Vitamin D Insufficiency in Children with Chronic Neurological Diseases: Frequency and Causative Factors.

Objective: Vitamin D insufficiency/rickets is a metabolic bone disease that leads to insufficient mineralization of bone. Chronic neurological diseases, including cerebral palsy (CP), convulsive disorders, neural tube defects, myopathy, immobility, lack of sun exposure, inadequate nutrition, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause vitamin D insufficiency and osteopenia in children. Materials & Methods: In this study, the authors searched the frequency and causative factors of vitamin D insufficiency in children with chronic neurological diseases such as CP, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, mental motor retardation, epilepsy, neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases, meningitis-encephalitis sequelae, neural tube defects, paralysis, and paresis. This cross-sectional study included 108 children (forty-five (41.6%) females; sixty-three (58.4%) males), aged between one and 18 years with chronic neurological diseases, and a control group of thirty age-matched healthy children (16 (53.3%) females; 14 (46.7%) males. Results: Vitamin D levels were significantly lower, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05). The patient group was divided into four subgroups: (i) Epilepsy (n=41; 38%), (ii) Neural tube defects (n=14; 13%), (iii) CP (n=21; 19%), and (iv) other diseases (neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases, meningitis sequelae, intracranial hemorrhage, psychomotor retardation, hypoxic-ischemic. encephalopathy) (n=32; 30%) to identify any differences in the measured levels. In the patient group, eighty-three (76.9%) had vitamin D deficiency, and 17 (15.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency, while in the control group, twenty-one (70%) had vitamin D insufficiency. The use of AEDs had no significant effect on serum Ca, P, ALP, PTH, or vitamin D levels (p>0.05), and serum Ca levels were significantly higher in ambulant patients than in non-ambulant patients (p<0.05). Vitamin D levels were significantly higher in the non-ambulant than in the ambulant patients (p<0.05). No rickets was determined in the control group, while in the patient group, nine (8.3%) had level-1 rickets, six (5.6%) had level-2 rickets, and two (1.9%) had level-3 rickets. Conclusion: Children with chronic neurological diseases have low serum vitamin D levels, and vitamin D prophylaxis is essential in this group.

Increased Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, Nerve Growth Factor, Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Galanin Levels in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Effect of 10 Weeks Methylphenidate Treatment.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and galanin in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The study included 58 cases with ADHD and 60 healthy controls. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) together with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria were used for diagnostic evaluation. Sociodemographic data form and Conners' Parent/Teacher Rating Scale-Revised:Long Form were applied to all cases. The serum levels of BDNF, NGF, GDNF, and galanin were evaluated in all subjects. Afterwards, methylphenidate was started in the ADHD group. ADHD cases were reevaluated in terms of the serum levels of BDNF, NGF, GDNF, galanin at the 10th week of treatment. Results: Before the treatment, the levels of BDNF, NGF, GDNF, galanin were significantly higher in the ADHD group compared to the control group. The levels of BDNF, NGF, GDNF, galanin were found to be significantly lower after treatment in ADHD group compared to pre-treatment. No correlation was between scale scores and the serum levels of BDNF, NGF, GDNF, galanin. Conclusion: The levels of neurotrophic factors and galanin were thought to be parameters worth evaluating in ADHD. Further studies on the subject with longer-term treatments and larger sample groups are required.

Altered Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway in Children Diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Effect of 10 Weeks Methylphenidate Treatment.

Objective: In this study, we investigated the levels of arginine, nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and adrenomedullin that are presumed to play a role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) etiology, and to compare the findings with healthy controls. Methods: Thirty ADHD patients and thirty healthy control subjects aged 6-12 years were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version; Conners' Parent/Teacher Rating Scale-Revised: Long Form; Children's Depression Inventory; and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were applied to all cases. All participants included in the study were evaluated in terms of their serum arginine, NO, ADMA, and adrenomedullin levels. Subsequently, methylphenidate treatment was started in ADHD patients and blood parameters were tested again in the tenth week of treatment. Results: At the start of the study, arginine and ADMA levels were significantly higher and NO and adrenomedullin levels were significantly lower in the ADHD group compared to the control group. Post-treatment arginine and ADMA levels were found to be significantly lower than in the pre-treatment period. There were no significant differences in NO and adrenomedullin levels before and after treatment. There was no correlation between scale scores and blood parameters. Conclusion: These variations in the blood parameters of the ADHD group seem to be worth further investigation. Studies to be conducted with larger sample groups after longer-term treatment may provide new information about the alterations in neurobiological processes related to ADHD etiology and treatment.

Effects of sildenafil citrate on pancreatic and lung complications in an experimental L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis model.

AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sildenafil citrate on acute pancreatitis and pulmonary complications of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we used 21 male Wistar-Albino rats weighing between 185 and 230 g. The rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 rats (control group, n = 7) were administered intraperitoneal 0.9% NaCl injection. Group 2 (study group, n = 7) and Group 3 (treatment group, n = 7) rats were given 100 mg/100 gr L-arginine twice, with an interval of 1 h to create acute pancreatitis. Group 3 was also administered intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg/day sildenafil citrate in 2 equal doses, 30 min and 12 h after creation of AP. The pancreas and lungs of all rats were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined histopathologically. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin (IL) 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and ADMA levels were measured in blood samples. RESULTS: In the treatment group, levels of amylase, AST, ALT, LDH, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO were lower. In addition, pancreas and lung oedema, and perivascular inflammation were significantly less on histopathological examination when compared to the study group (p < 0.001). The ADMA level was significantly higher in the treatment group when compared to the control and study groups. There was no acinar cell necrosis or haemorrhage in the treatment group. However, the difference was not regarded as statistically significant because sufficient acinar cell necrosis and haemorrhage could not be created in the study group. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil citrate significantly decreases various biochemical and histopathological changes in the early phase of acute pancreatitis and protects pancreatic tissue.

Increased Serum Hepcidin Levels in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the serum hepcidin levels in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients that were newly diagnosed with no history of psychotropic drugs. METHODS: A total of 70 ADHD patients and 69 healthy controls were enrolled in our study. During the diagnosis, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version were applied. The sociodemographic data form, Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale, and Conners' Rating Scales-Revised: Long Form were used for the clinical evaluation. Serum hepcidin levels were measured and compared between the groups. RESULTS: No significant difference between the groups in terms of age (p=0.533) and gender (p=0.397) was determined. In addition, the groups did not differ significantly for the other sociodemographic variables recorded. Serum hepcidin levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients with ADHD than healthy controls (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the total serum hepcidin levels in ADHD patients. Our study findings may suggest that high levels of hepcidin may cause iron dysregulation in ADHD patients. However, further studies are required to establish a definite conclusion.

Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies showed that vitamin D deficiency may lead to dysfunctional changes in the brain and may be associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. AIMS: The present study aims to investigate vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels in children and adolescents diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and compared them to healthy controls. Additionally, the correlation of OCD symptom severity with serum vitamin D level will be analyzed. METHODS: A semi-structured interview form (K-SADS-PL) was used to diagnose OCD and other comorbidities in accordance with DSM-IV criteria. In addition, all participants were assessed with clinical interviews based on DSM-5 OCD diagnostic criteria. Children's Yale Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale (CY-BOCS) and Children's Depression Inventory were used in the clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Vitamin D levels were lower in patients diagnosed with OCD (15.88 ± 6.96 ng/mL) when compared to healthy controls (18.21 ± 13.24 ng/mL), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = .234). Serum calcium, serum phosphate and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were not different between the groups. A negative correlation was found between serum 25OH-D3 levels and obsession scale scores in CY-BOCS. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study that evaluated vitamin D levels in OCD patients without comorbidity. The vitamin D levels of newly diagnosed OCD cases were lower but not statistically different than healthy controls. Furthermore, the study does also not support the presence of a significant association between serum vitamin D levels and OCD.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in neutropenic patients secondary to chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Neutropenia is a serious adverse event that necessitates dosage reduction in patients receiving chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in neutropenic patients after chemotherapy both during the neutropenic period and after successful treatment of neutropenia with filgrastim. METHODS: We studied paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARE), malondialdehyde (MDA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in addition to routine biochemical and hematologic parameters. SPSS 12.0 was used for statistical evaluation of data (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: In our study, PON1, HDL, and LDH levels during the period of active neutropenia were statistically significantly higher than these levels were after resolution of neutropenia (P<0.05); MDA and ALP levels were statistically significantly lower during the period of active neutropenia (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, free oxygen radicals (FOR) were increased and antioxidant parameters were decreased with resolution of neutropenia. This is probably due to FOR produced by the increased number of neutrophils rather than tumor burden.

Copeptin levels and blood lipid profile in borderline patients with or without self-mutilation.

PURPOSE: Self-mutilation, known as self-harming behaviour of an individual without the intention of suicide, is commonly observed in individuals with borderline personality disorder. The objective of this study is to compare copeptin levels that are known to be related to aggressive behaviour and blood lipid profiles in borderline patients with and without self-mutilation. METHODS: Twenty patients with self-mutilation [SM(+)] and 20 patients without self-mutilation [SM(-)] between the ages of 18 and 49, diagnosed with borderline personality disorder based on DSM-IV-TR(8) diagnostic criteria and attended to by Firat University Psychiatry Polyclinic, participated in the study. Socio-demographic and clinical data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS) were applied to all participants. Copeptin levels and plasma lipid levels were studied in the blood samples taken from the participants. RESULTS: Mean copeptin level found in SM(+) group (37.54 ± 18.8 ng/mL) was statistically significantly higher than SM(-) group (18.53 ± 16.6 ng/mL) (p = 0.002). A negative correlation was found between mean copeptin and mean total cholesterol levels (r = -0.436; p = 0.005), and between copeptin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (r = -0.403; p = 0.01) in both SM(+) and SM(-) patient groups. HAMA mean score for SM(+) group was found as 36.45 ± 13.2, and for SM(-) group, it was found as 35.7 ± 12.9. There was a statistically significant difference between the depression points achieved by the two groups (p = 0.046). BIS total points average for SM(+) group was determined as 71 ± 9.71, whereas it was determined as 66.8 ± 7.92 in SM(-) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups based on anxiety points. Barrat planning, Barrat motor and Barrat attention points for SM(+) group were higher than the SM(-) group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Findings of the study demonstrated that as cholesterol and LDL levels decreased, copeptin levels increased, and that could be related to the self-mutilation behaviour.

Iron Deficiency Parameters in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The aim of this study is to compare iron deficiency parameters in patients with stimulant-naive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls, to investigate whether there are differences among the ADHD presentations, and to evaluate the relationship between ADHD symptom severity and serum ferritin levels. In addition, ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive (ADHD-PI) patients with restrictive hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms were evaluated as a separate group with "restrictive inattention presentation" (ADHD-Rest) and were compared with other groups. Patients with ADHD-Rest are typically defined as having six or more symptoms of inattention and fewer than three symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. A total of 200 ADHD cases consisting of 100 ADHD-Combine (ADHD-C) and 100 ADHD-PI and a total of 100 healthy control cases were included in the study. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version was performed in a semi-structured interview during the diagnosis. The Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale, the Conners' Rating Scale-Revised: Long Form (Parent-Teacher) (CPRSR:L, CTRS-R:L) were used for clinical evaluation. Hemogram, serum iron, iron binding capacity and serum ferritin levels were assessed. There were no significant differences between the ADHD patients and the healthy control cases in terms of iron deficiency parameters. Further, there were no significant differences among the ADHD presentations in terms of the same parameters, nor were there any significant differences when the groups were examined after the identification of the ADHD-Rest. The CPRS-R:L Hyperactivity and the CTRS-R:L Hyperactivity scores were negatively correlated with serum ferritin level in the ADHD group. To our knowledge, our current study is the first to compare serum ferritin levels in ADHD-Rest with other presentations of ADHD, and included the largest number of patients that were classified by ADHD presentations. Elucidation of these findings is important for both the etiology and treatment of ADHD.

Increased serum prolactin in borderline personality disorder.

Although there is an important interaction between serotonergic system, prolactin and suicidal behavior, and impulsivity, no investigation examined the prolactin values in borderline personality disorder in which suicidal behavior and impulsivity are core symptom dimensions. In this context, in the present investigation, we planned to measure serum prolactin levels in the patients with borderline personality disorder. The study comprised 15 patients with borderline personality disorder and 15 healthy controls. Prolactin values were measured in both patients and control subjects. The patients had abnormally higher mean value of prolactin compared to those of healthy controls (48.66 ± 36.48 mg/dl for patients vs. 15.20 ± 7.81 mg/dl for healthy controls). There was no correlation between prolactin values and any demographic variables for both the patients and control subjects. In conclusion, our present results suggest that prolactin values increased in the patients with borderline personality disorder and are required to be replicated by more comprehensive and detailed further studies to decipher the exact roles of prolactin increase.

The effect of acute allergic reactions on diastolic heart function.

PURPOSE: Diastolic heart failure is characterized by the presence of heart failure symptoms despite preserved systolic function. Cytokines released during allergic reactions may impair diastolic heart function, either through their direct toxic effects or by inducing coronary artery spasm. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute allergic reactions on diastolic heart function. METHODS: Fifty patients, randomly selected from those who were admitted to the emergency room between May 2010 and December 2010 with the complaints of rash and itching, and who were subsequently diagnosed with allergic reactions based on the clinical and laboratory findings, were included in the study as the allergy group. Thirty healthy volunteers, in whom the diagnosis of allergy was ruled out based on the clinical and laboratory data, were use as the control group. Diastolic heart functions were evaluated in patients presenting with allergic reaction as well as in control subjects. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of basal systolic functions, diameters of the cavities and wall thicknesses, and biochemical parameters. Color M mode flow progression velocities, E ratios, E/A ratios and mitral lateral annulus tissue Doppler velocities measured by echocardiography at Day 0 and Day 5 were significantly altered in the allergy group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Impairment in diastolic functions was observed following acute allergic reactions. Acute allergic reactions could be a cause of mortality and morbidity if they lead to the development of diastolic heart failure.

Protective effects of L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein in an experimental model of liver fibrosis.

AIM: Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing response that occurs following liver injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein in liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In addition, the effects of these agents were compared in the same study. METHODS: In this study, rats were randomly allocated into 8 groups, consisting of 10 rats each, as follows: a control group, CCl4, L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine, genistein, CCl4 and L-carnitine, CCl4 and N-acetylcysteine, and CCl4 and genistein. At the end of 6 weeks, blood and liver tissue specimens were collected. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); aspartate aminotransferase (AST); complete blood count, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB); interleukin-6 (IL-6); liver glutathione level; oxidant/antioxidant status; scores of hepatic steatosis, necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin were studied. RESULTS: Although the ALT and AST values in the group administered CCl4 were significantly higher than in all the other groups (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the control group and the groups administered CCl4 combined with L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the levels of TNF-α, PDGF-BB and IL-6 (P<0.05) between the CCl4 group and the groups with L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein added to CCl4. N-acetylcysteine and genistein had positive effects on the oxidant/antioxidant status and on liver necrosis and fibrosis scores. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, L-carnitine, N-acetylcysteine and genistein showed significant protective effects in liver fibrosis induced by CCl4.

Serum salusin-α levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc), chronic inflammatory diseases, demonstrate an increased incidence of cardiovascular manifestations and subclinical atherosclerotic disease. Salusin-α is a novel bioactive peptide that suppresses the formation of macrophage foam cells, and its serum level is significantly lower in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. The aims of the study were to assess serum salusin-α level and its potential association with the predictors of atherosclerosis in SLE and SSc. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 20 SLE and 22 SSc patients and 23 healthy controls (HC). All of the participants were female. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and salusin-α levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined. RESULTS: Salusin-α levels were lower and the IMTs were higher in the SLE and SSc groups than in the HC group. The salusin-α level was correlated with neither the disease activity scores nor cytokine levels and IMT in the SLE and SSc groups, although it was correlated with triglyceride level in the SLE group (r=-0.564, p=0.012), and with HOMA-IR index in the HC group (r=0.485, p=0.019). CONCLUSION: The present preliminary study may support the idea that SSc leads to subclinical atherosclerosis, as in SLE. Moreover, it can be concluded that the decreased salusin-α levels in SLE and SSc may contribute to subclinical atherosclerosis. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to demonstrate this contribution in SLE and SSc.

What about platelet counts in clozapine users?

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate platelet changes in patients taking clozapine for a variety of psychiatric disorders and hypothesized that there would be any changes in the course of the treatment. METHODS: Diagnoses were based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4(th) edition. Forty-three patients, with the mean age of 36.23 ± 6.35 years were included into final analysis. Morning venous blood samples were used for platelet counts. Correlation analyses were performed between platelet counts and clozapine doses. RESULTS: Paired t test did not reveal a significant change in platelet counts at the end visit compared to those of first assessment (p>0.05). Seven (17.9%) of 39 patients had platelet count below 180000 per cubic millimeter at least one time during their clozapine use. In five of these patients, the platelet count returned to a level above 180000 per cubic millimeter, without any dose change or other interventions. On the other hand, as for the issue of increased platelet count, results demonstrated that seven (17.9%) had platelet count above 400000 per cubic millimeter at least one time during clozapine use. CONCLUSION: The present investigation revealed that platelet changes beyond WBC changes should be taken into consideration when using clozapine. Clinicians should be aware of the deviations from absolute threshold values.

Effects of trimetazidine in acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine.

BACKGROUND: In acute pancreatitis, oxygen free radicals (OFRs) and cytokines have been shown to play a role in the failure of pancreatic microcirculation and the development of local tissue damage. We studied the effects of trimetazidine (TMZ), a potent antioxidant and anti-ischemic agent, on acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Rats were randomized into 3 groups: a control group (n = 15), a study group (n = 15) in which acute pancreatitis was induced with with L-arginine, and a treatment group (n = 15) in which pancreatitis was induced and treated with TMZ intraperitoneally. The rats were followed for 24 hours. At the 24th hour we determined serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the pancreatic tissues were analyzed histopathologically. RESULTS: The AST (p < 0.001), ALT (p < 0.01), amylase (p < 0.001), LDH (p < 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-1ß (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels, and pancreatic tissue edema (p < 0.01), hemorrhage (p < 0.05), acinar cell necrosis (p < 0.001) and level of perivascular inflammation (p < 0.01), were significantly lower in the treatment group than the study group. CONCLUSION: Trimetazidine markedly decreases biochemical and histopathologic changes during the early stages of acute pancreatitis, thus preserving the pancreas histologically.

CONTEXTE: Dans la pancréatite aiguë, les radicaux libres de l'oxygène et les cytokines contribuent à l'insuffisance de la microcirculation pancréatique et à l'endommagement des tissus localement. Nous avons étudié les effets de la trimétazidine (TMZ), un puissant agent antioxydant et anti-ischémique, sur la pancréatite aiguë. MÉTHODES: Des rats ont été assignés aléatoirement à 1 de 3 groupes : un groupe témoin (n = 15), un groupe (n = 15) dans lequel la pancréatite aiguë a été induite au moyen de L-arginine et un groupe (n = 15) dans lequel la pancréatite a été induite, puis traitée par TMZ par voie intrapéritonéale. Les rats ont été suivis pendant 24 heures. À la 24e heure, nous avons mesuré les taux sériques d'aspartate aminotransférase (AST), d'alanine aminotransférase (ALT), d'amylase, de lacticodéshydrogénase (LDH), d'interleukine 1-ß (IL-1ß), d'interleukine 6 (IL-6) et de facteur de nécrose tumorale α (TNF-α), et les tissus pancréatiques ont été soumis à un examen histopathologique. RÉSULTANTS: Les taux d'AST (p < 0,001), d'ALT (p < 0,01), d'amylase (p < 0,001), de LDH (p < 0,01), de TNF-α (p < 0,01), d'IL-1ß (p < 0,001) et d'IL-6 (p < 0,001), de même que l'oedème tissulaire (p < 0,01), les saignements (p < 0,05), la nécrose des cellules acineuses (p < 0,001) et le degré d'inflammation périvasculaire (p < 0,01) pancréatiques,étaient significativement moindres dans le groupe traité que dans le groupe non traité. CONCLUSIONS: La trimétazidine atténue nettement les modifications biochimiques et histopathologiques qui accompagnent les premiers stades d'une pancréatite aiguë, ce qui permet de préserver le pancréas au plan histologique.

The association between intima media thickness, central obesity and diastolic blood pressure in obese and overweight children: a cross-sectional school-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and central obesity, cardiovasculary risk factors, and chronic inflammation markers in overweight and obese schoolchildren in Eastern Turkey. METHODS: A cross-sectional school-based survey on 2765 schoolchildren was performed. We collected the clinical data (age, sex, percentage of body fat, and measured systolic blood pressure [BP] and diastolic BP, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) in 67 obese and 24 overweight children. The control group was composed of nonobese children of similar age and sex. RESULTS: Mean systolic and diastolic BP values in the cases of overweight and obese groups were higher than those in the control group cases (p=0.001). Obese and overweight children demonstrated a significantly thicker intima media as compared with the control group (p=0.001). Carotid IMT was significantly correlated to the body mass index (r=0.396, p=0.001), fat mass percentage (r=0.257, p=0.036), waist circumference (r=0.390, p=0.001), diastolic BP (r=0.266, p=0.030), glucose (r=0.250, p=0.042), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (r=0.269, p=0.001) in the obese group. In multiple linear regression analysis, carotid IMT correlated significantly to waist circumference (p=0.045), and diastolic BP (p=0.031) in obese group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is related to cardiovascular risk factors leading to early atherosclerosis in schoolchildren. There is a relationship between atherosclerosis, and central obesity, diastolic BP, and chronic inflammation. Waist circumference measurement is more sensitive than other anthropometric measurements in predicting obesity and associated complications.

The assessment of oxidative stress on patients with chronic renal failure at different stages and on dialysis patients receiving different hypertensive treatment.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the oxidative stress in predialysis, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis patients and to test the effects of antihypertensive drugs and volume control on oxidative stress parameters. The study was composed of five groups as follows: control group (n = 30), predialysis group (n = 30), peritoneal dialysis group (n = 30), hemodialysis group, (normotensive with strict volume control, n = 30), hemodialysis group (normotensive with medication, n = 30). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and routine biochemical parameters were studied in all patients. Hemodialysis patients with strict volume control (HDvc) had lower levels of MDA than other patient groups (p < 0.001), and CAT, SOD values had highest level other patient groups (p < 0.001). The treatment of hypertension with strict volume control in chronic renal failure patients causes less damage to the antioxidant capacity.

Protective effects of ebselen on sodium-selenite-induced experimental cataract in rats.

PURPOSE: To determine whether ebselen has a protective effect or antioxidative potential in a sodium-selenite-induced experimental cataract model. SETTING: Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly divided into a control group, a sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group, and an ebselen-treated group; each group contained 7 rat pups. Rats in the control group received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intraperitoneally only and rats in the sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group received 30 nmol/g body weight sodium selenite subcutaneously and DMSO intraperitoneally 10 days postpartum. Rats in the ebselen group received 30 nmol/g body weight sodium selenite subcutaneously 10 days postpartum and were treated with 5 mg/kg body weight ebselen once a day for 4 consecutive days. Cataract development was assessed weekly for 3 weeks by slitlamp examination and graded using a scale. Reduced glutathione (GSH), total nitrite, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lens supernatants were measured at the end of 3 weeks. RESULTS: In the control group, all lenses were clear. In the ebselen-treated group, the mean cataract stage was significantly lower than in the sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group (P = .022). The GSH levels were significantly lower in the sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group than in the control and ebselen groups (P < .001). The MDA levels were lower in the ebselen group than in the sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group (P < .001). The mean total nitrite level was significantly lower in the sodium-selenite-induced-cataract group than in the ebselen group (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Ebselen had a protective effect on cataract development in a sodium-selenite-induced experimental model. The protective effect of ebselen appears to be due to inhibition of oxidative stress. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

The impact of tacrolimus on growth factors in experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of intravitreal tacrolimus on an animal model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and on growth factors implicated in its pathogenesis. METHODS: Twenty-one guinea pigs were randomly assigned to one of three groups of seven animals each: no-PVR/saline group (no PVR/intravitreal saline-injected group), PVR/saline group (dispase-induced PVR group, treated with control injections of intravitreal saline), and PVR/tacrolimus group (treatment group, dispase-induced PVR group treated with intravitreal tacrolimus injections). At the end of the experiment, eyes were enucleated and the identification of the stages of PVR was carried out. While a halves of the enucleated globes were evaluated histopathologically for PVR formation, the retinas of the other halves of globes were used for the preparation of retinal homogenates. The transforming growth factor-ß, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor levels in homogenized retina tissues were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: When assessing the average PVR stages in terms of severe PVR rates, the PVR/tacrolimus group had significantly improved when compared with the PVR/saline group. The PVR/tacrolimus group demonstrated significantly decreased levels of transforming growth factor-ß, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor when compared with the PVR/saline group and also demonstrated significant improvement in epiretinal membrane formation and retinal fold in the presence of histopathologic levels. The difference in degradation of photoreceptor cells between the PVR/tacrolimus and the PVR/saline groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that intravitreal tacrolimus application may suppress PVR development and that tacrolimus may merit investigation for the prophylaxis of PVR.

Serum salusin-alpha level in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, leads to early and accelerated atherosclerosis; however, its pathogenesis is not yet fully documented. Salusin-α and ß are novel bioactive peptides. Salusin-α suppresses macrophage foam cell formation, while salusin-ß stimulates. Moreover, decreased serum salusin-α level has been reported previously in patients with coronary artery disease. The aims of the study were to assess serum salusin-α level and its association with predictors of atherosclerosis in a cohort of patients with RA. The study included 56 RA patients, 37 Behcet's disease (BD) patients, and 29 healthy controls (HC). TNF-α, IL-6 and salusin-α levels, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined. In the RA and BD groups, salusin-α levels (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) and IMTs (p<0.001 for both) were higher compared to the HC group. However, the level of salusin-α was not directly associated with the IMT in all the groups. Serum salusin-α levels are increased in RA and BD, although they have increased IMT. Salusin-α has been reported to have anti-atherogenic effects in previous studies. However, it seems that salusin-α does not directly affect the atherogenesis in RA and BD. Further studies are needed to understand the regulation of salusin-α and determination of its relations with the predictors of atherosclerosis in RA and BD.