Effect of ozone gas on cultures of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus: evaluation of two ozonation devices.

INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus are two important agents of Healthcare-associated infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of ozone (O3) gas produced by two commercial devices against cultures of these two species. METHODOLOGY: Sterile plastic plates were inoculated with C. albicans and A. fumigatus and placed on a countertop at three distances (30 cm, 1 m, and 2 m) and three positions in relation to the wall (near, middle, and away), considering the source of O3. Plates were exposed to O3 for one hour and incubated. After incubation, the counting of colony-forming units was performed. As a control, an inoculated plate was incubated, without being exposed to O3. Tests were carried out with two different devices (namely, Mod.I and Mod.II), with the air conditioner on and off, in triplicate. RESULTS: Both devices showed antifungal activity. Mod. I presented better results, due to a higher flow rate. The best activity was on plates at 30 cm, middle position. Contrarily, on plates at 2m, near the wall, the inhibition activity was lower. The best results were obtained with the air conditioner off. Candida albicans was more sensitive to O3 than A. fumigatus. CONCLUSIONS: This method of decontamination by O3 gas shows potential due to its fast and easy execution. The establishment of new protocols for hygiene and hospital disinfection using this approach should be considered, which may reduce environmental contamination by fungi and, consequently, the burden of fungal infections.

Unveiling the efficacy of latex gloves in preventing viral infections during needlestick injuries: An in vitro mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Gloves are personal protective equipment designed to prevent contamination and reduce the spread of microorganisms. This study aimed to assess in vitro the physical integrity of latex gloves and the retention of biological contamination in healthcare simulation. METHOD: Three different batches of latex procedure gloves from five different brands and specific batches were evaluated before use for physical integrity by the standard protocols of the Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and of the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, the retention of biological contamination by latex procedure gloves in needlestick injury simulation with crystal violet and bacteriophages were applied in order to mimic human blood and virus presence. RESULTS: Brands D and C showed the best and worst results in the immediate inspections and after 2 min, respectively. For Brand C, damage occurred in one finger/region in a total of 12 gloves, while seven gloves were damaged/unable to be worn. Brand D presented only two gloves with tears and/or holes in one finger/region. Regarding the viral contamination, in a simulated needlestick injury, data showed no significant difference among the groups. CONCLUSION: All glove brands presented physical damage that might affect the spread of microorganisms. The gloves did not exert an additional protective effect during a needlestick injury simulation in accordance with the two techniques used in this study.

Assessment of Soiling on Highly Touched Clinical Surfaces in Intensive Care Units.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate highly touched clinical surfaces using visual inspection methods and adenosine triphosphate by bioluminescence to identify soiling in intensive care units. METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in three intensive care units located in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Data collection included 142 assessments of environmental surfaces. For data analysis, the Pareto diagram and descriptive statistics were used through measures of central tendency. RESULTS: The visual inspection identified dirtiness in the infusion pump, alcohol dispenser, and telephone. The surface that showed a high level of contamination by organic matter identified by the adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence test was the telephone, with a median of 1012 RLU/cm2 (±348.8). CONCLUSION: The surface evaluation methods used in the intensive care units made it possible to identify dirt on surfaces highly touched by hands, reinforcing the need for investments in training and audits in the process of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces.

Textiles impregnated with antimicrobial substances in healthcare services: systematic review.

Background: Antimicrobial textiles have proved to be a promising biosafety strategy. Thus, the current study was focused on identifying which antimicrobial substances impregnated in textiles used in healthcare services confer efficacy in reducing the microbial load present in these textiles and/or the Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) rates, when compared to conventional textiles. Methods: A systematic review of intervention studies using MEDLINE via the PubMed portal, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and medRxiv. The studies identified were selected according to eligibility criteria and submitted to data extraction and methodological quality evaluation through Joanna Briggs Institute specific tools. The outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Results: 23 studies were selected to comprise the final sample, in which antimicrobial textiles were used by hospitalized patients, by health professionals during work shifts and in inanimate healthcare environments. Conclusions: Copper, silver, zinc oxide, titanium and silver-doped titanium impregnated in textiles used by patients confer efficacy in reducing the microbial load of these textiles and/or the HAI rates. Quaternary ammonium, chlorhexidine, silver and copper together, quaternary ammonium, alcohols and isothiazolone derivatives together, chitosan and dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin together, all impregnated in textiles used by health professionals confer efficacy in reducing the microbial load of these textiles. Quaternary ammonium impregnated in textiles used in inanimate healthcare environments confers efficacy in reducing the microbial load of these textiles.

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Prediction in People Living With HIV: A Cross-sectional Study.

ABSTRACT: People living with HIV (PWH) experience an accelerated aging process. There is no anthropometric predictive model for appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in PWH. This study develops anthropometric models to predict and validate ASM measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in PWH; DXA scans were obtained for 125 PWH (male = 74; age >18 years) on antiretroviral therapy. Fat mass ratio was used for lipodystrophy diagnosis. A multiple stepwise linear regression considered ASM DXA as the dependent variable and validated by PRESS method. A high power of determination and low standard estimate error were found for ASM DXA -predicted (adjusted r2 = 0.84 to 0.87, standard estimate error = 1.7-1.6 kg) and high PRESS validation coefficients (Q 2PRESS = 0.84-0.86, S PRESS = 1.7-1.6 kg). The variables included were lipodystrophy diagnosis, medial calf circumference, sex, and total body weight. We present novel, reliable, and validated anthropometric models to predict ASM DXA in PWH.

Monitoring of surface cleaning and disinfection in a Brazilian pediatric unit.

Background: Understanding the correlation between the methods of monitoring surface cleaning and disinfection (SCD) is fundamental for better infection control. Purpose: This study aims to correlate the SCD monitoring methods in a Brazilian pediatric unit. This is an exploratory, longitudinal, and correlational study. Methods: The study was conducted in a pediatric hospitalization unit of a medium-sized hospital from December 2020 to March 2021. Four high-contact surfaces were analyzed before and after the cleaning and disinfection process by means of visual inspection, quantification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and colony-forming unit (CFU) count. The study consisted of three stages: stage I involving situational diagnosis of the SCD process; stage II referring to the implementation of the Surface Cleaning and Disinfection Standardization Program (SCDSP); and stage III involving long-term assessment after implementing the program. A total of 192 assessments were performed in each stage, totaling 576 in the three study stages. Conclusions: A significant correlation was found between the ATP quantification methods and microbial count in the bed railing (p = 0.009) and companion's armchair (p = 0.018) surfaces. In both cases, Spearman's correlation coefficients were positive, indicating a positive correlation between ATP and microbial count scores, that is, the higher the ATP values (in RLUs), the greater the microbial counts (in CFUs/cm2). The analysis of the ROC curves suggests that the surfaces presenting ATP below 108 RLUs can be considered approved. The ATP method yielded 78.6% sensitivity; in turn, microbial count presented a sensitivity of 85.7%. It is important to use different methods to monitor the cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, as each one has different sensitivity and specificity.

Being Physically Active Leads to Better Recovery Prognosis for People Diagnosed with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The regular practice of physical activity helps in the prevention and control of several non-communicable diseases. However, evidence on the role of physical activity in mitigating worsening clinical outcomes in people with COVID-19 is still unclear. The aim of this study was to verify whether different levels of physical activity provide protection for clinical outcomes caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 adults (43.8 ± 15.71 years; 61.1% female) with a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 residing in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were interviewed by telephone to determine the severity of the infection and the physical activity performed. Binary logistic regression was used to indicate the odds ratio (OR) of active people reporting less harmful clinical outcomes from COVID-19. Active people had a lower chance of hospitalization, fewer hospitalization days, less respiratory difficulty and needed less oxygen support. The results suggest that active people, compared to sedentary people, have a lower frequency of hospitalization, length of stay, breathing difficulty and need for oxygen support. These results corroborate the importance of public policies to promote the practice of physical activity, in order to mitigate the severity of the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.

Space-Time Clustering and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Mortality from Diarrhea in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil: A 20-Year Population-Based Study.

Acute diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children in developing countries and is strongly related with the socioeconomic conditions of the population. In Brazil, data show a drop in the diarrhea mortality rate. Nevertheless, the northeastern region still has the most deaths. Considering this, we analyze high-risk areas for diarrhea- and gastroenteritis-related deaths, and their association with social determinants of health (SDH) in the state with one of the worst human development indicators in Brazil (Alagoas) between 2000 and 2019. We applied temporal, spatial, and space−time risk modelling. We used a log-linear regression model to assess temporal trends and the local empirical Bayesian estimator, the global and local Moran indices for spatial analysis. Spearman's correlation was used to correlate mortality rates with SDH. A total of 3472 diarrhea-related deaths were reported during this period in Alagoas. We observed a decreasing time trend of deaths in the state (9.41/100,000 in 2000 to 2.21 in 2019; APC = −6.7; p-value < 0.001), especially in children under one year of age. However, there was stability among adults and the elderly. We identified two high-risk spatiotemporal clusters of mortality in inland municipalities. Lastly, mortality rates correlated significantly with 90% of SDH. Taken together, these findings indicate that diarrhea diseases remain a serious public health concern in Alagoas, mainly in the poorest and inland municipalities. Thereby, it is urgently necessary to invest in measures to control and prevent cases, and improve the living conditions of the poorest populations and those with the highest social vulnerability index.

Bone Mineral Content Estimation in People Living with HIV: Prediction and Validation of Sex-Specific Anthropometric Models.

People living with HIV (PWH) experience an accelerated reduction in bone mineral content (BMC), and a high risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Anthropometry is an accurate and low-cost method that can be used to monitor changes in body composition in PWH. To date, no studies have used anthropometry to estimate BMC in PWH. To propose and validate sex-specific anthropometric models to predict BMC in PWH. This cross-sectional study enrolled 104 PWH (64 males) aged >18 years at a local university hospital. BMC was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Anthropometric measures were collected. We used linear regression analysis to generate the models. Cross-validations were conducted using the "leave one out", from the predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) method. Bland-Altman plots were used to explore distributions of errors. We proposed models with high coefficient of determination and reduced standard error of estimate for males (r2 = 0.70; SEE = 199.97 g; Q2PRESS = 0.67; SEEPRESS = 208.65 g) and females (r2 = 0.65; SEE = 220.96 g; Q2PRESS = 0.62; SEEPRESS = 221.90 g). Our anthropometric predictive models for BMC are valid, practical, and a low-cost alternative to monitoring bone health in PWH.

Influencing factors of hand hygiene in critical sections of a brazilian hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to monitor adherence to hand hygiene by health professionals working in critical sections and to assess the factors that influenced adherence, such as physical structure of the units, use of procedure gloves, employment bond of the worker, and perception of patient safety climate. METHODOLOGY: Observational and correlational study carried out in critical areas of a university hospital in the Midwest region of Brazil. RESULTS: The overall hand hygiene adherence rate was 46.2% (n = 3,025). Adherence was higher among nurses 59.8% (n = 607) than among nursing technicians (p < 0.001), and the section with the greatest adherence was the neonatal Intensive Care Unit 62.9% (n = 947) (p < 0.001). Unlike the neonatal unit, in the adult unit the dispensers of alcohol-based handrubs were poorly located, without arms reach, and the taps were manual. In this section, a greater frequency of procedure glove use was also observed, 90.6% (n = 536), as compared to the other sections (p < 0.001). Regarding safety climate perception, temporary employees had higher means as compared to regular employees (p = 0.0375). CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene adherence was affected and/or influenced by the physical structure, use of procedure gloves, work regime, and patient safety climate.

Broad Diversity of Fungi in Hospital Water.

INTRODUCTION: Some studies have reported the occurrence of microorganisms isolated from water. Considering these microorganisms, fungi are known to occur ubiquitously in the environment, including water, and some are pathogenic and may cause health problems, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The aim of this study was to identify fungi in hospital water samples and to correlate their presence with the concentration of free residual chlorine. METHODS: Water samples (100 mL) were collected from taps (n = 74) and water purifiers (n = 14) in different locations in a university hospital. Samples were filtered through a nitrocellulose membrane and placed on Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated for 24 hours at 30°C. Fungi were identified according to established methods based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics (filamentous) and physiological tests (yeasts). Free chlorine residual content was measured at the time of sample collection. RESULTS: Seventy species of fungi were identified in the water samples and about 56% of the water samples contained culturable fungi. Cladosporium oxysporum, Penicillium spinulosum, and Aspergillus fumigatus were the most common filamentous fungi. Aureobasidium pullulans and Candida parapsilosis were the most common yeasts. Chemical analyses revealed that free residual chlorine was present in 81.8% of the samples within recommended concentrations. Among samples from water purifiers, 92.9% showed low levels of free residual chlorine (<0.2 mg/L). There was no significant association between chlorine concentrations (either within or outside the recommended range) and the presence of filamentous fungi and yeasts. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that hospital water can be a reservoir for fungi, some of which are potentially harmful to immunocompromised patients. Free residual chlorine was ineffective in some samples.

Effects of COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy and Neonatal Prognosis: What Is the Evidence?

BACKGROUND: This study's aims are to assess the current evidence presented in the literature regarding the potential risks of COVID-19 infection among pregnant women and consequent fetal transmission. METHODS: a systematic literature review assessing papers published in the most comprehensive databases in the field of health intended to answer the question, "What are the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, and what is the neonatal prognosis?" RESULTS: 49 papers published in 2020 were eligible, presenting low levels of evidence. A total of 755 pregnant women and 598 infants were assessed; more than half of pregnant women had C-sections (379/65%). Only 493 (82%) infants were tested for SARS-CoV-2, nine (2%) of whom tested positive. There is, however, no evidence of vertical transmission based on what has been assessed so far, considering there are knowledge gaps concerning the care provided during and after delivery, as well as a lack of suitable biological samples for testing SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS: We cannot rule out potential worsening of the clinical conditions of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2, whether the infection is associated with comorbidities or not, due to the occurrence of respiratory disorders, cardiac rhythm disturbances, and acid-base imbalance, among others. We recommend relentless monitoring of all pregnant women in addition to testing them before delivery or the first contact with newborns.

Edge-driven nanomembrane-based vertical organic transistors showing a multi-sensing capability.

The effective utilization of vertical organic transistors in high current density applications demands further reduction of channel length (given by the thickness of the organic semiconducting layer and typically reported in the 100 nm range) along with the optimization of the source electrode structure. Here we present a viable solution by applying rolled-up metallic nanomembranes as the drain-electrode (which enables the incorporation of few nanometer-thick semiconductor layers) and by lithographically patterning the source-electrode. Our vertical organic transistors operate at ultra-low voltages and demonstrate high current densities (~0.5 A cm-2) that are found to depend directly on the number of source edges, provided the source perforation gap is wider than 250 nm. We anticipate that further optimization of device structure can yield higher current densities (~10 A cm-2). The use of rolled-up drain-electrode also enables sensing of humidity and light which highlights the potential of these devices to advance next-generation sensing technologies.

Evaluation of disinfection of surfaces at an outpatient unit before and after an intervention program.

BACKGROUND: Cleaning and disinfection processes must be improved so that there is a reduction in environmental contamination of frequent-contact surfaces. The objective of this study was to evaluate cleaning and disinfection of surfaces at a specialized healthcare unit after an intervention program. METHODS: Exploratory, longitudinal, and correlational study carried out in a medium-complexity clinic. Two hundred and forty samples from five surfaces were collected during three phases: diagnosis; implementation of an intervention program; and evaluation of immediate and long-term effects. In total, 720 evaluations were made, performed through three monitoring methods: visual inspection; adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay (ATP); and aerobic colony count (ACC). The Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and Fisher's Exact tests were run to analyze data statistically. RESULTS: Cleaning and disinfection of surfaces were not being performed properly in most cases. Failure rates of surfaces reached 37.5 and 100% when the ATP and ACC procedures were used, respectively. However, after an intervention program, an improvement occurred. Success rates increased by 43.96% (ATP) and 12.46% (ACC) in phase I, by 70.6% (ATP) and 82.3% (ACC) immediately after interventions, and by 76.52% (ATP) and 85.76% (ACC) two months after the changes, showing that the program was effective. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals that implementing intervention actions with a cleaning and healthcare team brings benefits to prevent the spread of pathogenic agents through frequently touched hospital surfaces.

Complicações locais da terapia intravenosa periférica e fatores associados / Complicaciones locales de la terapia intravenosa periférica y factores asociados / Local complications of peripheral intravenous therapy and associated factors

RESUMO Introdução: A Terapia Intravenosa configura-se em importante procedimento terapêutico e diagnóstico, amplamente utilizada pela Enfermagem no cuidado hospitalar. Esse procedimento possui elevado risco em curto prazo, bem como a possibilidade de agravos secundários ligados as complicações derivadas dessa terapia. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados às complicações locais da terapia intravenosa periférica em pacientes institucionalizados em um setor de neurologia e clínica médica de um hospital público de ensino. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório e descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, com observação sistemática e busca em dados secundários disponíveis em prontuário de 63 pacientes institucionalizados num hospital público de ensino. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro a março de 2015 e submetidos a tratamento estatístico por meio do programa Statistical Package of Social Sciences, versão 19.0. Resultados: A prevalência de flebite foi de 25,4 porcento, infiltração de 15,9 porcento e 11,1 porcento de hematoma. A maioria dos pacientes do estudo encontrava-se em terapia no intervalo máximo de 48 horas. No momento da observação, os cateteres estavam em sua maioria conectados ao polifix (n=58; 92,1 porcento). Quanto aos sintomas identificou-se edema, dor, desconforto e eritema ao redor da inserção do cateter em 16 (25,4 porcento) dos participantes. Conclusão: A prevalência de complicações da terapia intravenosa foi elevada, com destaque para a flebite, infiltração e hematoma. Houve diferenças entre as taxas de prevalência por clinicas, relacionadas ao intervalo de trocas, e ao tipo de cateter periférico inserido(AU)

RESUMEN Introducción: La terapia intravenosa es un importante procedimiento terapéutico y diagnóstico, ampliamente utilizado por la enfermería en la atención hospitalaria. Este procedimiento tiene un alto riesgo a corto plazo y la posibilidad de complicaciones relacionadas con problemas de salud secundarios derivados de esta terapia. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con complicaciones locales de la terapia intravenosa periférica en pacientes institucionalizados en un departamento de neurología clínica y clínica médica de un hospital público de enseñanza. Métodos: Estudio transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo, con observación sistemática y búsqueda en los datos secundarios disponibles en las historias clínicas de 63 pacientes institucionalizados en un hospital público de enseñanza. Los datos fueron recogidos de enero a marzo 2015 y sometidos a análisis estadístico utilizando el paquete estadístico para las ciencias sociales, versión 19.0. Resultados: La prevalencia de flebitis fue de 25,4 por ciento, la infiltración del 15,9 por ciento y el hematoma de 11,1 por ciento. La mayoría de los pacientes del estudio se encontraba en terapia en el intervalo máximo de 48 horas. En el momento de la observación, los catéteres fueron en su mayoría conectados con polifix (n = 58; 92,1 por ciento). Se identificó edema, dolor, malestar y eritema alrededor de la inserción del catéter en 16 (25,4 por ciento) de los participantes. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de complicaciones de la terapia intravenosa fue alta, especialmente flebitis, infiltración y hematoma. Hubo diferencias entre las tasas de prevalencia de las clínicas, en relación con el intervalo de cambio y tipo de catéter periférico(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Intravenous Therapy sets in important therapeutic and diagnosis procedure, widely used by nursing profesionals in a hospital care. This procedure has a high risk in short term and the possibility of secondary complications related to health problems derived from this therapy. Objective: To identify the prevalence and associated factors to local complications of peripheral intravenous therapy in patients institutionalized in a medical clinic and neurological department of a public teaching hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach with systematic observation and search on secondary data, available in the medical records of 63 patients institutionalized in a public teaching hospital. Data were collected from January to March 2015 and submitted to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 19.0. Results: The prevalence of phlebitis was 25.4 percent, of infiltration 15.9 percent and 11.1 percent of hematoma. Most patients in the study were in therapy at the maximum interval of 48 hours. At the time of observation, the catheters were mostly connected to polifix (n = 58; 92.1 percent). Regarding specific symptoms were identified edema, pain, discomfort and erythema around the catheter insertion in 16 (25.4 percent) participants. Conclusion: The prevalence of complications of intravenous therapy was high, especially phlebitis, infiltration and hematoma. There were differences between the prevalence rates for clinics, related to the exchange intervals, and type of peripheral inserted catheter(AU)

Effectiveness of Surface Cleaning and Disinfection in a Brazilian Healthcare Facility.

BACKGROUND: Failures in the processes of cleaning and disinfecting health service surfaces may result in the spread and transfer of pathogens that are often associated with healthcare-related infections and outbreaks. AIMS: To assess the effectiveness of environmental surface cleaning and disinfection in a hospital clinic. METHOD: The study was conducted in a nursing ward with 45 beds. A total of 80 samples from five high-touch surfaces were evaluated before and after cleaning and disinfection, using the following methods: visual inspection, adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay, aerobic colony count, Staphylococcus aureus colony count, and evaluation of resistance to methicillin. The data analysis used nonparametric comparative and correlative tests to observe any differences in the pre- and post- cleaning and disinfection results for the surfaces assessed. RESULTS: Effective cleaning and disinfection had a significant effect on only two surfaces when measured for the presence of adenosine triphosphate, the inner bathroom door handle (p=0.007) and the toilet bowl (p=0.01). When evaluated for Staphylococcus aureus colony count, the toilet flush handle also demonstrated a significant effect (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection of the surfaces tested was not satisfactory. An educational intervention is recommended for the cleaning and disinfection staff and the nursing team at the healthcare facility. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The data in the study revealed that daily hospital cleaning and disinfection in the sampled sites are not sufficient in medical and surgical wards. Hospital cleanliness must be reevaluated from the point of view of materials, such as an adequate supply of clean cloths, in addition to establishing more precise cleanliness protocols and accurate monitoring systems.

Risco ocupacional entre profissionais de enfermagem de setores críticos e adesão a precaução padrão / Riesgos laborales entre las enfermeras de sectores críticos y adhesión de las precauciones estándar / Occupational risk between critical sectors nursing professionals and adherence to standard precaution

RESUMO Introdução: os profissionais de Enfermagem estão potencialmente expostos a acidentes ocupacionais, principalmente em setores críticos do ambiente hospitalar, devendo incorporar as precauções padrão, para minimizar este risco. A adesão as precauções padrão é fortemente influenciada por fatores psicossociais, devendo esta relação ser elucidada. Objetivo: apreender as representações sociais de profissionais da enfermagem sobre o risco ocupacional, e analisar sua relação com a adesão as precauções padrão. Métodos: pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 150 trabalhadores de Enfermagem de setores críticos da rede hospitalar de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica de associação livre de palavras, e analisados pela análise fatorial de correspondência. Resultados: o núcleo central das representações foi composto pelos vocábulos "cuidado", "habilidade técnica" e "normas". Registrou-se que, para profissionais de enfermagem com nível médio a representação do risco ocupacional esteve fortemente ligado á técnica, enquanto profissionais de nível superior forneceram á representação um enfoque mais biopsicológico. O domínio da técnica em procedimentos parece fornecer uma sensação de segurança que justifica a negligência no uso das medidas de precaução padrão. Conclusões: diferenças na forma de representar o risco ocupacional dentro de uma mesma categoria profissional configura-se em importante empecilho a adesão as medidas de precaução padrão. Essa diferença qualitativa possui potencial para influenciar, não somente nas taxas de adesão mas, na própria epidemiologia desses eventos e demonstra que não há, necessariamente, um senso comum dentro deste grupo profissional no que concerne a saúde ocupacional(AU)

RESUMEN Introducción: los profesionales de enfermería están potencialmente expuestos a accidentes de trabajo, especialmente en sectores críticos del hospital, y deben incorporar las precauciones estándar para minimizar este riesgo. La adhesión a las precauciones estándar está fuertemente influenciada por factores psicosociales, y se debe entender esta relación. Objetivo: identificar las representaciones sociales de los profesionales de enfermería sobre el riesgo ocupacional y evaluar su relación con el cumplimiento de las precauciones estándar. Métodos: investigación exploratoria, enfoque cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Los participantes fueron 150 trabajadores de enfermería en sectores críticos de la red hospitalaria de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la técnica de la asociación libre de palabras, y se analizaron mediante análisis factorial de correspondencia. Resultados: el núcleo de las representaciones consistió en las palabras "cuidado", "habilidad técnica" y "normas". Se ha observado que para los profesionales de enfermería de nivel medio, la representación de riesgos laborales está fuertemente conectada a la técnica, mientras que los profesionales de nivel superior, a un enfoque más biopsicosocial. El campo de los procedimientos de la técnica parece proporcionar una sensación de seguridad que justifica la negligencia en el uso de las precauciones estándar. Conclusiones: las diferencias en la manera de representar el riesgo laboral dentro de los mismos conjuntos de categorías profesionales se configura en gran obstáculo para la adhesión a las precauciones estándar. Esta diferencia cualitativa tiene el potencial de influir no solo en las cuotas de adhesión, sino en la propia epidemiología de estos eventos, y demuestra que no existe necesariamente un sentido común dentro de este grupo profesional con respecto a la salud ocupacional(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nursing professionals are potentially exposed to occupational accidents, especially in critical sectors of the hospital environment and must incorporate the standard precautions to minimize this risk. Adherence to standard precautions is strongly influenced by psychosocial factors, should this relationship be understood. Objective: Identify the social representations of nursing professionals about the occupational risk and to assess their relationship with adherence to standard precautions. Methods: Exploratory research, qualitative approach, based on the Theory of Social Representations. The participants were 150 nursing workers in critical sectors of the hospital network of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected through the technique of free association of words, and analyzed by factorial analysis of correspondence. Results: The core of the representations consisted of the words "care", "technical skill" and "standards". It has observed that, for nursing professionals with mid-level representation of occupational risk was strongly connected to the technique, while top-level professionals provided will represent a more biopsychosocial approach. The field of technique procedures seems to provide a sense of security that justify negligence in the use of standard precautions. Conclusions: Differences in the way of representing the occupational hazard within the same professional category sets in major obstacle to adherence to standard precautions. This qualitative difference has the potential to influence not only on membership fees but in itself epidemiology of these events and shows that there is not necessarily a common sense within this professional group with regard to occupational health(AU)

Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in the northeast macro-region of São Paulo state/Brazil after the introduction of conjugate vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) still challenge health systems around the world, even with advances in vaccination programs. The present study evaluated the frequency of various Spn serotypes isolated in Regional Health Care Network 13 (RRAS 13), which includes the regional health departments (RHDs) of Araraquara, Barretos, Franca and Ribeirão Preto, especially after the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in 2010. METHODS: The analyzed Spn strains were isolated from patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) and then sent to Adolfo Lutz Institute (ALI) for further confirmative identification tests during the period from 1998 to 2013. The samples were from the cities in RRAS13, which is located in the Northeast region of São Paulo State, and totals 90 municipalities. RESULTS: We analyzed strains isolated from 796 patients. They were predominantly: men (58.9%); 20 to 60 years old (32.2%); evaluated from 2003 to 2010 (60.2%); and diagnosed with meningitis (45.7%) and pneumonia (45.0%), the most common invasive pneumococcal diseases. In 2010, serotypes 3, 19F, 1, 23F, 6A and 6B were among the most frequent, while serotypes 3, 12F, 14, 6A, 18C, 8 and 6B were more common after the introduction of PCV10. Serotypes 14, 19F and 3 were more frequent in meningitis, while serotypes 14, 3 and 1 prevailed in pneumonia. After 2010, there was a decrease in serotypes 14, 1, 23F and 5 and an increase in serotypes 3, 12F, 11A and 8, which were not present in the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The present study noted the increase in serotypes 3, 12F, 11A and 8 after vaccination. None of those serotypes are included in the available conjugate vaccines, which highlights the importance of continued monitoring of IPDs in order to measure the disease burden in the population in the long term and provide new epidemiological information to determine the impact of PCV10 in Brazil.

Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Removable Dental Prosthesis Users: Influence of Arterial Hypertension.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have described the possible relation between oral infections and atherosclerotic events. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the oral microbiota of normotensive and hypertensive users of dental prostheses. METHODS: The sample consisted of 41 complete dental prosthesis users, divided into groups: 21 participants with systemic arterial hypertension and 20 normotensive participants. The data collection included the characteristics of the sociodemographic variables and the determination of the microbial load in the saliva. For the descriptive analyses, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used. The description of the proportional differences between the groups was based on the application of Mann-Whitney's statistical test. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The analysis of the oral microbiota showed the vast growth of aerobic microorganisms in all samples from both groups. The microbial load of streptococci and staphylococci was significantly higher among hypertensive participants. Candida yeasts were detected in the saliva culture of most samples. The hypertensive participants rank in the category of very high colonization index/high risk of infection related to this microorganism. CONCLUSIONS: The mouth of dental prosthesis users, especially when hypertensive, can constitute an important reservoir of pathogens, indicating an established inflammatory or infectious condition or risk for developing this condition.

Effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay for presumptive identification of microorganisms in hospital water sources.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory analysis of organisms in water include arduous methods, such as the multiple tube and membrane filter. The ATP bioluminescence system, proposes a new way of measuring cellular material in water by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, which are expressed in relative light units (RLU). The ATP bioluminescence assay has been increasingly used to assess the microbiological safety of the hospital environment. However, there are few studies investigating the use of this methodology to evaluate the microbiological quality of water. The objective of the present study was to verify whether ATP, as measured by the 3 M™ Clean-Trace Water™ ATP test, can be used as an alternative tool for presumptive testing for the presence of microorganisms in hospital water. METHODS: Water samples (N = 88) were collected from faucets (74) and water purifiers (14) in a university hospital. The sample were filtered by the membrane filter technique (100 mL for bacterial analysis and 100 mL for fungal analysis) and then submitted to ATP bioluminescence assay to the determine quantity of RLU in each sample. In order to compare RLU and the presence of microorganisms, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity (levels higher than 90% were considered significant). In addition, control tests were conducted to compare RLU to the quantities of bacterial and fungal organisms added to distilled water (ANOVA and Tukey's tests; p ≤ 0.05). This inoculum was compared to RLU emission, and the data were analyzed by calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficient, with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: In the present study, 94.3% of the water samples presented bacterial growth. Of these, 15.6% showed heterotrophic bacteria above recommended levels and fungal contamination was detected in 55.6% of samples. Sensitivity and specificity of the samples were not significant (< 90%), and the correlation between ATP and the presence of these microorganisms in the samples (hospital water) was not significant, whereas, in distilled water, the results revealed a significant difference (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that the ATP test cannot be used as an alternative tool for presumptive assessment of the presence of microorganisms in water.