and antibacterial assessments of solvent fractions derived from Pennisetum purpureum leaf. The Pennisetum purpureum leaf was successfully soaked with ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform. The study aimed to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total alkaloid content (TAC) within different of extracts. The optical properties of extract were analyzed by absorption light and photoluminescent. Moreover, evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts through DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assays, followed by an evaluation of their effectiveness in antibacterial therapy against different bacterial strains. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical of Pennisetum purpureum presented as highest in ethanol TPC (85.5 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (87.9 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (86.2 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to other solvents extract. Pennisetum purpureum extract had antioxidant capacity against DPPH radical and FRAP assay. Furthermore, each of the samples displayed antibacterial effectiveness that was dependent on the dosage towards different strains of bacteria. Our findings clearly demonstrated that Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia containing alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, steroids, tannin, and terpenoids that support its capability as antioxidant and antibacterial.

Orbital metastases as the initial clinical manifestation of thyroid carcinoma: A case series.

Thyroid carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the orbit. Approximately only 2%-7% of orbital metastatic lesion were found originally from thyroid carcinoma. We present three cases to increase the awareness of orbital metastases as the initial manifestation of thyroid carcinoma. Three female patients aged 28-65 years old presented with initial complaint of orbital mass. Further examination discovered an asymptomatic lump on every patient's neck. However, one patient was unaware of her lump. Examination revealed that all lesions were metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. These cases conclude several similarities. First, prominent unilateral proptosis, orbital mass in the superior quadrant, limited eyeball movement, and orbital bone destruction were found in every patient. Second, all the orbital computed tomography scan showed extraconal solid masses involving adjacent structures and expanding intra-cranially or intrasinusly. These findings should raise one's suspicion of a metastatic lesion primarily caused by thyroid carcinoma. Despite the rarity of orbital metastases, thyroid carcinoma must be considered as a potential primary tumor in patients with initial presentation of orbital mass. Thorough physical examination is important to determine the origin of metastases.