Successful replacement for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma with cholecystitis induced by PD-1 antibody: a case report.

The occurrence of immune-related cholecystitis and the subsequent immunotherapy re-challenge has been rarely reported. A patient diagnosed with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, developed immune-related cholecystitis after the sixth and eighth cycles of camrelizumab respectively. The patient's symptoms and laboratory test results showed improvement after conservative treatment. Then we chose zimberelimab, a fully humanized PD-1 antibody, as a replacement for camrelizumab in maintenance therapy and successfully completed 37 cycles of zimberelimab (240 mg every 2 weeks per cycle). Surprisingly, the patient experienced no immune-related adverse event and remained in complete remission with a progression-free survival of 28.8 months. The use of Zimberelimab as rechallenge immunotherapy may be an optional choice after managing immune-related cholecystitis induced by other PD-1 antibodies.

Immunotherapy is a new and effective way to treat tumors, but it also brings many side effects. One of the side effects is gallbladder inflammation. Less than 1% of patients developed the gallbladder inflammation. It could lead to many kinds of uncomfortable symptoms and interrupt the tumor treatment. It is still unclear whether immunotherapy can be resumed after the gallbladder inflammation is resolved. We shared a patient who experienced gallbladder inflammation after immunotherapy, then we used another drug successfully to resume the immunotherapy. The patient did not develop any side effects, and the result of tumor treatment was very good. We are hoping this case can provide a reference for other similar patients.

Comparative analysis of whole chloroplast genomes of three common species of Nekemias from vine tea.

Nekemias grossedentata (N. grossedentata) is a medicinal and edible plant. The young leaves and tender stems are specifically utilized to manufacture vine tea, which is traditionally employed in the treatment of conditions such as the common cold fever, sore throat, jaundice hepatitis, and other ailments. The morphologically of N. grossedentata similar to Nekemias cantoniensis (N. cantoniensis) and Nekemias megalophylla (N. megalophylla), which lead to a chaotic market supply. Numerious studies have confirmed that chloroplast genomes and chromatography play important role in plant classification. Here, the whole chloroplast (cp) genomes of the three Nekemias species were sequenced in Illumina sequencing platform. Meanwhile, their chromatographic fingerprints have constructed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The annotation results demonstrated that the three chloroplast genomes were typical quadripartite structures, with lengths of 162,147 bp (N. grossedentata), 161,981 bp (N. megalophylla), and 162,500 bp (N. cantoniensis), respectively. A total of 89 (N. grossedentata) /86 (N. megalophylla and N. cantoniensis) protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA gene and 8 rRNA genes were annotated. The IR/SC boundary regions were relatively conserved across the three species, although three regions (rps19-rpl2, rpl32-trnL-UAG, ccsA-ndhD) exhibited nucleotide diversity values (Pi) of variable sites higher than 1%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that N. grossedentata had a closer genetic relationship with N. megalophylla than that of N. cantoniensis. Moreover, the chromatographic fingerprints revealed that the main functional components and genetic relatedness of three species were highly similar with their morphological results. In conclusion, N. grossedentata and N. megalophylla can be consider as the origin plants of vine tea. This study provides appropriate information for species identification, phylogeny, quality assessment of three medicinal plants of the genus Nekemias and will contribute to the standardization of vine tea raw materials.

Epidermal growth factor receptor­targeted antibody nimotuzumab combined with chemoradiotherapy improves survival in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity score matching real-world study.

Patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) have poor survival outcomes. The real-world efficacy of nimotuzumab plus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)-based chemoradiotherapy in patients with LA-HNSCC remains unclear. A total of 25,442 HNSCC patients were screened, and 612 patients were matched by propensity score matching (PSM) (1:1). PSM was utilized to balance known confounding factors. Patients who completed at least five doses of nimotuzumab were identified as study group. The primary end point was 3-year overall survival (OS) rate. Log-rank test examined the difference between two survival curves and Cloglog transformation test was performed to compare survival at a fixed time point. The median follow-up time was 54.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52.7-55.9) months. The study group was associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.99, p = 0.038) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.96, p = 0.021). Subgroup analysis revealed that aged 50-60 year, IV, N2, radiotherapy dose ≥ 60 Gy, without previous surgery, and neoadjuvant therapy have a trend of survival benefit with nimotuzumab. Nimotuzumab showed favorable safety, only 0.2% had nimotuzumab-related severe adverse events. Our study indicated the nimotuzumab plus chemoradiotherapy provides survival benefits and safety for LA-HNSCC patients in an IMRT era.

Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on material and electrical properties of AlN gate dielectric on 4H-SiC.

This article investigates the radiation effects on as-deposited and annealed AlN films on 4H-SiC substrates under gamma-rays. The AlN films are prepared using plasma-enhanced-atomic-layer-deposition on an n-type 4H-SiC substrate. The AlN/4H-SiC MIS structure is subjected to gamma-ray irradiation with total doses of 0, 300, and 600 krad(Si). Physical, chemical, and electrical methods were employed to study the variations in surface morphology, charge transport, and interfacial trapping characteristics induced by irradiation. After 300 krad(Si) irradiation, the as-deposited and annealed samples exhibit their highest root mean square values of 0.917 nm and 1.190 nm, respectively, which is attributed to N vacancy defects induced by irradiation. Under irradiation, the flatband voltage (Vfb) of the as-deposited sample shifts from 2.24 to 0.78 V, while the annealed sample shifts from 1.18 to 2.16 V. X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis reveals the decomposition of O-related defects in the as-deposited AlN and the formation of Al(NOx)ycompounds in the annealed sample. Furthermore, the space-charge-limits-conduction (SCLC) in the as-deposited sample is enhanced after radiation, while the barrier height of the annealed sample decreases from 1.12 to 0.84 eV, accompanied by the occurrence of the SCLC. The physical mechanism of the degradation of electrical performance in irradiated devices is the introduction of defects like N vacancies and O-related defects like Al(NOx)y. These findings provide valuable insights for SiC power devices in space applications.

Quantum squeezing-induced quantum entanglement and EPR steering in a coupled optomechanical system.

We propose a theoretical project in which quantum squeezing induces quantum entanglement and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering in a coupled whispering-gallery-mode optomechanical system. Through pumping the χ(2)-nonlinear resonator with the phase matching condition, the generated squeezed resonator mode and the mechanical mode of the optomechanical resonator can generate strong quantum entanglement and EPR steering, where the squeezing of the nonlinear resonator plays the vital role. The transitions from zero entanglement to strong entanglement and one-way steering to two-way steering can be realized by adjusting the system parameters appropriately. The photon-photon entanglement and steering between the two resonators can also be obtained by deducing the amplitude of the driving laser. Our project does not need an extraordinarily squeezed field, and it is convenient to manipulate and provides a novel and flexible avenue for diverse applications in quantum technology dependent on both optomechanical and photon-photon entanglement and steering.

Photon blockade with a trapped Λ-type three-level atom in asymmetrical cavity.

We propose a scheme to manipulate strong and nonreciprocal photon blockades in asymmetrical Fabry-Perot cavity with a Λ-type three-level atom. Utilizing the mechanisms of both conventional and unconventional blockade, the strong photon blockade is achieved by the anharmonic eigenenergy spectrum brought by Λ-type atom and the destructive quantum interference effect induced by a microwave field. By optimizing the system parameters, the manipulation of strong photon blockade over a wide range of cavity detuning can be realized. Using spatial symmetry breaking introduced by the asymmetry of cavity, the direction-dependent nonreciprocal photon blockade can be achieved, and the nonreciprocity can reach the maximum at optimal cavity detuning. In particular, manipulating the occurring position of nonreciprocal photon blockade can be implemented by simply adjusting the cavity detuning. Our scheme provides feasible access for generating high-quality nonreciprocal single-photon sources.

Retrieving soil moisture using cosmic-ray neutron technology based on COSMIC model in the desert-oasis region.

Cosmic-ray neutron technology could estimate average soil moisture on scale of hectometers by monitoring the neutron intensity near the ground, which has been successfully applied in forest, grassland, farmland, and other ecosystems. To verify the reliability of Cosmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code (COSMIC) model for retrieving mesoscale soil moisture in arid regions, we carried out soil moisture observation experiment by using the cosmic-ray neutron rover in the desert-oasis region of the middle reaches of Heihe River. The results showed that the fast neutron intensity in the desert-oasis region were 350-715 counts·(30 s)-1, and the calibrated high energy neutron intensity (Ncosmic) were (38.5±2.2) counts·(30 s)-1, which was affected by land surface characteristics. Both COSMIC model (root mean square error=0.019 g·g-1) and N0 equation (root mean square error=0.018 g·g-1) could well assess the mesoscale soil moisture, with the accuracy of soil moisture being higher considering soil lattice water. The average penetration depth was 19 cm in the oasis region and 36 cm in the desert region during the experiment. COSMIC model could be used to retrieve soil moisture by cosmic ray neutron in the desert-oasis regions, which had great potential to realize data assimilation of surface meteorological-hydrological-ecological variables by combining with land surface models.

Direct-detected spectroscopy based on a plasmonic Schottky photodetector and a deep neural network.

Computational algorithms have facilitated the miniaturization of spectrometers, which is essential for on-chip and portable applications. A plasmonic Schottky photodetector provides a filter-free and CMOS-compatible scheme for spectral measurement. In this study, we report on a direct-detected spectral analysis based on an integrated vertically coupled plasmonic nanostructure Schottky photodetector. We demonstrate that the plasmonic Schottky photodetector has a fast response with a -3 dB bandwidth of 600 kHz and a high peak detectivity of 8.65 × 1010 Jones. By designing a deep neural network (DNN), we demonstrate the reconstruction of the unknown spectrum with a mean square error (MSE) of 1.57 × 10-4 at a broad operating wave band of 450-950 nm, using only 20 distinct devices. Moreover, the spectral resolution of the 20 devices can reach to 7 nm. These findings provide a promising route for the development of chip-integrated spectrometers with high spectral accuracy and optical performance.

Carrier Modulation in 2D Transistors by Inserting Interfacial Dielectric Layer for Area-Efficient Computation.

2D materials with atomic thickness display strong gate controllability and emerge as promising materials to build area-efficient electronic circuits. However, achieving the effective and nondestructive modulation of carrier density/type in 2D materials is still challenging because the introduction of dopants will greatly degrade the carrier transport via Coulomb scattering. Here, a strategy to control the polarity of tungsten diselenide (WSe2 ) field-effect transistors (FETs) via introducing hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as the interfacial dielectric layer is devised. By modulating the h-BN thickness, the carrier type of WSe2 FETs has been switched from hole to electron. The ultrathin body of WSe2 , combined with the effective polarity control, together contribute to the versatile single-transistor logic gates, including NOR, AND, and XNOR gates, and the operation of only two transistors as a half adder in logic circuits. Compared with the use of 12 transistors based on static Si CMOS technology, the transistor number of the half adder is reduced by 83.3%. The unique carrier modulation approach has general applicability toward 2D logic gates and circuits for the improvement of area efficiency in logic computation.

A Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genomes of Three Lonicera Medicinal Plants.

Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. However, the absence of studies on their chloroplast genomes and chromatography has considerably hindered the study of their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Lonicera acuminata Wall. and Lonicera similis Hemsl. were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform and compared with that of Lonicera japonica Thunb., which has been previously reported. Furthermore, the chromatographic fingerprints of the three plants were constructed using HPLC and the content of quality marker (Q-Marker) was calculated. The annotation results showed that the two chloroplast genomes were typical quadripartite structures with lengths of 155,330 bp (L. acuminata) and 155,207 bp (L. similis). A total of 126 different genes were annotated, containing 82 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) regions suggested that the boundary regions of IR/SC were comparatively conserved in the three species, and six regions (trnH-GUG-psbA, rps2-rpoC2, rbcL-psaI, trnN-GUU-ndhF, rps15-ycf1, and infA) with nucleotide diversity values (Pi) of variable sites higher than 1% were identified. Phylogenetic relation indicated that L. similis had a closer genetic relationship with L. japonica than L. acuminata. Additionally, the chromatographic fingerprints showed that the characteristic peaks of the three medicinal plants were similar, including Neochlorogenic acid, Chlorogenic acid, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Sweroside, Secoxyloganin, Luteoloside, Isochlorogenic acid A, Isochlorogenic acid B, and Isochlorogenic acid C. The content of chlorogenic acid and total phenolic acid in L. acuminata (7.4633 ± 0.4461%, 14.8953 ± 0.0728%) and L. similis (14.1055 ± 0.2566%, 21.9782 ± 0.1331%) was much higher than that of L. japonica (3.9729 ± 0.0928%, 6.0964 ± 0.1228%), respectively. This study provides appropriate information for species identification, phylogeny, quality assessment, and rational use of three medicinal plants of the genus Lonicera.

Survival Benefits of Radiotherapy and Surgery in Lung Cancer Brain Metastases with Poor Prognosis Factors.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy and surgery are the standard local treatments for lung cancer brain metastases (BMs). However, limited studies focused on the effects of radiotherapy and surgery in lung cancer BMs with poor prognosis factors. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 714 patients with lung cancer BMs. Analyses of overall survival (OS) and risk factors for OS were assessed by the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Age ≥ 65 years, a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score ≤ 70, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild type, and extracranial metastases were related to poor prognosis. Patients were stratified according to these poor prognosis factors. In patients with the ALK/EGFR wild type, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and surgery improved the OS of patients. WBRT and SRS were the independent protective factors for OS. In patients with extracranial metastases, patients who received WBRT plus SRS or WBRT alone had longer OS than those who did not receive radiotherapy. WBRT plus SRS and WBRT were the independent protective factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy and surgery are associated with improved survival for lung cancer BMs with the ALK/EGFR wild type. Radiotherapy is associated with improved survival in lung cancer BMs with extracranial metastases.

Optimizing the Schoenemann Reaction for Colorimetric Assays of VX and GD.

The analysis of nerve agents is the focus of chemical warfare agent determination because of their extreme toxicity. A classical chemical colorimetric method, namely, the Schoenemann reaction, has been developed to detect G agents; however, it has not been utilized for VX analysis mainly because of its low peroxyhydrolysis rate. In this study, based on the mechanism of the Schoenemann reaction, a novel rapid quantitative determination method for VX was developed by optimizing the reaction conditions, such as concentrations of peroxide and the indicator, temperature, and reaction time. Using 2 ml 0.5 wt% sodium perborate as the peroxide source, 1 ml 0.1 wt% benzidine hydrochloride as the indicator, and 1 ml acetone as the co-solvent, VX and GD in ethanol or water solutions could be quantitatively analyzed within 15 min at 60°C. Further experiments based on 31P NMR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of a peroxyphosphate intermediate during the GD assay. This quantitative colorimetry system for VX and GD analysis can be developed as a portable device for the water samples in fieldwork applications.

Adjuvant Temozolomide Chemotherapy With or Without Interferon Alfa Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed High-grade Gliomas: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: High-grade gliomas (HGGs) constitute the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, with 5-year survival rates of 30.9% for grade 3 gliomas and 6.6% for grade 4 gliomas. The add-on efficacy of interferon alfa is unclear for the treatment of HGG. Objectives: To compare the therapeutic efficacy and toxic effects of the combination of temozolomide and interferon alfa and temozolomide alone in patients with newly diagnosed HGG. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial enrolled 199 patients with newly diagnosed HGG from May 1, 2012, to March 30, 2016, at 15 Chinese medical centers. Follow-up was completed July 31, 2021, and data were analyzed from September 13 to November 24, 2021. Eligible patients were aged 18 to 75 years with newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed HGG and had received no prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy for their HGG. Interventions: All patients received standard radiotherapy concurrent with temozolomide. After a 4-week break, patients in the temozolomide with interferon alfa group received standard temozolomide combined with interferon alfa every 28 days. Patients in the temozolomide group received standard temozolomide. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was 2-year overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and treatment tolerability. Results: A total of 199 patients with HGG were enrolled, with a median follow-up time of 66.0 (95% CI, 59.1-72.9) months. Seventy-nine patients (39.7%) were women and 120 (60.3%) were men, with ages ranging from 18 to 75 years and a median age of 46.9 (95% CI, 45.3-48.7) years. The median OS of patients in the temozolomide plus interferon alfa group (26.7 [95% CI, 21.6-31.7] months) was significantly longer than that in the standard group (18.8 [95% CI, 16.9-20.7] months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 [95% CI, 0.47-0.88]; P = .005). Temozolomide plus interferon alfa also significantly improved median OS in patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) unmethylation (24.7 [95% CI, 20.5-28.8] months) compared with temozolomide (17.4 [95% CI, 14.1-20.7] months; HR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.37-0.87]; P = .008). Seizure and influenzalike symptoms were more common in the temozolomide plus interferon alfa group, with 2 of 100 (2.0%) and 5 of 100 (5.0%) patients with grades 1 and 2 toxic effects, respectively (P = .02). Finally, results suggested that methylation level at the IFNAR1/2 promoter was a marker of sensitivity to temozolomide plus interferon alfa. Conclusions and Relevance: Compared with the standard regimen, temozolomide plus interferon alfa treatment could prolong the survival time of patients with HGG, especially the MGMT promoter unmethylation variant, and the toxic effects remained tolerable. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01765088.

A hybrid and scalable nanofabrication approach for bio-inspired bactericidal silicon nanospike surfaces.

Insects and plants exhibit bactericidal properties through surface nanostructures, such as nanospikes, which physically kill bacteria without antibiotics or chemicals. This is a promising new avenue for achieving antibacterial surfaces. However, the existing methods for fabricating nanospikes are incapable of producing uniform nanostructures on a large scale and in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, a scalable nanofabrication method involving the application of nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching for constructing nanospike surfaces is demonstrated. Low-cost silicon nanospikes with uniform spacing that were sized similarly to biological nanospikes on cicada wings with a 4-inch wafer scale were fabricated. The spacing, tip radius, and base diameter of the silicon nanospikes were controlled precisely by adjusting the nanosphere diameters, etching conditions, and diameter reduction. The bactericidal properties of the silicon nanospikes with 300 nm spacing were measured quantitatively using the standard viability plate count method; they killed E. coli cells with 59 % efficiency within 30 h. The antibacterial ability of the nanospike surface was further indicated by the morphological differences between bacteria observed in the scanning electron microscopic images as well as the live/dead stains of fluorescence signals. The fabrication process combined the advantages of both top-down and bottom-up methods and was a significant step toward affordable bio-inspired antibacterial surfaces.

Apatinib for recurrent/progressive glioblastoma multiforme: A salvage option.

Purpose: The recurrent/progressive glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) carries a dismal prognosis and the definitive treatment strategy has not yet been established. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of apatinib in recurrent/progressive GBM patients. Materials and methods: The clinical data of 19 recurrent/progressive GBM patients who received apatinib treatment from November 2015 to December 2019 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were collected retrospectively in this study. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were reviewed and assessed. Results: The overall ORR was 52.6%, and the DCR was 73.7%. Median PFS and OS were 5.1 and 10.4 months, respectively. The 6-month PFS and OS rates were 38.9% and 68.4%, respectively. The 12-month PFS and OS rates were 16.7% and 36.8%, respectively. The treatment-related toxicities were generally well-tolerated. The most common grade 3/4 AEs were hand-foot syndrome (36.8%) and hypertension (21.1%). Conclusion: Our study showed that apatinib therapy provided a better salvaging option for recurrent/progressive GBM patients and the toxicity was manageable.

Pretreatment Method for Chloramine-T Decon Sample Before GC Analysis of HD and VX.

Chloramine-T, especially its solution in weak acidity, is one of the decontaminants for chemical warfare agents (CWAs), HD, and VX. A high CWAs recovery from decontamination (decon) sample via pretreatment was essential for evaluating decontamination effects. This paper performed experiments to optimize pretreatment methods to extract residual CWAs from chloramine-T decon samples before GC analysis. Effects of two neutralization methods, destroying decon activity by 15% Na2SO3 or decreasing decon activity by 3% NH3·H2O or 4% NaOH, were studied. Results showed they were all suitable for the HD decon sample, but only 4% NaOH was ideal for the VX decon sample. As for extractant, compared with dichloromethane, petroleum ether was more suitable for recovering CWAs from decon samples. A high recovery above 80% could be obtained for HD and VX samples ranging from 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L when optimized neutralization and extraction methods were simultaneously carried out.

The complete chloroplast genome of Lonicera acuminata Wall. and its phylogenetic analysis.

Lonicera acuminata Wall. is a medicinal and edible homologous plant in folk medicine that displays excellent pharmacological activities. However, the phylogenetic relationship between L. acuminata and other related family members remains unclear. In this study, we assembled the chloroplast genome of L. acuminata. The circular chloroplast genome was 154,282 bp in size, including a large single-copy region of 88,373 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,455 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat regions (23,727 bp each). A total of 128 genes were predicted, including 8 ribosomal RNAs, 37 transfer RNAs and 83 protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. acuminata was clustered together with L. pampaninii, L. macranthoides and L. hypoglauca.

Microscopies Enabled by Photonic Metamaterials.

In recent years, the biosensor research community has made rapid progress in the development of nanostructured materials capable of amplifying the interaction between light and biological matter. A common objective is to concentrate the electromagnetic energy associated with light into nanometer-scale volumes that, in many cases, can extend below the conventional Abbé diffraction limit. Dating back to the first application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions, resonant optical structures, including waveguides, ring resonators, and photonic crystals, have proven to be effective conduits for a wide range of optical enhancement effects that include enhanced excitation of photon emitters (such as quantum dots, organic dyes, and fluorescent proteins), enhanced extraction from photon emitters, enhanced optical absorption, and enhanced optical scattering (such as from Raman-scatterers and nanoparticles). The application of photonic metamaterials as a means for enhancing contrast in microscopy is a recent technological development. Through their ability to generate surface-localized and resonantly enhanced electromagnetic fields, photonic metamaterials are an effective surface for magnifying absorption, photon emission, and scattering associated with biological materials while an imaging system records spatial and temporal patterns. By replacing the conventional glass microscope slide with a photonic metamaterial, new forms of contrast and enhanced signal-to-noise are obtained for applications that include cancer diagnostics, infectious disease diagnostics, cell membrane imaging, biomolecular interaction analysis, and drug discovery. This paper will review the current state of the art in which photonic metamaterial surfaces are utilized in the context of microscopy.

Potential Therapeutic Application of Local Anesthetics in Cancer Treatment.

Local anesthetics are voltage-gated sodium channel blockers primarily administered locally or to the innervating nerves for anesthetic or analgesic purposes. In vitro studies have found direct effects of local anesthetics on cancer cells, such as impact on cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and chemosensitivity, by multiple mechanisms. So far, in vivo evidence regarding the effect of local anesthetics on cancer cell lines is relatively lacking. Local and regional anesthesia administration has been reported to reduce postoperative pain and opioid use in cancer treatment. Additionally, regional anesthesia may reduce the perioperative stress response. However, the clinical therapeutic application of local anesthetics in cancer remains exploratory. In this review, we will discuss the direct and indirect effects of local anesthetics on cancer cells, and discuss the current evidence related to the use of local anesthetics in the treatment of cancer.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Aorianigripes (Coleoptera, Eumolpidae, Eumolpinae) and its phylogenetic status.

Aorianigripes (Baly, 1860) is one of the main pests of grapes, mainly damaging leaves, petioles and shoots and seriously affecting plant growth and development. Recently, this pest was found to damage the leaves of Ampelopsisgrossedentata, Ampelopsismegalophylla, Ampelopsischaffanjonii and Ampelopsiscantoniensis. However, the phylogenetic relationships of A.nigripes and other related family members are unclear. In this study, we sequenced and analysed the complete mitogenome of A.nigripes for the first time. The mitogenome of A.nigripes is circular and 17,306 bp in size, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The base composition of the A.nigripes mitogenome is 41.70% A, 33.76% T, 9.01% G and 15.53% C. The phylogenetic analysis showed that A.nigripes was clustered together with Basileptafulvipes and Colasposomadauricum.