[Dynamics of microsymbiocenoses of upper respiratory tract in normal state and in pathology].

AIM: Study of features of interaction of bacteria in microsymbiocenoses of upper respiratory tract in dynamics in individuals with various state of health: healthy individuals, individuals after tonsillitis and bacteria carriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Modification of pathogenicity factors (hemolytic, lecitovitellase, lysozyme and anti-lysozyme activity) in intermicrobial interactions of 226 strains of microorganisms isolated during quintuple analysis of upper respiratory tract biocenoses of examined individuals was studied. A hierarchical structure of each microbiocenosis was built based on the data obtained, and its temporal dynamics evaluated. RESULTS: Microbial composition of mucous membrane of tonsils was more constant independent of state of health when compared with the nasal cavity. Normoflora that does not influence expression of pathogenicity factors and symbiont persistence was predominate and persisted for a long period in healthy individuals and bacteria carriers, whereas in individuals after tonsillitis opportunistic strains with a high communicative activity (leaders) that increase symbiont pathogenicity persisted for a long time. CONCLUSION: The revealed differences in biocenoses dynamics of 2 biotopes of upper respiratory tract in healthy individuals, bacteria carriers and individuals after tonsillitis may be used to forecast stable health and development of dysbiotic disorders.

[Mechanisms of bacteria translocation in generalized chronic parodontitis].

Peculiarities of behavior reactions of bacteria-symbionts created conditions for the selection of translocators-strains. In microsymbiocenosis of parodontal pockets, from which translocation of bacteria into the blood was observed, the number of signals from intermicrobial communication, inhibiting the expression of the factors of colonization, virulence and persistence, was decreasing. Meanwhile, the number of signals on the increase of the expression of the factors given was increased. In 75% of cases strains-translocators were leaders; they gave more often signals on the inhibition of the growth of other strains-symbionts.

[Characteristics of microbiocenosis of gingival pocket in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis].

As a result of examination of 56 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) of a moderate severity and a severe form of the disease, microflora from gingival pocket in patients which severe form of CGP was established to have higher specific weight in index of dissemination of strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogencs, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium spp., anaerobic bacteria. Strains from patients with a severe form of CGP were characterized by a higher level of expression of the factors of pathogenicity and persistence. Associations of streptococci and staphylococci which the representatives of anaerobic flora such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus were more often revealed in patients with a severe form of CGP. Fact of microbial translocation from the gingival pocket was established: from the blood of the patients with CGP of a severe form, strains-translocants were cultivated by 4 times more frequently than from the patients with CGP of a moderate severity.

[Modification of antibiotic resistance in microbial symbiosis].

In antibiotic therapy it is necessary to use drugs active against the pathogen in its association with the host normal microflora. The aim of the study was to investigate modification of antibiotic resistance under conditions of the pathogen association with the representatives of the host normal microflora and to develop the microbiological criteria for determining effectiveness of antibacterials. Modification of microbial antibiotic resistance was investigated in 408 associations. Various changes in the antibiotic resistance of the strains were revealed: synergism, antagonism and indifference. On the basis of the results it was concluded that in the choice of the antibiotic active against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes the preference should be given to oxacillin, gentamicin and levomycetin, since the resistance of the pathogens to these antibiotics under the association conditions did not increase, which could contribute to their destruction, whereas the resistance of the normoflora increased or did not change, which was important for its retention in the biocenosis. The data on changeability of the antibiotic resistance of the microbial strains under the association conditions made it possible to develop microbiological criteria for determining effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of microbial etiology (RF Patent No. 2231554).

[Study of nasal and tonsillar mucosal microbiocenoses as one of the health indices].

The qualitative and quantitative compositions of nasal and tonsillar mucosal biocenoses were studied in healthy individuals and patients with chronic tonsillitis as an ecological criterion for assessing the stability of biocenosis and human health. The qualitative composition of tonsillar mucosal biocenosis turned out to be steady-state both in health and disease. The human nasal mucosa showed itself as an indicator system. Staphylococcal strains with a high persistent potential and polyantibiotic resistance, which may cause an exacerbation of the inflammatory process on translocation to the tonsillar mucosa, were selected on the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic tonsillitis.

[Biological characteristics of translocating bacteria during experimental otitis media].

AIM: To study dynamics of species composition, factors of pathogenicity and persistence, index of microbial load by bacteria translocating to tympanic cavity from nasal cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Translocation of bacteria was reproduced on the model of experimental staphylococcal purulent otitis media in 22 adult rabbits from "chinchilla" breed. Identification of translocating strains was performed by radioisotope label. Microflora of nasopharynx and middle ear was studied on day 4, 6, 10, 20, 30, and 180 after inoculation. RESULTS: Translocating strains differed from nontranslocating by higher level of antilysozyme activity (> or =3 mcg/ml) and higher proportion of their microbial load in total index of microbial load of source biotope (> or =5%). During unfavorable course of otitis, increase of pathogenicity of strains-translocants in circumstances of microbial interaction was observed. CONCLUSION: One of the mechanisms for the development of otitis media is translocation of indigenous bacteria and their associates to the inflammation site in middle ear where microbial interactions determine the outcome of infection. Results of experimental studies allowed to develop the method for prediction of otitis media course.

[Structural and functional characteristics of human microsymbiocenosis].

AIM: To study hierarchical structure of microbial microbiocenosis in tonsils accounting for the behavioral reactions of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intermicrobial interactions in 100 biocenosis on the surface of tonsillar mucosa were studied in healthy persons, carriers of bacteria and patients with chronic tonsillitis. Number of commands made by symbionts and directions of commands for modification (suppression, upregulation) of pathogenicity factors (hemolytic, lecitovitellase, lysozyme, and antilysozyme activity) was studied. RESULTS: On the basis of cluster analysis of functional activity of symbionts 3 equations were created. Equation 1, which included total number of commands issued by each symbiont and their significance for expression of pathogenicity factors, allowed to differentiate of symbionts on dominants and associates. Equation 2, which included directions of commands issued by dominants and associates, allowed to give preliminary prognosis for biocenosis: predominance of commands for suppression of pathogenicity factors points to good prognosis for biocenosis, whereas whereas predominance of commands upregulating pathogenicity factors predicted the unfavorable prognosis. The final prognosis for the biocenosis was determined using equation 3 calculating coefficient of biocenosis' functional state (ratio of total number of commands for upregulation of pathogenicity factors to total number of commands for their suppression). CONCLUSION: Proposed methodical key for structural and functional assessment of biotope microsymbiocenoses is universal and could be used for prognosis of host's health.

[Mechanisms of interaction of associative symbionts during viral-bacterial infections].

Literature data about mechanisms of interaction between viruses and bacteria in circumstances of associative symbiosis are summarized. Interactions of influenza viruses, adenoviruses, Coxsackie viruses with different taxons of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria are showed. Influence of these interactions on pathogenicity factors of viruses and bacteria is multidirectional (induction, suppression) which could determine the course of infectious process.

[Interaction between bacteria and erythrocytes and their role in the development of infectious anaemia].

The concentration of hemoglobin in blood of patients with pyoinflammatory diseases was shown to depend on the ability of bacteria to interact with erythrocytes. Bacteria with high hemolytic activity (> or = 70% hemolysis) and anti-hemoglobin activity (>3 g/1) were isolated from pyoinflammatory foci of patients suffering from anaemia. Structural changes were investigated in vitro and in vivo erythrocytes in terms of their interaction with microorganisms by electron microscopy. For the first time, the phenomenon of coccal location within erythrocytes was established. Staphylococci with a high level of hemolytic and anti-hemoglobin activity appear to survive and multiply within erythrocytes that results in destroying hemoglobin. Staphylococci with a low level of mentioned activities are subjected to destructive changes within erythrocytes and subsequent killing.

[The role of persistence and virulence factors in microecological changes in a humans].

The patterns of persistence and virulence factors expression in the representatives of human microbial biocenosis depends on a complex of the environmental conditions: influence of microbes-symbionts, biotope peculiarities, properties of microorganisms located within eukaryotes. Interactions of symbionts in pairs "indigen-indigen" isolated from mucous membrane of tonsils in healthy persons, did not lead to changes in expression of pathogenic properties. Interinfluence in pairs "pathogen-indigen" and "indigen-indigen", isolated from patients with chronic tonsilitis were accompanied by an increase of anti-lysozyme, hemolytic and lecithovitellase activities. Migration of strains of non-enzymatized gram-negative bacteria (NEYNB) from nasal into tympanic cavity in experimental acute purulent otitis is connected with an earlier increase of their number in the nasal cavity and the expression of anti-lysozyme activity. In acute and chronic pyoderma, expression of ALA is more marked in bacteria from a perifocal damage in contrast to focal damage of normal skin. In conditions of interaction between erythrocytes and staphylococcal clones with different levels of expression of pathogenic factors, differences were observed in dynamics of hemolytic and anti-hemoglobin activities.

[Interaction of bacteria and red blood cells].

The interaction of staphylococci, streptococci, meningococci, enterobacteria, leptospires and other microorganisms with red blood cells is considered. Three forms of the interaction of bacteria and red blood cells are discussed: adhesion, the influence of secretory factors on red blood cells, the action of pathogenic bacteria on hemoglobin. The applied aspects of the interaction of bacteria and red blood cells in the human body are presented in accordance with the results of clinical and laboratory studies.

[Bacterial interactions]. / Mezhbakterial'nye vzaimodeistviia.

The review deals with specific features of interactions in microbial biocenoses. The subdivision of the mechanisms of microbial interactions in associations into direct and indirect ones is proposed. The formation of intercellular contacts and matrix belongs to one group of mechanisms, the second group includes the products of metabolism (changes in the physical and chemical composition of the medium, specific growth regulators) and secreted factors (antibacterial substances, pheromones and signal molecules, vitamins, specific mediators). The applied aspects of the knowledge of microbial interactions in the human body are presented.

[Clinical importance of infective agent persistence in Salmonella infection in children]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie faktorov persistentsii vozbuditelia pri salmonelleznoi infektsii u detei.

The persistence properties of 70 S. enteriditis cultures and 12 S. typhimurium cultures isolated from the feces of children of the earliest age groups with the gastrointestinal form of Salmonellosis infection were studied. The study revealed that the low level of persistence properties occurred in most cases of mild forms of the disease. Salmonellae with a high level of anticomplement and antilysozyme activity were more often isolated in cases of moderate and severe forms of salmonellosis. The presence of correlation between the expression of the factors under study and the severity of the symptoms of intoxication in combination with the duration of the diarrhea syndrome in moderate and severe forms of Salmonella infection in children of the earliest age groups was established. The suggestion was made that the evaluation of the persistence properties of bacteria may be used for the prognosis of the course of the infectious process.

[Effect of gastrointestinal tract secretions on the anti-lysozyme activity of enterobacteria]. / Vliianie sekretov zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta na antilizotsimnuiu aktivnost' énterobakterii.

The effect of the duodenal contents and its components on the antilysozyme activity (ALA) of enterobacteria was studied. Under the action of native bile and the preparation of dried bile the stimulation of the expression of ALA factor in 86.6-93.3% of enterobacteria was observed. Pancreatin increased the level of the secretion of ALA factor by 50% in comparison with the control. The preparation of egg lysozyme produced no changes in the frequency and level of the expression of ALA factor. The study revealed the dose-dependant character of the action of duodenal contents: in the native form, as well as at concentrations of 50% and 25%, duodenal contents stimulated the expression of the ALA factor of enterobacteria; at concentrations of 12.5% and lower, its effect could be stimulating, inhibitory or neutral.

[Effect of medicinal plants on the antilysozyme activity of microorganisms]. / Vliianie lekarstvennykh rastenii na antilizotsimnuiu aktivnost' mikroorganizmov.

Medicinal plants effect on antilysozyme activity of E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Candida, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium was evaluated in vitro. It was demonstrated that the effects differed substancially according to the microorganism taxonomy. The experimental data on the plants inhibitory activity may be used for elaboration of effective regimes of infections and disbiosis treatment.

[Prognostic value of isolation of L-forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. / Prognosticheskoe znachenie vydeleniia L-form mikobakterii tuberkuleza.

A procedure has been developed to detect antilysozymatic activity n L forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). A mode of predicting the course of a tuberculosis process in the lungs by the degree of antilysozymatic activity of MBT is outlined. Thus, when the level is 4 micrograms/ml or higher, progression or exacerbation of tuberculosis is predicted, when that of 0-3 micrograms/ml, a good prognosis is expected.

[The antilysozyme activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis L forms]. / Antilizotsimnaia aktivnost' L-form Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The method for the detection of antilysozyme activity (ALA) in M. tuberculosis L forms was developed. The level of ALA in M. tuberculosis L forms isolated from patients with different clinical forms of the disease varied within 1-5 micrograms. M. tuberculosis L forms with the ALA level > 4 micrograms were isolated from patients with the progressing course of the disease. The method for the prognostication of the course of the tuberculous process in the lungs by the results of the antilysozyme test was proposed.

[Some features of tonsillar microflora and microbial interaction (in normal and pathological states)]. / Nekotorye osobennosti mikroflory mindalin i mezhmikrobnogo vzaimodeistviia (v norme i pri patologii).

The description of a new method for the determination of interaction between bacterial strains isolated from the mucous membrane of tonsils of healthy children and patients with chronic tonsillitis. In the analysis of mutual influence of symbionts on the hemolytic, lecitovitellase, lysozyme and antilysozyme activity of microbes isolated from healthy children no changes in the expression of these pathogenicity and persistence factors have been detected in the overwhelming majority of cases (70.8-89.9%). In the microflora of sick children interactions were synergic with respect to pathogenicity factors in 35.2-46.7% of cases and antagonistic in 18.7-31.3% of cases.

[Microbial biocenosis in the mucous membranes of the nose and the middle ear in patients with purulent otitis]. / Mikrobnyi biotsenoz slizistykh obolochek nosa i srednego ukha u bol'nykh gnoinym otitom.

25 biocenoses of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the nose and the middle ear in patients having acute and chronic purulent otitis media (epi- and mesotympanitis) were studied. The dynamic study was carried out at the peak of the manifestations of clinical symptoms and on convalescence or improvement of the state of patients. In the process of convalescence the normalization of the composition of the microflora of the nose and the middle ear was found to occur in patients having acute otitis as compared with those having chronic otitis. In chronic otitis dysbiosis was observed in the microflora of the nose and the middle ear (the preservation of Staphylococcus aureus and enterobacterial strains with increased capacity for persistence). Correlation between the taxonomic composition and the biological properties of the microflora of the nose and the middle ear was established. Changes in the properties of individual strains of the microflora in the bacterial interaction of symbionts were more pronounced in the acute form of otitis than in the chronic one.

[Microbial biocenosis of the nasal mucosa in healthy persons and in Staphylococcus carriers]. / Kharakteristika mikrobnogo biotsenoza slizistoi obolochki nosa u zdorovykh liudei i stafilokokkovykh bakterionositelei.

The normal microflora of the nasal mucosa in man is differentiated into main, complementary and casual microflora, taking into account its isolation rate and characteristics of microbial contamination. The main microflora of adults, in contrast to children, is represented, in addition to coagulaso-negative (CN) staphylococci, by bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium. In staphylococcal carrier state a decrease in the isolation rate and the amount of bacteria belonging to the main and complementary microflora (CN staphylococci, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus) was observed. Moreover, in carriers the weakening of the degree of association between CN staphylococci, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus in symbiotic pairs was noted. In the absence of S. aureus carrier state the main and complementary microflora was characterized by the combination of the factors of antagonism and persistence, while in carrier state the complex of colonization factors was defective in the main microflora and well pronounced in coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains and enterobacteria.