Signs and signals limiting myocardial damage using PICSO: a scoping review decoding paradigm shifts toward a new encounter.

Background: Inducing recovery in myocardial ischemia is limited to a timely reopening of infarct vessels and clearing the cardiac microcirculation, but additional molecular factors may impact recovery. Objective: In this scoping review, we identify the paradigm shifts decoding the branching points of experimental and clinical evidence of pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO), focusing on myocardial salvage and molecular implications on infarct healing and repair. Design: The reporting of evidence was structured chronologically, describing the evolution of the concept from mainstream research to core findings dictating a paradigm change. All data reported in this scoping review are based on published data, but new evaluations are also included. Results: Previous findings relate hemodynamic PICSO effects clearing reperfused microcirculation to myocardial salvage. The activation of venous endothelium opened a new avenue for understanding PICSO. A flow-sensitive signaling molecule, miR-145-5p, showed a five-fold increase in porcine myocardium subjected to PICSO.Verifying our theory of "embryonic recall," an upregulation of miR-19b and miR-101 significantly correlates to the time of pressure increase in cardiac veins during PICSO (r2 = 0.90, p < 0.05; r2 = 0.98, p < 0.03), suggesting a flow- and pressure-dependent secretion of signaling molecules into the coronary circulation. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte proliferation by miR-19b and the protective role of miR-101 against remodeling show another potential interaction of PICSO in myocardial healing. Conclusion: Molecular signaling during PICSO may contribute to retroperfusion toward deprived myocardium and clearing the reperfused cardiac microcirculation. A burst of specific miRNA reiterating embryonic molecular pathways may play a role in targeting myocardial jeopardy and will be an essential therapeutic contribution in limiting infarcts in recovering patients.

Application of mTORC1 Inhibitors for Tissue-Agnostic Management of Standard-Therapy-Refractory Solid Tumors.

In this analysis, we examined the efficacy, feasibility, and limitations of the application of mTOR inhibitors based on the individual molecular profiles of pretreated cancer patients after the failure of all standard treatments in the palliative setting. In this single-center, real-world analysis of our platform for precision medicine, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of 71 cancer patients. The tumor samples of the patients were analyzed using next-generation sequencing panels of mutation hotspots, microsatellite stability testing, and immunohistochemistry. All profiles were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team to provide a targeted treatment recommendation after a consensus discussion. Seventy-one cancer patients with activation of the mTOR pathway were offered an mTORC1-inhibitor-based targeted therapy, and twenty-three (32.4%) of them eventually received the targeted therapy. Only three patients (4.2%) achieved stable disease, of whom one experienced progressive disease again after 9.1 months. The median time to treatment failure was 2.8 months. In total, 110 mutations were detected in 60 patients (84.5%). The three most frequent mutations were found in TP53, PTEN, and KRAS, which accounted for over 50% (56.4%) of all mutations. In sum, in selected patients with heavily pretreated solid tumors with activation of the mTOR pathway, the antitumoral activity of mTORC1 inhibition was weak.

Albumin-targeting of an oxaliplatin-releasing platinum(iv) prodrug results in pronounced anticancer activity due to endocytotic drug uptake in vivo.

Oxaliplatin is a very potent platinum(ii) drug which is frequently used in poly-chemotherapy schemes against advanced colorectal cancer. However, its benefit is limited by severe adverse effects as well as resistance development. Based on their higher tolerability, platinum(iv) prodrugs came into focus of interest. However, comparable to their platinum(ii) counterparts they lack tumor specificity and are frequently prematurely activated in the blood circulation. With the aim to exploit the enhanced albumin consumption and accumulation in the malignant tissue, we have recently developed a new albumin-targeted prodrug, which supposed to release oxaliplatin in a highly tumor-specific manner. In more detail, we designed a platinum(iv) complex containing two maleimide moieties in the axial position (KP2156), which allows selective binding to the cysteine 34. In the present study, diverse cell biological and analytical tools such as laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), isotope labeling, and nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) were employed to better understand the in vivo distribution and activation process of KP2156 (in comparison to free oxaliplatin and a non-albumin-binding succinimide analogue). KP2156 forms very stable albumin adducts in the bloodstream resulting in a superior pharmacological profile, such as distinctly prolonged terminal excretion half-life and enhanced effective platinum dose (measured by ICP-MS). The albumin-bound drug is accumulating in the malignant tissue, where it enters the cancer cells via clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis, and is activated by reduction to release oxaliplatin. This results in profound, long-lasting anticancer activity of KP2156 against CT26 colon cancer tumors in vivo based on cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Summarizing, albumin-binding of platinum(iv) complexes potently enhances the efficacy of oxaliplatin therapy and should be further developed towards clinical phase I trials.

A phase I study assessing the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering activity of immunotherapeutics targeting PCSK9.

PURPOSE: AT04A and AT06A are two AFFITOPE® peptide vaccine candidates being developed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia by inducing proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)-specific antibodies. This study aimed to investigate safety, tolerability, antibody development, and reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) following four subcutaneous immunizations. METHODS: This phase I, single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in a total of 72 healthy subjects with a mean fasting LDLc level at baseline of 117.1 mg/dL (range 77-196 mg/dL). Each cohort enrolled 24 subjects to receive three priming immunizations at weeks 0, 4, and 8 and to receive a single booster immunization at week 60 of either AT04A, AT06A, or placebo. In addition to safety (primary objective), the antigenic peptide- and PCSK9-specific antibody response and the impact on LDLc were evaluated over a period of 90 weeks. RESULTS: The most common systemic treatment-related adverse events (AEs) reported were fatigue, headache, and myalgia in 75% of subjects in the AT06A group and 58% and 46% of subjects in the placebo and AT04A groups, respectively. Injection site reactions (ISR) representing 63% of all treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), were transient and mostly of mild or moderate intensity and rarely severe (3%). Both active treatments triggered a robust, long-lasting antibody response towards the antigenic peptides used for immunization that optimally cross-reacted with the target epitope on PCSK9. In the AT04A group, a reduction in serum LDLc was observed with a mean peak reduction of 11.2% and 13.3% from baseline compared to placebo at week 20 and 70 respectively, and over the whole study period, the mean LDLc reduction for the AT04A group vs. placebo was -7.2% (95% CI [-10.4 to -3.9], P < 0.0001). In this group, PCSK9 target epitope titers above 50 were associated with clinically relevant LDLc reductions with an individual maximal decrease of 39%. CONCLUSIONS: Although both AT04A and AT06 were safe and immunogenic, only AT04A demonstrated significant LDLc-lowering activity, justifying further development. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT: 2015-001719-11. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02508896.

Tissue distribution of epirubicin after severe extravasation in humans.

PURPOSE: As critical parameter after extravasation of cytotoxic vesicants, anthracyclines were determined in removed tissue from patients requiring surgical intervention due to tissue necrosis. We monitored their distribution within the affected lesion to establish a possible dose-toxicity relation. METHODS: From six patients scheduled for surgery, removed tissue flaps were systematically analysed by HPLC (epirubicin: 5 subjects; doxorubicin: 1 subject). RESULTS: After extravasation, tissue concentrations were highly variable with an individual anthracycline distribution pattern ranging from a few nanograms up to 17 µg per 100 mg tissue, which indicated a substantial difference in tissue sensitivity among patients. The resection borders coincided with the extension of the erythema and guided the surgical intervention after demarcation of the lesion, which occurred usually 2 or 3 weeks after extravasation. At that time, drug was hardly detected at the resection borders. Wound drains were negative for the extravasated drugs while showing a time profile of vascular growth factors and inflammatory cytokines, which was highly similar to routine surgery. In all six patients, surgical debridement with immediate wound closure led to healing within approximately 2 weeks, when therapy was resumed in all patients with reasonable time delay. CONCLUSION: Surgical intervention after demarcation of the extravasation lesion allows for almost uninterrupted continuation of treatment independent of the amount of extravasated anthracycline. As even minor amounts of the vesicants may trigger tissue necrosis, preventive measures merit the highest priority.

Molecularly guided treatment of metastatic parotid gland carcinoma in adults.

BACKGROUND: Advanced therapy-refractory parotid gland carcinomas have a poor prognosis with limited therapy options. We used molecular profiling to offer molecular guided therapies to patients with advanced metastatic parotid gland malignancies. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis we describe the molecular profiling of ten patients diagnosed with therapy-refractory metastatic parotid gland malignancies. RESULTS: We identified seven genetic aberrations in five patients: two mutations in CDKN2A and one mutation in APC, ATM, TP53, SMARCB1 and FGFR1, respectively. No mutations were detected in five patients. The IHC demonstrated frequent expressions of EGFR and p­mTOR, as well as PTEN in eight patients. For four fifths (n = 8) of the patients, a targeted therapy was suggested. Eventually, three patients received the targeted therapy recommendation and one patient achieved stable disease for 14 months. CONCLUSION: A total of eight therapy recommendations were provided. Based on our observations, molecular-guided therapies may be a feasible treatment approach for this rare disease entity.

Precision Medicine for the Management of Therapy Refractory Colorectal Cancer.

In this analysis, we examined the efficacy, feasibility, and limitations of molecular-based targeted therapies in heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients after failure of all standard treatments. In this single-center, real-world retrospective analysis of our platform for precision medicine, we mapped the molecular profiles of 60 mCRC patients. Tumor samples of the patients were analyzed using next-generation sequencing panels of mutation hotspots, microsatellite instability testing, and immunohistochemistry. All profiles were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team to provide a targeted treatment recommendation after consensus discussion. In total, we detected 166 mutations in 53 patients. The five most frequently found mutations were TP53, KRAS, APC, PIK3CA, and PTEN. In 28 cases (47% of all patients), a molecularly targeted therapy could be recommended. Eventually, 12 patients (20%) received the recommended therapy. Six patients (10%) had a clinical benefit. The median time to treatment failure was 3.1 months. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of using targeted therapies in daily clinical practice for heavily pretreated mCRC patients. This could be used as a targeted treatment option in half of the patients.

Outcome of Targeted Therapy Recommendations for Metastatic and Recurrent Head and Neck Cancers.

Recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck cancers bear a poor prognosis. In this analysis, we examined the efficacy and the outcome of targeted therapy recommendations based on the patients' molecular tumor portrait after failure of all standard therapy options. In this single-center, real-world retrospective analysis of our platform for precision medicine, we analyzed the molecular profile of 50 patients diagnosed with R/M head and neck cancer. Tumor samples of the patients were examined using next-generation sequencing panels of mutation hotspots, microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In 31 cases (62.0% of all patients), a molecular-driven targeted therapy approach was recommended. Eventually, 14 patients (28%) received the suggested targeted therapy. Six of fourteen patients (43%) achieved stable disease conditions and four patients (29%) experienced a progressive disease. The median time to treatment failure was 2.8 months. Therapy recommendations were significantly more often issued for men (p = 0.037) than for women. This analysis demonstrated that precision medicine provided the basis for molecular-driven therapy recommendations in over half of the patients with advanced therapy refractory head and neck cancers, with significantly more therapy recommendations for men. Our analysis showed that although precision medicine approaches are implementable and feasible for the management of recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancers in daily clinical routine, there are major limitations and challenges that have to be overcome.

Targeted Therapy Recommendations for Therapy Refractory Solid Tumors-Data from the Real-World Precision Medicine Platform MONDTI.

Advanced therapy-refractory solid tumors bear a dismal prognosis and constitute a major challenge in offering effective treatment strategies. In this real-world retrospective analysis of our precision medicine platform MONDTI, we describe the molecular profile of 554 patients diagnosed with 17 different types of advanced solid tumors after failure of all standard treatment options. In 304 cases (54.9% of all patients), a molecular-driven targeted therapy approach could be recommended, with a recommendation rate above 50% in 12 tumor entities. The three highest rates for therapy recommendation per tumor classification were observed in urologic malignancies (90.0%), mesothelioma (78.6%), and male reproductive cancers (71.4%). Tumor type (p = 0.46), expression of p-mTOR (p = 0.011), expression of EGFR (p = 0.046), and expression of PD-L1 (p = 0.023) had a significant impact on the targeted therapy recommendation rate. Therapy recommendations were significantly more often issued for men (p = 0.015) due to gender-specific differences in the molecular profiles of patients with head and neck cancer and malignant mesothelioma. This analysis demonstrates that precision medicine was feasible and provided the basis for molecular-driven therapy recommendations in patients with advanced therapy refractory solid tumors.

Applied precision medicine in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) bears a dismal prognosis due to the limited activity of systemic chemotherapy. In our platform for precision medicine, we aim to offer molecular-guided treatments to patients without further standard therapy options. METHODS: In this single center, real-world retrospective analysis of our platform, we describe the molecular-based therapy approaches used in all 50 patients diagnosed with therapy-refractory mPDAC. A molecular portrait of the tumor specimens was created by next-generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC), microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: In total, we detected 123 mutations in 50 patients. The five most frequent mutations were KRAS (n = 40; 80%), TP53 (n = 29; 58%), CDKN2A (n = 8; 16%), SMAD4 (n = 4; 8%), and NOTCH1 (n = 4; 8%), which together accounted for 40.2% of all mutations. Two patients had gene fusions, namely, TBL1XR1-PIK3CA and EIF3E-RSPO2. IHC detected expression of EGFR, phosphorylated mTOR, and PTEN in 36 (72%), 33 (66%), and 17 patients (34%), respectively. For 14 (28%) of the 50 patients, a targeted therapy was suggested based on the identified molecular targets. The recommended treatments included the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (n = 3), pembrolizumab (n = 3), palbociclib (n = 2), nintedanib (n = 2), and cetuximab, crizotinib, tamoxifen, and the combination of lapatinib and trastuzumab, in one patient each.Finally, five patients received the recommended therapy. Four patients died due to disease progression before radiological assessment. One patient was treated with nintedanib and achieved stable disease for 6 months. CONCLUSION: Based on our observations, precision medicine approaches are feasible and implementable in clinical routine and may provide molecular-based therapy recommendations for mPDAC.

Molecular Guided Treatments in Gynecologic Oncology: Analysis of a Real-World Precision Cancer Medicine Platform.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced gynecologic cancers have a poor prognosis and constitute a major challenge for adequate treatment strategies. By analyzing and targeting molecular alterations, molecular guided treatments may be a viable option for the treatment of advanced gynecologic cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this single-center, real-world retrospective analysis of our platform for precision cancer medicine (PCM), we describe the molecular profiling of 72 patients diagnosed with different types of advanced gynecologic malignancies. Tumor samples of the patients were examined by next-generation sequencing panel and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: In total, we identified 209 genetic aberrations in 72 patients. The ten most frequent alterations were TP53 (n = 42, 20%), KRAS (n = 14, 6.6%), PIK3CA (n = 11, 5.2%), PIK3R1 (n = 9, 4.3%), ATR (n = 8, 3.8%), PTEN (n = 8, 3.8%), BRCA1 (n = 6, 2.8%), NF1 (n = 4, 1.9%), NOTCH1 (n = 4, 1.9%), and POLE (n = 4, 1.9%), which account for more than half of all molecular alterations (52.6%). In 21 (29.1%) patients only one mutation could be detected, and 44 (61.1%) patients had more than one mutation. No molecular alterations were detected in seven (9.7%) patients. IHC detected expression of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and epidermal growth factor receptor in 58 (80.6%) and 53 (73.6%) patients, respectively. In over two thirds (n = 49, 68.1%), a targeted therapy was suggested, based on the identified genetic aberrations. The most frequently recommended specific treatment was the combination of everolimus with exemestane (n = 18, 25 %). CONCLUSION: Based on our observations, it seems that PCM might be a feasible approach for advanced gynecologic cancers with limited treatment options. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nowadays molecular profiling of advanced gynecologic malignancies is feasible in the clinical routine. A molecular portrait should be done for every patient with an advanced therapy-refractory gynecologic malignancy to offer molecular-based treatment concepts.

Gender differences in molecular-guided therapy recommendations for metastatic malignant mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer and has a poor prognosis. Here, we analyzed the feasibility, molecular and gender aspects of targeted therapy recommendations for malignant mesothelioma based on the individual molecular tumor profile. METHODS: In this single-center, real-world retrospective analysis of our platform for precision medicine, we evaluated the molecular profiling of malignant mesothelioma in 14 patients, including nine men and five women. Tumor samples of the patients were examined with a 50 gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, to detect possible molecular aberrations which may be targeted by off-label therapy custom-tailored to the individual patient. RESULTS: In total, we identified 11 mutations in six of the 14 patients, including BAP1, FANCA, NF1, NF2, PD-L1, RAD52D, SETD2, SRC, and TP53. No mutation was detected in eight of the 14 patients. Targeted therapy was recommended for 11 out of the 14 patients. All recommendations were mainly based on the molecular characteristics determined by immunohistochemistry. Targeted therapy recommendations were significantly more often for men than women due to gender-specific differences in PDGFRα expression. Eventually, four patients received the targeted therapy, of whom one patient subsequently achieved stable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that a molecular-guided treatment approach is feasible for the management of advanced malignant mesothelioma. Our analysis revealed gender specific differences in PDGFRα expression that should be further evaluated in clinical trials.

High impact of miRNA-4521 on FOXM1 expression in medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the cerebellum/fourth ventricle, is one of the most frequent malignant brain tumors in children. Although genetic variants are increasingly used in treatment stratification, survival of high-risk patients, characterized by leptomeningeal dissemination, TP53 mutation or MYC amplification, is still poor. FOXM1, a proliferation-specific oncogenic transcription factor, is deregulated in various solid tumors, including medulloblastoma, and triggers cellular proliferation, migration and genomic instability. In tissue samples obtained from medulloblastoma patients, the significant upregulation of FOXM1 was associated with a loss of its putative regulating microRNA, miR-4521. To understand the underlying mechanism, we investigated the effect of miR-4521 on the expression of the transcription factor FOXM1 in medulloblastoma cell lines. Transfection of this microRNA reduced proliferation and invasion of several medulloblastoma cell lines and induced programmed cell death through activation of caspase 3/7. Further, downstream targets of FOXM1 such as PLK1 and cyclin B1 were significantly reduced thus affecting the cell cycle progression in medulloblastoma cell lines. In conclusion, a restoration of miRNA-4521 may selectively suppress the pathophysiological effect of aberrant FOXM1 expression and serve as a targeted approach for medulloblastoma therapy.

Continued Endocrine Therapy Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer Brain Metastases.

PURPOSE: Brain metastases (BMs) are a rare but devastating condition in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Although endocrine therapy (ET) is the mainstay of treatment in this disease subtype, only case reports have been published concerning the activity of ET in BMs henceforth. Therefore, we aimed to systematically investigate the impact of ET after diagnosis of BM on outcome and clinical course of disease in patients with ER-positive MBC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patient characteristics, detailed information about BMs including diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment class (DS-GPA), and clinical outcome were obtained by retrospective chart review for all patients treated for ER-positive breast cancer BMs between 1990 and 2017 at an academic care center. Overall survival (OS) was measured as the interval from diagnosis of BM until death or last date of follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 198 patients [female: 195/198 (98.5%); male: 3/198 (1.5%)] with ER-positive breast cancer BMs were available for this analysis. Eighty-eight of 198 patients (44.4%) received ET after diagnosis of BM including aromatase inhibitors (AIs; letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane), tamoxifen, and fulvestrant. Median OS was significantly longer in patients receiving ET after diagnosis of BM compared with patients who did not (15 vs. 4 months, P < 0.001; log-rank test). No significant difference in terms of OS was observed between patients receiving AIs, tamoxifen, or fulvestrant. In patients with concomitant leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC), ET prolonged median OS significantly as well (7 vs. 3 months, P = 0.012; log-rank test). In a multivariate analysis including DS-GPA and ET, only treatment with ET after diagnosis of BM (HR, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.99; P = 0.046) was associated with prognosis (Cox regression model). CONCLUSIONS: Continuing ET after BM diagnosis was associated with a significantly prolonged OS in this large single-center cohort. No substantial differences between substances were observed. These findings should be validated in a prospective cohort.

MALDI-MS Protein Profiling of Chemoresistance in Extracellular Vesicles of Cancer Cells.

Cancer cells communicate with the whole organism via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which propagate molecular information in support of the malignant phenotype. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was employed for protein profiling of EVs derived from CCL-228 as the primary colon tumor, the lymph node metastasis CCL-227, and subclones resistant to 5, 25, and 125 µM 5-fluorouracil (FU). EVs were harvested from cell culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation to serve as a model for circulating cancer cell-derived biomarker carriers from body fluids (i.e., liquid biopsy). Protein mass spectra were recorded using standard MALDI matrixes (e.g., CHCA, sinapinic acid) in the range m/ z 2000-20000 on different MALDI-TOF-MS systems and subjected to multivariate data analysis . By using hierarchical clustering, PCA and PLS-DA, discriminatory protein patterns of the EVs from the different cell populations were obtained. Peaks in the range  m/ z 2000-6500 and m/ z 5500-15500 were found to be unique to EVs and the cells, respectively. This clearly demonstrates the differential expression of proteins in EVs as the result of an increasing chemoresistance of their parent cells. The sensitivity of the MALDI-MS based assay was in the low µg/mL (≈1.2-5 × 1010 particles/mL) range. Consequently, our MALDI-MS protein profiling approach shows the potential to serve as novel tool for minimally invasive cancer diagnostics and chemotherapy monitoring in the future, e.g., for early detection of therapy resistance without biopsy.

Acute molecular effects of pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion in patients with advanced heart failure.

AIMS: Cardiac repair has steered clinical attention and remains an unmet need, because available regenerative therapies lack robust mechanistic evidence. Pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO), known to induce angiogenetic and vasoactive molecules as well as to reduce regional ischemia, may activate endogenous regenerative processes in failing myocardium. We aimed to investigate the effects of PICSO in patients with advanced heart failure undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight out of 32 patients were treated with PICSO, and the remainder served as controls. After electrode testing including left ventricular leads, PICSO was performed for 20 min. To test immediate molecular responses, in both patient groups, coronary venous blood samples were taken at baseline and after 20 min, the time required for the intervention. Sera were tested for microRNAs and growth factors. To test the ability of up-regulated soluble factors on cell proliferation and expression of transcription factors [e.g. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF-4)], sera were co-cultured with human cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. As compared with controls, significant differential expression (differences between pre-values and post-values in relation to both patient cohorts) of microRNA patterns associated with cardiac development was observed with PICSO. Importantly, miR-143 (P < 0.048) and miR-145 (P < 0,047) increased, both targeting a network of transcription factors (including KLF-4) that promote differentiation and repress proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Additionally, an increase of miR-19b (P < 0.019) known to alleviate endothelial cell apoptosis was found, whereas disadvantageous miR-320b (P < 0.023) suspect to impair expression of c-myc, normally provoking cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic myocytes and miR-25 (P < 0.023), decreased, a target of anti-miR application to improve contractility in the failing heart. Co-cultured post-PICSO sera significantly increased cellular proliferation both in fibroblasts (P < 0.001) and adult cardiomycytes (P < 0.004) sampled from a transplant recipient as compared with controls. Adult cardiomyocytes showed a seven-fold increase of the transcription factor KLF-4 protein when co-cultured with treated sera as compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show for the first time that PICSO, a trans-coronary sinus catheter intervention, is associated with an increase in morphogens secreted into cardiac veins, normally present during cardiac development, and a significant induction of cell proliferation. Present findings support the notion that epigenetic modifications, that is, haemodynamic stimuli on venous vascular cells, may reverse myocardial deterioration. Further investigations are needed to decipher the maze of complex interacting molecular pathways in failing myocardium and the potential role of PICSO to reinitiate developmental processes to prevent further myocardial decay eventually reaching clinical significance.

Single, very low rituximab doses in healthy volunteers - a pilot and a randomized trial: implications for dosing and biosimilarity testing.

There are no  dose-finding trials available for rituximab that could guide dosing in non-malignant diseases. We hypothesized that currently used doses (≥375 mg/m2) exceed several hundred-fold the half-maximal effective dose, which is most sensitive for detecting putative differences between biosimilars and important for dose finding. In an open label, exploratory trial healthy volunteers received single infusions of rituximab at doses of 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/m2. Subsequently, in a double-blind, randomized trial healthy volunteers received single infusions of two rituximab products at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/m2. In the exploratory trial rituximab transiently depleted CD20+ cells by a mean 68% (range: 57-95%), 74% (55-82%) and 97% (94-100%) immediately after the infusion of 0.1 (n = 4), 0.3 (n = 4) and 1 mg/m2 (n = 8), respectively. In the randomized trial CD20+ cells decreased by a mean 48% (25-84%) - 55% (26-85%) and 81 (67-89%) - 87% (77-96%) after infusion of 0.1 mg/m2 (n = 12) or 0.3 mg/m2 (n = 8 proposed biosimilar, n = 4 reference product) of the proposed biosimilar or the reference product, respectively. It is important to understand that in healthy volunteers <1% of the authorized rituximab doses depletes almost all circulating B lymphocytes. Thus, for non-malignant diseases alternative, more cost-effective dosing regimens seem plausible, but require clinical testing. (EudraCT-No. 2010-023781-45; EudraCT-No. 2013-001077-24).

OncomiR-17-5p: alarm signal in cancer?

Soon after microRNAs entered the stage as novel regulators of gene expression, they were found to regulate -and to be regulated by- the development, progression and aggressiveness of virtually all human types of cancer. Therefore, miRNAs in general harbor a huge potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets in cancer. The miR-17-92 cluster was found to be overexpressed in many human cancers and to promote unrestrained cell growth, and has therefore been termed onco-miR-1. In addition, its expression is often dysregulated in many other diseases. MiR-17-5p, its most prominent member, is an essential regulator of fundamental cellular processes like proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis, and its deficiency is neonatally lethal in the mouse. Many cancer types are associated with elevated miR-17-5p expression, and the degree of overexpression might correlate with cancer aggressiveness and responsiveness to chemotherapeutics - suggesting miR-17-5p to be an alarm signal. Liver, gastric or colorectal cancers are examples where miR-17-5p has been observed exclusively as an oncogene, while, in other cancer types, like breast, prostate and lung cancer, the role of miR-17-5p is not as clear-cut, and it might also act as tumor-suppressor. However, in all cancer types studied so far, miR-17-5p has been found at elevated levels in the circulation. In this review, we therefore recapitulate the current state of knowledge about miR-17-5p in the context of cancer, and suggest that elevated miR-17-5p levels in the plasma might be a sensitive and early alarm signal for cancer ('alarmiR'), albeit not a specific alarm for a specific type of tumor.

Thiosemicarbazone derivatives, thiazolyl hydrazones, effectively inhibit leukemic tumor cell growth: Down-regulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity and synergism with arabinofuranosylcytosine.

Cellular growth inhibition exerted by thiosemicarbazones is mainly attributed to down-regulation of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activity, with RNR being responsible for the rate-limiting step of de novo DNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated the antineoplastic effects of three newly synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives, thiazolyl hydrazones, in human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. The cytotoxicity of compounds alone and in combination with arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) was determined by growth inhibition assays. Effects on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations were quantified by HPLC, and the incorporation of radio-labeled 14C-cytidine into nascent DNA was measured using a beta counter. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by FACS, and protein levels of RNR subunits and checkpoint kinases were evaluated by Western blotting. VG12, VG19, and VG22 dose-dependently decreased intracellular dNTP concentrations, impaired cell cycle progression and, consequently, inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells. VG19 also lowered the protein levels of RNR subunits R1 and R2 and significantly diminished the incorporation of radio-labeled 14C-cytidine, being equivalent to an inhibition of DNA synthesis. Combination of thiazolyl hydrazones with AraC synergistically potentiated the antiproliferative effects seen with each drug alone and might therefore improve conventional chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of human malignancies such as acute promyelocytic or chronic myelogenous leukemia.