Comparative effects of n-3, n-6 and n-9 unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet consumption on lupus nephritis, autoantibody production and CD4+ T cell-related gene responses in the autoimmune NZBWF1 mouse.

Mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease, correlates with the onset and severity of kidney glomerulonephritis. There are both preclinical and clinical evidence that SLE patients may benefit from consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in fish oil, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we employed the NZBWF1 SLE mouse model to compare the effects of dietary lipids on the onset and severity of autoimmune glomerulonephritis after consuming: 1) n-3 PUFA-rich diet containing docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil (DFO), 2) n-6 PUFA-rich Western-type diet containing corn oil (CRN) or 3) n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich Mediterranean-type diet containing high oleic safflower oil (HOS). Elevated plasma autoantibodies, proteinuria and glomerulonephritis were evident in mice fed either the n-6 PUFA or n-9 MUFA diets, however, all three endpoints were markedly attenuated in mice that consumed the n-3 PUFA diet until 34 wk of age. A focused PCR array was used to relate these findings to the expression of 84 genes associated with CD4+ T cell function in the spleen and kidney both prior to and after the onset of the autoimmune nephritis. n-3 PUFA suppression of autoimmunity in NZBWF1 mice was found to co-occur with a generalized downregulation of CD4+ T cell-related genes in kidney and/or spleen at wk 34. These genes were associated with the inflammatory response, antigen presentation, T cell activation, B cell activation/differentiation and leukocyte recruitment. Quantitative RT-PCR of representative affected genes confirmed that n-3 PUFA consumption was associated with reduced expression of CD80, CTLA-4, IL-10, IL-18, CCL-5, CXCR3, IL-6, TNF-α and osteopontin mRNAs in kidney and/or spleens as compared to mice fed n-6 PUFA or n-9 MUFA diets. Remarkably, many of the genes identified in this study are currently under consideration as biomarkers and/or biotherapeutic targets for SLE and other autoimmune diseases.

Hematopoietic cell kinase associates with the 40S ribosomal subunit and mediates the ribotoxic stress response to deoxynivalenol in mononuclear phagocytes.

The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) binds to eukaryotic ribosomes and triggers p38-driven proinflammatory gene expression in the macrophage-a response that is dependent on both double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck). Here we elucidated critical linkages that exist among the ribosome and these kinases during the course of DON-induced ribotoxic stress in mononuclear phagocytes. Similar to PKR inhibitors, Hck inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyramidine (PP2) suppressed p38 activation and p38-driven interleukin 8 (IL-8) expression in the U937 human monocyte cell line. U937 cells stably transfected with a PKR antisense vector (U9K-A1) displayed marked reduction of DON-induced p38 activation and IL-8 expression as compared to cells transfected with empty vector (U9K-C2), with both responses being completely ablated by PP2. Western analysis of sucrose density gradient fractions revealed that PKR and Hck interacted with the 40S ribosomal subunit in U9K-C2 but not U9K-A1 cells. Subsequent transfection and immunoprecipitation studies with HeLa cells indicated that Hck interacted with ribosomal protein S3. Consistent with U937 cells, DON induced p38 association with the ribosome and phosphorylation in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type but not PKR-deficient mice. DON-induced phosphorylation of ribosome-associated Hck in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was also suppressed by 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Both 2-AP and PP2 inhibited DON-induced phosphorylation of p38 as well as two kinases, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6, known to be upstream of p38. Taken together, PKR and Hck were critical for DON-induced ribosomal recruitment of p38, its subsequent phosphorylation, and, ultimately, p38-driven proinflammatory cytokine expression.

Near-infrared reflectance model for the rapid prediction of total fat in cereal foods.

AOAC method 996.01, used in cereal foods to determine total fat as defined by the U.S. Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), is laborious and time-consuming and utilizes hazardous chemicals. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a rapid and environmentally benign technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of total fat using AOAC method 996.01 as the reference method. Near-infrared reflectance spectra (1104-2494 nm) of ground cereal products (n = 72) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer, and total fat was determined according to AOAC method 996.01. Using multivariate analysis, a modified partial least-squares model was developed for total fat prediction. The model had a SECV of 1.12% (range = 0.5-43.2%) and a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.99. The model was tested with independent validation samples (n = 36); all samples were predicted within NLEA accuracy guidelines. The results indicate that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is an accurate means of determining the total fat content of diverse cereal products for nutrition labeling.