RESUMO
Los conocimientos etnobotaÌnicos constituyen aportes importantes en la vida del hombre y han permitido la aplicacioÌn del uso tradicional de las plantas medicinales, aromaÌticas, alimenticias. AsiÌ, en la comunidad de Ybabiyu, Distrito de Guazucua del Departamento de NÌeembucuÌ, Paraguay, se reporta la utilizacioÌn de las hojas de una especie vegetal conocida con el nombre de "hierba dulce" ("ka Ìa he ÌeÌ") (hierba dulce) como endulzante en sustitucioÌn del azuÌcar. El estudio fue cualitativo, observacional y descriptivo. El aÌmbito geograÌfico fue la RegioÌn del NÌeembucuÌ, en la localidad conocida como Ybabiyu, distrito de Guazucua. La especie fue colectada en su haÌbitat natural, procedente de una propiedad privada de la zona. Fue identificada como Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Cabrera (Asteraceae). Este uso, para esta especie, es reportado por primera vez para el Paraguay. A, ademaÌs se describe las caracteriÌsticas y los aspectos ecoloÌgicos de la especie denominada "ka Ìa he Ìhierba dulceeÌ" (Tessaria dodoneifolia) utilizada como endulzante de alimentos liÌquido, en la RegioÌn de NÌeembucuÌ, Paraguay. Esta especie tiene amplia distribucioÌn y usos variados en paiÌses de AmeÌrica del Sur.
Ethnobotanical knowledge is important contributions in the life of man and allowed the application of traditional use of medicinal, aromatic, food plants. Thus, in the community of Ybabiyu, Guazucua District Department of NÌeembucuÌ, the use of the leaves of a plant species known as "sweet plant" ("ka Ìa he ÌeÌ " (sweet plant) as a sweetener to replace sugar is reported . The study was qualitative, observational and descriptive. The geographical area was the region of NÌeembucuÌ, in the locality known as Ybabiyu, Guazucua district. The species was collected in the wild, from a private property in the area. It was identified as Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Cabrera (Asteraceae). This use is reported for the first time for Paraguay, plus features and ecological aspects of the species called "ka Ìa he ÌeÌ " (Tessaria dodoneifolia) used as a sweetener in liquid food, in the region of NÌeembucuÌ, Paraguay. This species is widely distributed and has varied used in South America countries.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Etnobotânica , Edulcorantes/química , ParaguaiRESUMO
El crecimiento desordenado de las poblaciones debido al desarrollo urbano y rural sin procesos de planificación adecuados, así como el avance de la agricultura y la ganadería, ocasionan presiones sobre los recursos naturales; así, se produce la destrucción y la fragmentación del hábitat y la extinción de las especies. Las plantas medicinales, además, sufren la sobreexplotación, en procesos que amenazan aún más su conservación. En Paraguay existen estudios preliminares referentes a la categorización del estado de conservación de las especies nativas, especialmente las que utiliza la industria como materia prima en la elaboración de fitofármacos y medicamentos herbarios, aunque hasta el momento la categorización de las especies sea un proceso subjetivo. El Plan Estratégico para la Conservación Biológica 2010-2020 y la Meta nº 12 de Aichi propone que "para el 2020 se habrá evitado la extinción de especies en peligro, identificadas y su estado de conservación se habrá mejorado y sostenido, especialmente para las especies en mayor declive"; e indica la necesidad de identificar las especies en riesgo de extinción. Este estudio forma parte del que se realiza para categorizar el estado de conservación de los recursos fitogenéticos de Paraguay, y es de tipo no experimental, observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal. Se seleccionaron tres especies cuyo órgano empleado con fines medicinales es subterráneo y se analizaron siguiendo los patrones establecidos por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), con los subcriterios modificados para adecuarlos a este grupo especial de plantas. Esas especies medicinales, comercializadas por sus nombres populares fueron "mechoaka", "cangorosa" y "santalucía". Los resultados demuestran que bajo un mismo nombre común se comercializan varias especies, cada una con características especiales de conservación. La aplicación de los criterios y subcriterios modificados constituyen un valioso aporte para determinar el grado de amenaza de estos recursos fitogenéticos. Los resultados pueden contribuir en la preparación de planes estratégicos para el cumplimiento de la meta propuesta.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Dioscorea , Plantas Medicinais , ParaguaiRESUMO
A Petunia inflata isolate with a novel phenotype of a purple corolla limb with green corolla segments (GCS) was characterized. The GCS have stomata and trichomes on the adaxial side, and resemble calyx segments in epidermal morphology. The GCS phenotype was inherited in a recessive manner. In the GCS plant, a novel inhibitor/defective spm-like transposable element (dPifTp1) was inserted in the second intron of the Floral Binding Protein 2 (FBP2) gene. The sequence of the resulting transcript contained five silent mutations as compared the corresponding open reading frame of P. x hybrida FBP2 mRNA. The GCS phenotype co-segregated with an FBP2 fragment containing a dPifTp1 insertion. The transcript level of the FBP2 gene in GCS flowers was markedly lower than that in wild-type (WT) flowers, suggesting that partially inhibited FBP2 gene expression caused the morphogenesis of calyx-like tissue in the corolla segments of GCS flowers. Gene expression pattern analysis using a full-length Petunia floral cDNA microarray indicated that some photosynthesis-related genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in the GCS of GCS flowers, but the mRNA levels of most other genes in the GCS were similar to those in the WT corolla. Taken together, these data suggest that the partial loss of FBP2 expression does not shift global gene expression in the corolla segments of the GCS flower toward that of calyx, even though calyx-like morphogenesis was established in the corolla segments.
Assuntos
Flores/genética , Genes de Plantas , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/genética , Mutação/genética , Petunia/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Alelos , Northern Blotting , Segregação de Cromossomos , Regulação para Baixo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Padrões de Herança/genética , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estômatos de Plantas , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Petunia axillaris occurs in temperate South America and consists of three allopatric subspecies: axillaris, parodii, and subandina. Previous studies have revealed that subsp. axillaris is self-incompatible (SI), subsp. parodii is self-compatible (SC) in Uruguay, and subsp. subandina is SC in Argentina. The SI/SC status over the entire distribution range is not completely understood, however. The objective of this study was to examine the overall SI/SC status of the respective subspecies in comparison with floral morphology. The results confirmed that subsp. parodii and subsp. subandina were SC throughout the distribution range, and that subsp. axillaris was also SC in Brazil and in most of the Argentinean territory. The SI P. axillaris occurs in the natural population only between 34 and 36 degrees S, along the eastern shore of South America. The Brazilian and Uruguayan subsp. axillaris differed in SI/SC status and floral morphology. We discuss the cause of this difference.
Assuntos
Meio Ambiente , Petunia/fisiologia , Petunia/classificação , Pólen , Análise de Componente Principal , UruguaiRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The phylogenetic relationships of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Petunia sensu Wijsman plus Calibrachoa) are unclear. This study aimed to resolve this uncertainty using molecular evidence. METHODS: Phylogenetic trees of 52 taxa of Petunia sensu Jussieu were constructed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA digested with 19 restriction enzymes and hybridized with 12 cloned Nicotiana chloroplast DNA fragments as probes. KEY RESULTS: In all, 89 phylogenetically informative RFLPs were detected and one 50 % majority consensus tree was obtained, using the maximum parsimony method, and one distance matrix tree, using the neighbour joining method. Petunia sensu Wijsman and Calibrachoa were monophyletic sister clades in both trees. Calibrachoa parviflora and C. pygmaea, previously thought to differ from the other species in terms of their cross-compatibility, seed morphology, and nuclear DNA content, formed a basal clade that was sister to the remainder of Calibrachoa. Several clades found in the phylogenetic trees corresponded to their distribution ranges, suggesting that recent speciation in the genus Petunia sensu Jussieu occurred independently in several different regions. CONCLUSIONS: The separation of Petunia sensu Wijsman and Calibrachoa was supported by chloroplast DNA analysis. Two groups in the Calibrachoa were also recognized with a high degree of confidence.
Assuntos
DNA de Cloroplastos/genética , Petunia/genética , Filogenia , Geografia , Mutação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , América do SulRESUMO
Minerals content (Fe,Ca,Mn,Mg,Na,K,Zn, and Cu) of the leaves of Paraguayan yerba mate (llex paraguariensis, SH) as of commercial products has determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Considerable amounts of iron and calcium and remarkbly high content of magnesium and potassium have been found both in the leaves and in the commercial products. Highly significant difference between the Fe content of the leaves and that of the commercial products has been found. Also, highly significant diference has been found between the and Ca content of the higher quality-greater sale reputed commercial products and that of the lower quality-smaller sale reputed ones. Seasonal and soil linked variations are also presented. The nutritional and quality control significance of these finding for the MERCOSUR (Southern South American Economical Gommunity) are discussed
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Ciências da Nutrição/educaçãoRESUMO
La quimioterapia has sido un gran adelanto en Farmacologia, pero las secuelas de las racciones adversas han despertado una tendencia a volver a lo natural, especialmente hacia el reino vegetal, esto nos estimuló a la orientación de nuestra investigación para iniciar esta labor. En la primera y segunda parte se identificaron un total de 100 especues, la identificación ha comprobado que los ejemplares pertenecen a distintas familias y sus usos para combatir diveresas afecciones. Se indentificaron en esta tercera parte outras 50 especies. Se recopilaron datos sobre el uso de plantas que curar afecciones, luego se procedieron a la herborización e identificación de las especies, cuyos ejemplares se conservan en el herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad nacional de Asunción. La identificaíon botánica y la recopilación de sus usos populares, servirán de base para posteriores investigaciones fitoquímicas y farmacológicas que es nuestro propósito.
Chemotherapy has been a great improvement in Pharmacology, but side effects have originated a tendency toward a natural approach, especially within the plant kingdomand this lead us to his investigation. As a first and second step in the study on Native Plants Used in Folk Medicice in Paraguay (Part I and II) 100 species were identified proving they belong to different families usable against different disease. This time (Part III) 50 more species have been identified. Data were compiled on disease curing plants which were collected and identified by species, sample of unich are kept in the collection of the Faculty of Chemistry of the National University. It is hoped that this work will be a starting point for future Chemical and Farmacological investigations.
