RESUMO
The mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus is widely produced in Brazil and its stipes are discarded before commercialization. In the present study, this agricultural fungal waste (mushroom stipes), was analyzed by preparing an aqueous extract and obtaining the polysaccharides by ethanol precipitation (POS-extract). The fraction presented 37 % of carbohydrates and small amounts of proteins and phenolic compounds. Rheological analyses showed a high viscosity and a gel-like behavior depending on temperature and concentration. The main polysaccharides present were ß-glucans and mannogalactans, which were confirmed by the enzymatic method, monosaccharide composition, and NMR. Methylation analyses showed a high content of 1,6-linkages for both polysaccharides. The POS-extract was tested on Caco-2 cells to observe cytotoxicity and cell migration ability. Incubation with different concentrations of POS-extract showed no significant cytotoxic effects (p ≥ 0.05) and promoted wound closure of the injured monolayer by 95 % after 72 h (at 300 µg/mL). The preliminary results indicate a promising application of mushroom by-products, containing easily extractable bioactive compounds.
Assuntos
Pleurotus , Pleurotus/química , Humanos , Células CACO-2 , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Reologia , Géis/química , Viscosidade , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Several beneficial properties have already been observed for mushrooms extracts containing polysaccharides, one of the main components present in these fungi. In order to obtain these extracts and clarify their composition, different extraction and characterization methods can be applied, contributing to understanding its biological effects. In this research, we evaluated three different crude fractions obtained through cold water, hot water, and alkaline solution, from the mushroom Lactarius quieticolor. Each sample was totally characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC-DEPT, COSY), GC-MS (monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis) and HPSEC (homogeneity and relative Mw). The results showed a mixture of different polysaccharides, including D-galactans and D-glucans in each fraction. All the extracts presented immunostimulant activity in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, stimulating NO secretion and inducing morphological alterations that were typical of activated cells. These effects were more intense for alkaline fraction (EA), which have higher amounts of mannose and 3,6-di-O-substituted-Glcp units. The results obtained show that crude fractions can potentially stimulate immune cells, which indicates that the consumption of this edible mushroom can bring great benefits to health, being considered an excellent food due to its good biological properties.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Macrófagos , Polissacarídeos , Animais , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/química , Agaricales/química , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In situ forming hydrogels are promising for biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery. The precursor solution can be injected at the target site, where it undergoes a sol-gel transition to afford a hydrogel. In this sense, the most significant characteristic of these hydrogels is fast gelation behavior after injection. This study describes an all-polysaccharide, rapidly in situ-forming hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCHT) and hydroxyethyl cellulose functionalized with aldehyde groups (HEC-Ald). The HEC-Ald was synthesized through acetal functionalization, followed by acid deprotection. This innovative approach avoids cleavage of pyran rings, as is inherent in the periodate oxidation approach, which is the most common method currently employed for adding aldehyde groups to polysaccharides. The resulting hydrogel exhibited fast stress relaxation, self-healing properties, and pH sensitivity, which allowed it to control the release of an encapsulated model drug in response to the medium pH. Based on the collected data, the HEC-Ald/CMCHT hydrogels show promise as pH-sensitive drug carriers.
Assuntos
Aldeídos , Celulose , Celulose/análogos & derivados , Quitosana , Quitosana/análogos & derivados , Hidrogéis , Quitosana/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Celulose/química , Hidrogéis/química , Aldeídos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
Mushroom polysaccharides consist of a unique set of polymers that arrive intact in the human large intestine becoming available for fermentation by resident gut bacteria with potential benefits to the host. Here we have obtained four glucans from two mushrooms (Pholiota nameko and Pleurotus pulmonarius) under different extraction conditions and their fermentation profile by human gut bacteria in vitro was evaluated. These glucans were isolated and characterized as (1 â 3),(1 â 6)-ß-D-glucans varying in branching pattern and water-solubility. An aliquot of each (1 â 3),(1 â 6)-ß-D-glucan was subjected to controlled smith degradation process in order to obtain a linear (1 â 3)-ß-D-glucan from each fraction. The four ß-D-glucans demonstrated different water solubilities and molar mass ranging from 2.2 × 105 g.mol-1 to 1.9 × 106 g.mol-1. In vitro fermentation of the glucans by human gut microbiota showed they induced different short chain fatty acid production (52.0-97.0 mM/50 mg carbohydrates), but an overall consistent high propionate amount (28.5-30.3 % of total short chain fatty acids produced). All glucans promoted Bacteroides uniformis, whereas Anaerostipes sp. and Bacteroides ovatus promotion was strongly driven by the ß-D-glucans solubility and/or branching pattern, highlighting the importance of ß-D-glucan discrete structures to their fermentation by the human gut microbiota.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , beta-Glucanas , Humanos , Glucanos/química , beta-Glucanas/metabolismo , Fermentação , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , ÁguaRESUMO
C. brachyspora, a widespread dematiaceous fungus, was evaluated in this study to optimize the production of exopolysaccharides (CB-EPS). Optimization was performed using response surface methodology, and the best production yielded 75.05% of total sugar at pH 7.4, with 0.1% urea, after 197 h. The obtained CB-EPS showed typical signals of polysaccharides, which was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR. The HPSEC analysis indicated a polydisperse polymer, showing a non-uniform peak, with an average molar mass (Mw) of 24,470 g/mol. The major monosaccharide was glucose (63.9 Mol%), followed by mannose (19.7 Mol%), and galactose (16.4 Mol%). Methylation analysis encountered derivatives that indicated the presence of a ß-d-glucan and a highly branched glucogalactomannan. CB-EPS was tested on murine macrophages to verify its immunoactivity, and the treated cells were able to produce TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. However, the cells did not produce superoxide anions or nitric oxide nor stimulated phagocytosis. The results demonstrated an indirect antimicrobial activity of macrophages by stimulating cytokines, showing another biotech applicability for the exopolysaccharides produced by C. brachyspora.
Assuntos
Macrófagos , Polissacarídeos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Animais , Curvularia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Biotecnologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Soursop fruits are widely used in the folk medicine to treat a variety of health conditions. Once the chemical structure of dietary fibers from fruits is closely related to its biological functions in the human body, we aimed to explore structural features and biological activity of dietary fibers from soursop. Polysaccharides that constitute the soluble and insoluble fibers were extracted and further analyzed using monosaccharide composition, methylation, molecular weight determination and 13C NMR data. Soursop soluble fibers (SWa fraction) were characterized as having type II arabinogalactan and a highly methyl esterified homogalacturonan, while non-cellulosic insoluble fibers (SSKa fraction) were mainly composed by a pectic arabinan, a xylan-xyloglucan complex and a glucuronoxylan. The oral pre-treatment with SWa and SSKa promoted antinociception in mice writhing test, reducing the number of pain-like behaviors (in 84.2 % and 46.9 %, respectively, at 10 mg/kg) and peritoneal leucocyte migration (55.4 % and 59.1 %, at 10 mg/kg), effects possibly associated with the pectins present in fruit pulp extractions. SWa also significantly inhibited the plasmatic extravasation of Evans blue dye in 39.6 % at 10 mg/kg. This paper describes for the first time the structural features of soursop dietary fibers that may be of biological significance in future.
Assuntos
Annona , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Annona/química , Frutas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/análiseRESUMO
Melanoma is a highly metastatic and rapidly progressing cancer, a leading cause of mortality among skin cancers. The melanoma microenvironment, formed from the activity of malignant cells on the extracellular matrix and the recruitment of immune cells, plays an active role in the development of drug resistance and tumor recurrence, which are clinical challenges in cancer treatment. These tumoral metabolic processes are affected by proteins, including Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is extensively involved in cancer development. Previously, we characterized a partially methylated mannogalactan (MG-Pe) with antimelanoma activities. In vivo models of melanoma were used to observe MG-Pe effects in survival, spontaneous, and experimental metastases and in tissue oxidative stress. Analytical assays for the molecular interaction of MG-Pe and Gal-3 were performed using a quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle tensiometer. MG-Pe exhibits an additive effect when administered together with the chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine, leading to increased survival of treated mice, metastases reduction, and the modulation of oxidative stress. MG-Pe binds to galectin-3. Furthermore, MG-Pe antitumor effects were substantially reduced in Gal-3/KO mice. Our results showed that the novel Gal-3 ligand, MG-Pe, has both antitumor and antimetastatic effects, alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Galectina 3 , Melanoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Dacarbazina/metabolismo , Dacarbazina/farmacologia , Dacarbazina/uso terapêutico , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Galectina 3/farmacologia , Galectina 3/uso terapêutico , Ligantes , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/metabolismo , Camundongos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologiaRESUMO
A fucoxylomannan (FXM) was isolated from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum through alkaline extraction followed by dialysis, freeze-thawing, and fractionation by Fehling's solution. The main chain of FXM presented α-d-Manp-(1â4)-linked units, and some of them were branched at O-6 position by α-l-Fucp-(1â2)-ß-d-Xylp groups. Its Mw was 35.9 kDa. FXM was tested on melanoma B16-F10 cells and it showed cell viability and cell density reduction, as well as antiproliferative effect, through cell cycle arrest. Additionally, the anchorage-independent clonogenic capacity of such cells was significantly reduced by FXM, decreasing the number of cells by colony and the colonies area. No effect on viability neither in proliferation of non-tumoral Balb c/3T3 fibroblasts was observed. These results indicate that FXM is a promising anti-proliferative compound impairing pivotal tumorigenic mechanisms, eliciting this polysaccharide to be further explored as an antimelanoma drug.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Ganoderma , Reishi , Carpóforos , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Diálise RenalRESUMO
Polysaccharides α-D-galactan (GAL-Am) and ß-D-glucan (GLC-Am) were obtained from Amanita muscaria fruiting bodies. They were purified using different methodologies, such as Fehling precipitation (for both fractions), freeze-thawing process and ultrafiltration (for GLC-Am). Results showed that the GAL-Am has (1 â 6)-linked Galp main chain branched at O-2 by terminal Galp units and has not been previously reported. Besides, GLC-Am has (1 â 3)-linked Glcp in the main chain, substituted at O-6 by (1 â 6)-linked ß-Glcp units. Both are water-soluble, with 9.0 × 103 g/moL and 1.3 × 105 g/moL, respectively. GAL-Am and GLC-Am presented a selective proliferation reduction against B16-F10 melanoma cell line, not affecting non tumoral BALB/3T3 fibroblast cell line. Furthermore, both fractions reduced clonogenic capacity of melanoma cell line over an extended period of time. These results were obtained without modulations in B16-F10 cell adhesion, reinforcing the biological activities towards cell proliferation impairment and eliciting these polysaccharides as promising compounds to further exploration of their antimelanoma properties.
Assuntos
Amanita/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos , Galactanos , Glucanos , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Células 3T3 BALB , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/farmacologia , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Brazilian cacti have the high potential to be used as a source of mucilages with different technological functions that can be widely explored. The physicochemical, structural and technological properties of mucilages extracted from seven cladodes of cacti native from the semi-arid region of the Brazil were investigated. The mucilages exhibited high yields (8.9 to 21.54%), high contents of carbohydrates (39.77 to 87.68%), proteins (4.27 to 14.76%), and minerals, specifically Ca (2.90 to 15.65%). All species evaluated presented a diverse monosaccharide composition, mainly constituted of galactose and arabinose, suggesting the presence of arabinogalactans as the main polysaccharides. Both showed peaks and bands characteristic of polysaccharides with semi-crystalline structure (14.50-38.60%), due to the high concentration of calcium. From the results, mucilages functional properties showed good water and oil retention capacities and a high emulsification capacity (100%) with stability above 83%. Foaming capacity was above 58% with stability greater than 95%. This study highlights the potential of using cacti as a source of functional mucilages for use in food applications.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Cactaceae/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Mucilagem Vegetal/química , Brasil , Cactaceae/classificação , Indústria Alimentícia , Minerais/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Polissacarídeos/análiseRESUMO
In the present work, gold nanoparticles were synthesized through a green route by using, for the first time, polysaccharides extracted from pineapple gum (PG) as the reducing and capping agent. The obtained nanoparticles (AuNPs-PG) were characterized by UV-VIS, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, EDX, XRD, and zeta potential measurements, which confirmed that PG was effective to produce AuNPs with an average diameter of 10.3 ± 1.6 nm. The AuNPs-PG were employed as the modifier of glassy carbon paste electrodes (CPE/AuNPs-PG), which were applied as sensitive electrochemical sensors to the determination of the antihistamine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that the AuNPs-PG could enhance the electronic transfer properties of the glassy carbon paste, which was due to their large surface area and high electrical conductivity. After optimization of the instrumental parameters of square wave voltammetry (SWV) through a Box-Behnken factorial design, a linear relationship between the anodic peak current and PMZ concentration was obtained in the range from 2.0 to 15.7 µmol L-1 in McIlvaine buffer solution pH 5.0. The detection and quantification limits were found to be equal to 1.33 and 4.44 µmol L-1, respectively. The developed sensors could successfully quantify PMZ in different commercial pharmaceutical formulations, with satisfactory levels of accuracy and precision. In addition to improving the analytical features of the electrodes, hemocompatibility assays carried out on erythrocytes and leukocytes showed that the AuNPs-PG do not exhibit toxic effects on the referred cells. This interesting behavior enables their use in biocompatible electrochemical sensing platforms as well as for future biomedical investigations.
Assuntos
Ananas , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Eletrodos , Ouro , Limite de Detecção , PolissacarídeosRESUMO
Polysaccharides from P. eryngii mushroom were selectively extracted using low-cost technologies (water at different conditions of temperature and pressure). Mannogalactan was the main polysaccharide in cold-water extracted fraction (CWEF), while a linear (1â6)-ß-d-glucan was the main polymer in hot-water extracted fraction (HWEF). Autoclave-extracted fraction (AEF) contained a mixture of at least four different α- and ß-glucans. The report of linear (1â6)-ß-glucan and linear (1â3)-ß-glucan is a new finding for P. eryngii fruiting bodies. The immunostimulatory properties of the fractions on THP-1 macrophages were studied. All fractions at 50, 250 and 500 µg/mL were not cytotoxic and produced different stimulus on NO, IL-1ß and IL-10 secretion by the cells. Thus, our results showed that it is possible to concentrate different P. eryngii polysaccharides in selected fractions using a simple and low-cost procedure. Since biological effects depends on the polysaccharide structure, this technique allows the obtainment of fractions with distinct immunomodulatory activities.
Assuntos
Carpóforos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pleurotus/química , Polissacarídeos , beta-Glucanas , Misturas Complexas/química , Misturas Complexas/isolamento & purificação , Misturas Complexas/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Imunomodulação , Estrutura Molecular , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células THP-1 , beta-Glucanas/isolamento & purificação , beta-Glucanas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Baccharis trimera is a native medicinal plant from South America popularly known as "carqueja". Its infusion is traditionally ingested for the treatment and prevention of hepatic disorders. Up to now, only the crude aqueous extract or hydroethanolic fractions, containing the secondary metabolites, have been studied and correlated with their biological action on the liver. Here we report that an inulin type fructan is present in the B. trimera infusion and contributes to the hepatoprotective effect of the species. In vitro, inulin at 300 µg/mL, was able to scavenger 97% of the DPPH radicals. In vivo experiments showed that it protected the liver against CCl4-induced injuries. The administration of inulin at low dose of 1 mg/kg significantly reduced the blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, reduced the lipid peroxidation and increased the catalase activity and the levels of reduced glutathione in the liver of CCl4-treated mice. Moreover, the administration of inulin at 100 mg/kg increased GSH levels in the liver of Naïve mice. No signs of toxicity were observed. Thus, inulin present in B. trimera infusion protects the liver from the oxidative stress caused by CCl4 administration and can corroborate with the hepatoprotective effects presented by the species infusion.
Assuntos
Baccharis , Animais , Fígado , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , América do SulRESUMO
Passion fruit peel (PFP) is a by-product from the fruit processing industry, accounting for approximately 50 % of the fruit weight. It is well known for its health properties, although few studies evaluated its rheological properties. PFP polysaccharides (PFPP) contain a high methoxyl pectin (HMP), specifically a 70 % methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Flow behaviour analysis of PFPP (with or without sucrose) revealed a shear-thinning non-Newtonian behaviour. Dynamic oscillatory tests showed a weak gel-like behaviour, even without sucrose addition. Moreover, under simulated pasteurization process PFPP maintained its gel structure. Taken together we demonstrated that PFPP has divergent behaviour from commercial HMP, since it does not require sucrose or low pH to form gel. The present work reinforces the use of PFP as a source of soluble dietary fibres and pectins, providing its alternative application as a rheological modifier in a wide range of products, including those with low sugar.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/análise , Frutas/química , Passiflora/química , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Módulo de Elasticidade , Géis , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Pasteurização , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Transição de Fase , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Resíduos/análiseRESUMO
Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind and among its traditional uses are the calming effects. However, few studies explored its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we further proceed with structural elucidation of polysaccharides from chamomile tea. A highly substituted 4-O-methyl-glucuronoxylan (fraction SN-50R) was purified and chemically characterized, presenting Xyl:GlcA ratio of 1.7:1, Mw of 500 kDa and total sugar content of 98%. Its bioactivity on pain and on CNS was explored. Animals treated with SN-50R presented antinociceptive effect and a dose-dependent decrease in the number of crossings in the activity chamber and in the open field test, as well as a significant reduction in the number of marbles buried when compared to control. These results suggest that SN-50R presented sedative and anxiolytic-like effects and may be contributing for the calming effects obtained by chamomile tea ingestion.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Camomila/química , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Chá/química , Xilanos/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Exotic fruits and their co-products may be valuable sources of antioxidant dietary fibres (DF) which are useful for food industry and human health. In this study, we aimed to characterize DF obtained from guavira fruit pomace and investigate its antioxidant potential employing TEAC assay as well as a cell model. The DF were chemically characterized as containing arabinan, highly-methoxylated homogalacturonan and arabinogalactan. The DF-containing fraction (CPW) presented ABTS free radical scavenger activity. MTT and DCFH-DA assay were performed to assess, respectively, changes in cell viability and the potential intracellular antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in murine NIH 3T3 fibroblast. CPW exhibited no effects on cell viability, moreover, when administered 48 h prior the induction of H2O2 toxic effects, it protected the cells, significantly increasing the cell viability compared to control. This protection may be related to the observed reduction of reactive oxygen species levels. Thus, the pre-treatment of cells with guavira DF for 48 h remarkably induced a cytoprotection against pro-oxidant conditions, and may be a valuable functional compound recovered from an unexploited agroindutrial waste.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Frutas/química , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/toxicidade , Camundongos , Células NIH 3T3 , Estresse Oxidativo , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
Heparin is an extremely important and recognized anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent. Obtained from animal sources and being highly potent, risks of contamination by pathogens and bleeding are some concerns related to heparin use. In the search for alternatives to heparin, several researches have been performed with chemically sulfated polysaccharides obtained from non-animal sources. In this work, studies with guar gum led to a partially hydrolyzed and chemically sulfated derivative (hGGSL) with Mw of 15.6 kDa, DS of 1.91 and promising anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties. In vitro, hGGSL was only 4.5× less potent than unfractionated heparin, acting mainly by inhibiting thrombin via antithrombin, and had its anticoagulant activity inhibited by protamine. In vivo, hGGSL showed potential for subcutaneous use and was effective in reducing venous thrombosis. Collectively, the results provide a basis for the development of a new anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Fibrinolíticos/química , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/farmacologia , Mananas/química , Mananas/farmacologia , Gomas Vegetais/química , Gomas Vegetais/farmacologia , Sulfatos/química , Animais , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Coagulação Sanguínea , Hidrólise , Masculino , Metilação , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , OvinosRESUMO
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical evergreen tree largely cultivated in Brazil, which produces the cashew apple, a peduncle rich in carbohydrates and considered an industrial waste of the nut production. Until now, there were no data available about the chemical structure of cell wall polysaccharides found in cashew apple. In this work, its pectic polysaccharides have been characterized through monosaccharide composition, HPSEC, methylation and 13C and 1H/13C HSQC-DEPT-NMR analyses. Highly methyl esterified homogalacturonan with a DE of 76% mixed with arabinogalactan were found. This latter was purified and presented a highly branched type II arabinogalactan (AG II) and small amounts of a type I rhamnogalacturonan in which the AG II could be anchored. These findings about the chemical structure of cashew apple pectins could contribute to develop future nutritional, biotechnological and pharmacological uses for this industrial waste from the cashew nut production.
Assuntos
Anacardium/química , Pectinas/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Parede Celular/química , Frutas/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Guavira is a plant that belongs to Myrtaceae family, being widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado. In this study, pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides from guavira pomace, an agroindustry residue from pulp production, were structurally characterized using GPC, monosaccharide composition, methylation and NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of monosaccharides and the nature of uronic acids were attributed according to numerous data on the composition of related plant arabinogalactans and hemicelluloses present in the literature. An arabinan was purified, presenting Ara (85.0%), Rha (3.3%), Gal (7.7%) and GalA (4.0%). Mono and bidimensional NMR analyses of this arabinan demonstrated the presence of terminal ß-L-Araf units, whose occurrence has been scarcely reported in the literature. Hemicellulosic fraction contained a glucuronoxylan, with α-D-GlcpA/4-O-methyl-α-D-GlcpA group linked to O-2 of a (1â¯ââ¯4)-ß-D-xylan, presenting one uronic acid residue for every six xylose units. These findings about guavira pomace polysaccharides could contribute to develop future nutraceutical and technological uses for this industrial waste.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Myrtaceae/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Xilanos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Xilanos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Grape seed pomace is a valuable by-product from winery/oil extraction industries and a potential source of bioactive compounds. Hot water extraction is the most widely used technology for polysaccharide recovery from plant and seed sources. To obtain an antioxidant fiber-rich extract (AFE) from defatted grape seed pomace, seed:water ratio (1:10-1:20) and extraction temperature (70-90 °C) effects on extraction yield, total sugars, total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins were investigated. RESULTS: The best extraction results were achieved at the highest seed:water ratio and temperature. At these conditions, the extraction yield and total sugar content of the freeze-dried AFE were 100.1 g kg-1 and 725.3 g kg-1 , respectively. The AFE presented high total phenolic content (16.2 g GAE kg-1 ), condensed tannins (515.1 mg CAT kg-1 ), soluble (219.1 g kg-1 ) and insoluble fibers (132.4 g kg-1 ), besides protein (171.1 g kg-1 ) and ash (152.6 g kg-1 ). The antioxidant capacity of the AFE was 382.7, 823.7 and 1439.4 µmol Trolox g-1 for DPPH, ABTS and ORAC methods. CONCLUSION: The AFE was shown to be not only an interesting source of fiber with antioxidant capacity, which could become a potential foodstuff, but also an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative to use grape seed pomace. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.