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The biodiversity of grasslands is important for ecosystem function and health. The protection and mana-gement of grassland biodiversity requires the collection of the information on plant diversity. Hyperspectral remote sensing, with its unique advantages of extensive coverage and high spectral resolution, offers a new solution for long-term monitoring of plant diversity. We first reviewed the development history of hyperspectral remote sensing technology, emphasized its advantages in monitoring grassland plant diversity, and further analyzed its specific applications in this field. Finally, we discussed the challenges faced by hyperspectral remote sensing technology in its applications, such as the complexity of data processing, accuracy of algorithms, and integration with ground-based remote sensing data, and proposes prospects for future research directions. With the advancement of remote sensing technology and the integrated application of multi-source data, hyperspectral remote sensing would play an increasingly important role in grassland ecological monitoring and biodiversity conservation, which could provide scientific basis and technical support for global ecological protection and sustainable development.
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Biodiversidade , Monitoramento Ambiental , Pradaria , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Imageamento Hiperespectral/métodos , Ecossistema , Poaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to investigate the distinct clinical patterns of seronegative IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 698 treatment-naïve IgG4-RD patients in this study. Patients were divided into four different subgroups according to their baseline serum IgG4 levels. The distinct clinical patterns of seronegative IgG4-RD patients were revealed through the comparison of baseline clinical data and disease prognosis among the different subgroups. COX regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors for disease relapse and to construct the nomogram model. RESULTS: Seronegative IgG4-RD patients account for a minority of IgG4-RD patients (49/698, 7.02%). The proportions of seronegative IgG-RD patients in our study and several Asian cohorts were significantly lower than those of the European and American cohorts. Seronegative IgG4-RD patients got lower serum IgG levels (p < 0.0001), lower eosinophil count (p < 0.0001), lower serum IgE levels (p < 0.0001)), lower IgG4-RD responder index (RI) scores (p < 0.0001), and fewer affected organ numbers (p < 0.0001) compared with other subgroups, whereas they were more likely to manifest fibrotic type with some special organ involvement. Younger age at onset, GCs monotherapy, elevated C-reactive protein level, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate level are the risk factors for the disease relapse of seronegative IgG4-RD patients. An effective nomogram model predicting disease relapse of seronegative IgG4-RD patients was constructed. Seronegative IgG4-RD patients with scores >84.65 at baseline were susceptible to suffering from disease relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct clinical features and multiple risk factors for disease relapse of seronegative IgG4-RD patients have been revealed in this study. A nomogram model was constructed to effectively predict disease relapse during the follow-up period.
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Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4 , Imunoglobulina G , Recidiva , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Fatores de Risco , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Adulto , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/sangue , Idoso , Nomogramas , PrognósticoRESUMO
Background: The relationships among intestinal dysbiosis, bile acid (BA) metabolism disorders, and ulcerative colitis pathogenesis are now recognized. However, how specific strains regulate BA metabolism to alleviate colitis is still unclear. This study investigated the effects of Bacteroides dorei on the development of acute colitis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The safety of BDX-01 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice, Caco-2, and J774A.1 cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of BDX-01. qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of inflammatory pathways. Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Enzyme activity analysis and targeted metabolomics were used to analyze fecal bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and BA levels. Antibiotic-induced pseudo-germ-free mice were used to investigate the role of gut microbiota in the alleviation of colitis by BDX-01. Results: We confirmed the safety of novel strain Bacteroides dorei BDX-01 in vitro and in vivo. Oral BDX-01 administration significantly ameliorated the symptoms and pathological damage of DSS-induced acute colitis. Moreoever, 16S rRNA sequencing and enzyme activity analysis showed that BDX-01 treatment increased intestinal BSH activity and the abundance of bacteria harboring this enzyme. Targeted metabolomics revealed that BDX-01 significantly increased intestinal BA excretion and deconjugation. Certain BAs act as FXR agonists. The ß-muricholic acid (ßMCA): taurine ß-muricholic acid (T-ßMCA) and cholic acid (CA): taurocholic acid (TCA) ratios and the deoxycholic acid (DCA) level decreased markedly in the colitis models but increased substantially in BDX-01-treated mice. The colonic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were upregulated in mice treated with BDX-01. BDX-01 downregulated the expression of colonic proinflammatory cytokines pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and IL-1ß. Antibiotic treatment didn't abolish the protective effect of BDX-01 on colitis. In vitro studies showed TßMCA abolished the effects of BDX-01 on FXR activation and inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusion: BDX-01 improved DSS-induced acute colitis by regulating intestinal BSH activity and the FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that BDX-01 is a promising probiotic to improve the management of ulcerative colitis.
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PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to provide an updated review on the active warming effects on major adverse cardiac events, 30-day all-cause mortality, and myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery. METHOD: We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database. We included randomized controlled trials of adult population undergoing noncardiac surgeries that concentrate on the comparison of active warming methods and passive thermal management. Cochrane Collaboration's tool was applied for risk-of-bias assessment. We used trial sequential analysis to evaluate the possibility of false positive or negative results. RESULTS: A total of 13,316 unique records were identified, of which only 19 with reported perioperative cardiovascular outcomes were included in the systematic review and nine of them were included in final meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference between active warming methods and routine care was found in major adverse cardiac events (RR 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-2.21, I2 = 71%, number of events 59 vs. 70), 30-day all-cause mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.43-1.54, I2 = 0%, number of events 17 vs. 21), and myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.17-2.22, I2 = 79%, number of events 236 vs. 234). Trial sequential analysis suggests that current trials did not reach the minimum information size regarding the major cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to routine perioperative care, we found that active warming methods are not necessary for cardiovascular prevention in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Assistência Perioperatória , Adulto , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Assistência Perioperatória/métodos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controleRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To externally validate the performance of the 2019 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) within a cohort from China and to compare the criteria with the 2020 revised comprehensive diagnostic (RCD) criteria for IgG4-RD. METHODS: This study included 875 IgG4-RD and 302 non-IgG4-RD cases (213 mimickers and 89 patients with other diseases). Using expert clinical judgment as the gold standard for diagnosis of IgG4-RD, the performance (sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC) of the 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria for IgG4-RD was evaluated. We also compared it with the 2020 RCD criteria. RESULTS: The 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria had a sensitivity of 76.6% (95% CI: 73.8% to 79.4%) and a specificity of 98.0% (96.0%-99.4%), an AUC of 0.873 (0.857-0.889) in the overall cohort. Those false negative cases under the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria had significantly lower levels of serum IgG4, and fewer had pathological information, with a higher frequency in the involvement of those uncommon organs compared with the true positive cases. The cases judged as negative by the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria yet judged as "definite" by the 2020 RCD criteria had more involvement of uncommon organs. CONCLUSIONS: The 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4-RD show outstanding specificity and good sensitivity in real-world clinical practice. The 2020 RCD criteria are helpful for the diagnosis of IgG4-RD in clinical scenarios where IgG4-RD presents as involving an isolated organ, especially the unusual sites.
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Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4 , Doenças Reumáticas , Reumatologia , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4/diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , ChinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric involvement is one of the major concerns in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The therapeutic effect of intrathecal treatment of methotrexate and dexamethasone has been investigated in some exploratory studies, but its influence on the long-term prognosis of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) remains unknown. METHODS: This was a propensity score-matched retrospective study. Outcomes at discharge and time free from NPSLE relapse or death were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression, survival analysis, and Cox regression as appropriate. RESULTS: Among 386 hospitalized patients with NPSLE, the median [IQR] age was 30.0 [23.0-40.0] years, and 342 patients (88.4%) were female. Of those, 194 patients received intrathecal treatment. Patients in the intrathecal treatment group had higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 scores (median 17 vs. 14 points, IQR 12-22 vs. 10-19 points, P <0 .001) and were more likely to receive methylprednisolone pulse therapy (71.6% vs. 49.5%, P < 0.001) than those who did not receive intrathecal therapy. Intrathecal treatment was associated with a higher probability of survival and being free from NPSLE relapse than control treatment among the 386 unmatched patients (P =0.042 by log-rank test) and within 147 propensity score-matched pairs (P =0.032 by log-rank test). In the subgroup of NPSLE patients with increased levels of protein in cerebrospinal fluid, intrathecal treatment had a positive influence on their prognosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal treatment of methotrexate and dexamethasone was associated with a more favorable prognosis of NPSLE and may serve as a valuable additional therapy for NPSLE patients, especially for those with elevated levels of protein in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Injeções Espinhais , Dexametasona , RecidivaRESUMO
The microbiome has been implicated in small-, medium-, large-, and variable-vessel vasculitis. Dysbiosis can frequently be found in vasculitis patients with altered microbial diversity and abundance, compared with those with other diseases and healthy controls. Dominant bacteria discovered in different studies vary greatly, but in general, the intestinal microbiome in vasculitis patients tends to contain more pathogenic and less beneficial bacteria. Improvement or resolution of dysbiosis has been observed after treatment in a few longitudinal studies. In addition, some molecular changes in intestinal permeability and immune response have been found in animal models of vasculitis diseases.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Vasculite , Animais , Disbiose , Permeabilidade , Vasculite/patologiaAssuntos
Síndrome de Hiperostose Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Doenças Maxilomandibulares/tratamento farmacológico , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Hiperostose Adquirida/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Humanos , Doenças Maxilomandibulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Indução de RemissãoRESUMO
To investigate whether the members of the mammalian Achaete-Scute Complex homologue (ASH) gene family have evolved functional differences, we used the patterning of bristles as a phenotypic marker. Drosophila uses a single genetic locus - the Achaete-Scute Complex - to demarcate the regions of the body where bristles can form. We found 4-5 Achaete-Scute Complex homologue genes (ASH) in the mammalian genome, which are homologous with scute in Drosophila. Although ASH2 and ASH3 have gained new functions during evolution, the function of ASH4 and its evolutionary changes are still unclear. In this study, we overexpressed mouse and human ASH1 and ASH4 in the Drosophila notum respectively. The results show that both the protein sequence and cis-regulatory elements of mammalian ASH1 have conserved an ancient proneural function during evolution. However, mouse ASH4 has lost proneural function partly due to truncation of a C-terminal amino acid domain. Interestingly, instead of a similar loss of proneural function, we found human ASH4 can actually inhibit Drosophila bristle development, implying that human ASH4 may be a potential factor relating to skin development in human being. Our results demonstrate gene duplication of the ASH family may have led to a novel function during evolution.
Assuntos
Drosophila/genética , Mamíferos/genética , Neurogênese/genética , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Evolução Biológica , Padronização Corporal/genética , Sequência Conservada , Duplicação Gênica/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
The evolutionary differences in sensory bristle patterns on the thorax of dipterans are an excellent model for studying the patterns of evolutionary development. We observed that Drosophila melanogaster has two pairs of the large bristles, called macrochaetes, in the dorsocentral (DC) region of the notum, while Musca domestica retains six DC macrochaetes. To explore possible mechanism by which these two dipteran species have different numbers of DC bristles, we compared the corresponding protein sequences, the gene expression levels and the spatial expression patterns of five genes (scute, pnr, ush, hairy, and emc) for bristle development between two species. We also checked the overexpression of scute and emc in transgenic flies. The results demonstrated a strong conservation of five protein sequences between these two species. The mRNA expression of the five genes differed significantly between D. melanogaster and M. domestica. The gene expression patterns exhibited a species-specific pattern during the larval development stage. It suggests that the function of these genes has been conserved in regulating the development of macrocheates between housefly and fruit fly, whereas the gene expression levels, especially spatial expression patterns lead to species-specificity in DC bristles.
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Padronização Corporal/genética , Evolução Molecular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Tórax/embriologia , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/química , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Sequência Conservada , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/química , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Camundongos , Proteínas Repressoras/química , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/citologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Tórax/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Dietary restriction (DR) is widely regarded as a viable intervention to extend lifespan and healthspan in diverse organisms. The precise molecular regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Epigenetic modifications are not stable upon DR and also keep changing with age. Here, we employed whole genome bisulfite sequencing to determine the DNA methylation changes upon DR in adult Drosophila. Our results indicate that although a low level of DNA methylation exists in the adult Drosophila genome, there is no significant difference in DNA methylation levels upon DR when compared to unrestricted flies. This suggests that other epigenetic components such as histone modifications might be altered by DR.
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Metilação de DNA , Dieta , Drosophila/fisiologia , Longevidade/genética , Animais , Restrição Calórica , Citosina/metabolismo , Drosophila/genética , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Genoma de InsetoRESUMO
We characterized 26 wild fruit flies comparative population genomics from six different altitude and latitude locations by whole genome resequencing. Genetic diversity was relatively higher in Ganzi and Chongqing populations. We also found 13 genes showing selection signature between different altitude flies and variants related to hypoxia and temperature stimulus, were preferentially selected during the flies evolution. One of the most striking selective sweeps found in all high altitude flies occurred in the region harboring Hsp70Aa and Hsp70Ab on chromosome 3R. Interestingly, these two genes are involved in GO terms including response to hypoxia, unfolded protein, temperature stimulus, heat, oxygen levels. Mutation in HPH gene, a candidate gene in the hypoxia inducible factor pathway, might contributes to hypoxic high-altitude adaptation. Intriguingly, some of the selected genes, primarily utilized in humans, were involved in the response to hypoxia, which could imply a conserved molecular mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation between insects and humans.
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Aclimatação/genética , Drosophila/genética , Variação Genética , Genoma de Inseto , Seleção Genética , Altitude , Animais , Temperatura Baixa , Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
A deeper understanding of the conserved molecular mechanisms in different taxa have been made possible only because of the evolutionary conservation of crucial signaling pathways. In the present study, we explored the molecular evolutionary pattern of selection signatures in 51 species for 10 genes which are important components of NAD+/Sirtuin pathway and have already been directly linked to lifespan extension in worms and mice. Selection pressure analysis using PAML program revealed that MRPS5 and PPARGC1A were under significant constraints because of their functional significance. FOXO3a also displayed strong purifying selection. All three sirtuins, which were SIRT1, SIRT2 and SIRT6, displayed a great degree of conservation between taxa, which is consistent with the previous report. A significant evolutionary constraint is seen on the anti-oxidant gene, SOD3. As expected, TP53 gene was under significant selection pressure in mammals, owing to its major role in tumor progression. Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) genes displayed the most sites under positive selection. Further 3D structural analysis of PARP1 and PARP2 protein revealed that some of these positively selected sites caused a change in the electrostatic potential of the protein structure, which may allow a change in its interaction with other proteins and molecules ultimately leading to difference in the function. Although the functional significance of the positively selected sites could not be established in the variants databases, yet it will be interesting to see if these sites actually affect the function of PARP1 and PARP2.
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Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Helmintos/fisiologia , NAD/metabolismo , Sirtuínas/metabolismo , Animais , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Camundongos , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerase-1/química , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/química , Seleção Genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Genesis of novel gene regulatory modules is largely responsible for morphological and functional evolution. De novo generation of novel cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is much rarer than genomic events that alter existing CREs such as transposition, promoter switching or co-option. Only one case of de novo generation has been reported to date, in fish and without involvement of phenotype alteration. Yet, this event likely occurs in other animals and helps drive genetic/phenotypic variation. RESULTS: Using a porcine model of spontaneous hearing loss not previously characterized we performed gene mapping and mutation screening to determine the genetic foundation of the phenotype. We identified a mutation in the non-regulatory region of the melanocyte-specific promoter of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene that generated a novel silencer. The consequent elimination of expression of the MITF-M isoform led to early degeneration of the intermediate cells of the cochlear stria vascularis and profound hearing loss, as well as depigmentation, all of which resemble the typical phenotype of Waardenburg syndrome in humans. The mutation exclusively affected MITF-M and no other isoforms. The essential function of Mitf-m in hearing development was further validated using a knock-out mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Elimination of the MITF-M isoform alone is sufficient to cause deafness and depigmentation. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of a de novo CRE in mammals that produces a systemic functional effect.
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Perda Auditiva/genética , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/genética , Elementos Silenciadores Transcricionais/genética , Sus scrofa/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cóclea/patologia , Cóclea/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Testes Genéticos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Perda Auditiva/fisiopatologia , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Cis-regulatory hypothesis is one of the most important theories in evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which claims that evolution of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) plays a key role during evolution of morphology. However, an increasing number of experimental results show that cis-regulatory hypothesis alone is not far enough to explain the complexity of evo-devo processes. Other modifications, including mutations of protein coding, gene and genome duplications, and flexibility of homeodomains and CREs, also cause the morphological changes in animals. In this review, we retrospect the recent results of evolution of CREs and genes associated with CREs and discuss new methods and trends for research in evo-devo.
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Evolução Biológica , Eucariotos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eucariotos/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas/genética , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico , Animais , Eucariotos/metabolismo , Humanos , Morfogênese , Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
Bone mass loss caused by microgravity is considered as one of the worst influences to human body during long-term spaceflight. As one of the countermeasures to retain bone mass, muscle electrical stimulation is just started in spaceflight application and needs further research. This work is aimed to investigate the effects of muscle electrical stimulation based on the tail-suspended rat experiment. The statistical results of bone mineral density have shown that muscle electrical stimulation can retain bone mass to a certain extent under the condition of simulated microgravity.