Acceptability of a parent-focused program for physical literacy development among parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

Background: A 3-month parent education program was designed and implemented in Hong Kong to improve physical literacy (PL) among primary school children and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to probe into the acceptability of the intervention from parental perspectives, providing more insights for future implementation. Methods: Following the 3-month parent-focused PL program, 16 parents (mean age = 43.73 years, 15 mothers) were recruited to participate in semi-structured individual interviews in June 2021. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo 12. Two coders analyzed interview transcripts deductively based on the interview guide and social cognitive theory (SCT). Results: Three themes were identified that captured the acceptability of the program: (1) Addressing needs through appropriate delivery enhances acceptability of intervention; (2) Positive behavioral and psychological changes to families; (3) Appropriate support of environmental factors can enhance the sustainability of program effects. The high levels of acceptability were attributable to the fact that parents were able to learn and be a gatekeeper to impact their children positively. Moreover, the design and contents of the program were appropriate for the participating parents because the program provided adequate learning resources and interactive learning support without being overly rigid, and the online learning mode was feasible and convenient. Consequent to their participation in the program, parents expressed that they became more aware of the importance of PL, established physical activity routines with their children, and modified their parenting styles which resulted in improved parent-child relationships. Conclusions: The current study provided evidence that engaging parents in the intervention was feasible and acceptable approach in supporting both parents and children to establish physically active routines in the family setting. The insights gained regarding the appropriateness and acceptability of the program in this specific context may be used to inform the design, implementation and sustainability of other parent-focused PL programs.

Parental Support, Children's Physical Activity, Dietary Behaviors and Health-Related Quality of Life: Evidence From Three Asian Cities.

BACKGROUND: Parental support is crucial for children's healthy lifestyle formation. The present study examined the relations between parental support (i.e., encouragement and praise), children's perceived autonomy support and behaviors in the domains of physical activity (PA) and diet, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) simultaneously in Asia. METHOD: Children aged 9 to 12 years and their parents (2065 dyads) in three Asian cities completed the respective questionnaires. Children reported perceived PA and dietary autonomy support, PA frequency, dietary behaviors, and HRQoL. Parents reported their PA and dietary support. The relations between parental support, children's perceived autonomy support an behaviors in the PA, and dietary domains as well as HRQoL were examined using multigroup path analyses. RESULTS: Among three cities, the indirect effects of parental support on children's self-report PA or HRQoL via children's perceived PA autonomy support were significant. A hypothetical sequential indirect effect from parental PA support to children's HRQoL via children's perceived PA autonomy support and self-report PA was observed in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong and Taipei samples, the indirect effect of parental PA support on children's HRQoL via children's self-report PA and the indirect effect of children's perceived PA autonomy support on HRQoL via children's self-report PA were significant. In Hong Kong and Shanghai samples, children's perceived dietary autonomy support showed positive effect on HRQoL via healthy food consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Congruent findings across three cities suggest that parents should provide support via encouragement and praise to facilitate children's perceived autonomy support and further increase PA and HRQoL. Our study adds to the literature by examining relations of parental support and children's healthy lifestyle in Asia and provides insights to parents and researchers.

The influence of congruency proportion, target eccentricity, and valence strength on the spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect in a word valence judgment task.

In a word valence judgment task, positive words (e.g., excellence) are judged faster when presented at the top (congruent position) than at the bottom of the screen (incongruent position), whereas the opposite pattern occurs for negative words (e.g., disaster). This spatial-valence metaphoric congruency effect reflects top-positive/bottom-negative metaphoric association and may be attributed to at least three possible mechanisms: spreading activation between spatial and valence concepts (activation account), epistemic function that a conceptual metaphor serves to reduce the uncertainty associated with valence concepts (epistemic account), and/or the extent to which spatial-valence metaphoric association is relevant to task demand (relevance account). In three experiments, we manipulated congruency proportion, target eccentricity, and valence strength in a word valence judgment task to test these three possible accounts. Results showed that the metaphoric congruency effect was larger when a high (vs. equal) proportion of targets appears in congruent, relative to incongruent, position, and for targets with strong (vs. weak) valence. However, the effect in reaction time measure was not modulated by whether the target appeared in the position being near vs. far away from the center of the screen. The overall findings are better accommodated by the relevance account. The implications of the current findings on other theoretical accounts, such as Conceptual Metaphor Theory and polarity correspondence account, are also discussed.

Construal-level priming does not modulate memory performance in Deese-Roediger/McDermott paradigm.

Construal level refers to the level of abstractness that events and objects are represented, with high construal level promoting relational processing, whereas low construal level, item-specific processing. Three experiments (total N = 432) were conducted to investigate how priming construal level affects encoding of Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists (e.g., bed, dream … converged to a critical item sleep), and then modulates free recall and recognition memory performance. Before and during list encoding, participants were primed with high/low construal level by identifying global/local letter in composite letters in a Navon task, choosing category (e.g., body)/exemplar (e.g., liver) to common objects (e.g., internal organ) in a two-alternative-forced-choice task, or by narrating on a particular incident they had power over other people or someone else had power over them. Half of critical items (and yoked associates) were studied and half were not, so their hit rates, false alarm rates, and memory sensitivity were measured. Results showed the typical false memory effect and lower memory sensitivity for critical items (vs. yoked associates), but there was no significant effect of primed construal level on memory performance in all experiments, despite our sample sizes ensuring strong statistical power. Hence, construal-level priming does not modulate memory performance in the DRM task.

Does the mortality salience effect on worldview defence depend on the cultural orientation of Chinese people?

According to the terror management theory, people tend to favour their worldview and in-group members after being reminded of death (i.e., mortality salience [MS] effect). However, inconsistent findings of the MS effect were found among Chinese people. In the present study, we examined the MS effect with Chinese samples and tested whether the effect would depend on participants' cultural orientation and relational self-esteem. In Studies 1 (N = 227) and 2 (N = 221), we examined the roles of participants' cultural orientations and relational self-esteem in their evaluations on moral transgression and/or perceived regard from people around after being primed with mortality (vs. dental pain) salience. We obtained the interaction effects of mortality salience, cultural orientations, and relational self-esteem. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of Chinese culture.

The mediating role of relatedness need satisfaction in the relationship between charitable behavior and well-being: Empirical evidence from China.

Based on self-determination theory, the current research aimed to explore the potential mediating effect of relatedness need satisfaction on the relationship between charitable behavior and well-being in the Chinese context. Employing a cross-sectional design, participants reported data on the aforementioned variables in Study 1. The results indicated that relatedness need satisfaction mediated the positive relationship between charitable behavior and hedonic well-being and that between charitable behavior and eudaimonic well-being. Subsequently, a field experiment was conducted in Study 2. Participants rated their levels of relatedness need satisfaction and well-being after charitable donation behaviors were primed. We again observed consistent results. Specifically, charitable behavior was positively associated with both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and these relationships were mediated by relatedness need satisfaction. The above findings help to clarify the association between charitable behavior and people's subjective feelings (i.e., well-being), and they deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism from the perspective of psychological needs satisfaction.