Adaptation and Validation of a Test for the Evaluation of Tactical Knowledge in Soccer: Test de Conocimiento Táctico Ofensivo en Fútbol for the Brazilian Context (TCTOF-BRA).

Background: Studies and tests to assess the tactical domain of young soccer players are recent, and few instruments meet the majority of quality criteria. Objective: To adapt and validate the Test de Conocimiento Táctico Ofensivo en Fútbol (TCTOF) for the Brazilian context (TCTOF-BRA). Methods: The article consists of two studies. Study 1 (n = 111) included the translation, theoretical/semantic analysis, back translation, cross-cultural equivalence, and content and face validity (pre-test). In study 2 (n = 768), a theoretical and empirical item analysis was carried out, followed by construct validity [exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the known-groups method] and reliability (internal consistency and repeatability). Results: In the cross-cultural evaluation, the Coefficient of content validity total (CCVt) of the instrument was 0.96 and in the content validity, the CCVt of the instrument was 0.87. The face validity was confirmed (>95%). After theoretical and empirical analysis, 15 questions were included in the Teste de Conhecimento Tático Ofensivo no Futebol (TCTOF-BRA). The EFA showed a model with adequate fit (KMO = 0.69; Bartlett p < 0.001), with a factor structure considered very good, composed of four factors (decision making, operational tactical principles, collective tactical-technical elements, and rules). The CFA by the Asymptotically Distribution-Free estimation method demonstrated good and very good goodness of fit indices (X 2/df = 1.54, GFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.92, PGFI = 0.71, PCFI = 0.76, RMSEA = 0.03, and ECVI = 0.26). The known-groups method showed significant differences (p < 0.01) and effect sizes varying from small-to-medium to large. With respect to reliability, coefficients of 0.89 (CR) and 0.74 (KR20) for internal consistency and 0.85 for repeatability were found. Conclusion: The TCTOF-BRA presented satisfactory evidence, demonstrating it to be an instrument with valid and reliable measures for the evaluation of tactical knowledge (declarative and theoretical procedural), based on specific knowledge and decision making (cognitive domain), of Brazilian young soccer players from 12 to 17.9 years old.

Two Years of COVID-19 Pandemic: How the Brazilian Serie A Championship Was Affected by Home Advantage, Performance and Disciplinary Aspects.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Brazilian Serie A championship was played without crowds in 2020 and partially in the 2021 season. We verified if the home advantage (HA) was different between the 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 seasons. We also compared the HA, performance, and disciplinary aspects between the rounds with or without crowds and verified the association between the number of absent athletes because of health protocols and the HA in the 2020 and 2021 seasons. We calculated the HA using the Pollard method. The performance aspects were goals, corners, shots, and ball possession, and the disciplinary aspects were fouls, yellow cards, and red cards. The HA was higher in the 2018 season compared with the other seasons. The rounds with crowds showed higher HAs than the two previous seasons and the teams had more shots and scored more goals than in the rounds without crowds. There were 457 athletes in the 2020 season and 123 athletes in the 2021 season who were absent because of health protocols, and there was no association between absence and HA. The COVID-19 pandemic affected soccer in the two last seasons in different ways in the Brazilian Serie A championship.

Elite soccer athlete's sleep: A literature review

Sleep is important for athletes to recover from training and competition. However, there are no systematic reports on sleep patterns of elite soccer adult athletes. This article described the sleep pattern of elite soccer athletes and identified it is factors associated. We included only original articles, written in English, and with professional male soccer players aged over 18 years old competing in the first national division. On days without match and at a matchday, the mean of total sleep time, sleep onset latency, and sleep efficiency were less than the National Sleep Foundation's recommendation in almost all articles. Both local and match outcomes can affect the sleep pattern. So, elite soccer athletes are often unable to achieve sleep recommendations. Home matches, defeat, or a draw, as well as travels, are factors that negatively affect the quality and quantity of sleep of the athletes.

Scoping review of tests to assess tactical knowledge and tactical performance of young soccer players.

This scoping review aimed to systematically map studies/tests for assessing the tactical domain of young soccer players. The study followed the PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. The databases searched were Scopus, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, LILACS, and BDTD. The eligibility criteria were defined based on the elements of population, context, and concept, without restrictions on the period, language, and type of publication. Twenty-four papers were included, from 1997 to 2020, totalling 29 tests/instruments for the assessment of the tactical domain, with the majority of studies having an European sample. Twelve terms were used to nominate the tactical component, regardless of the assessment method and approach. Six tests met eight or nine criteria in the critical appraisal: TCTOF, TACSIS Spanish version, Semi-Structured Interview, TCTP-OE, GPET, and FUTSAT. Thus, it is concluded that studies and tests for the assessment of the tactical domain of young soccer players are recent and mainly European; there is no consensus about the adopted terminology; and few tests met the majority of the quality criteria. Therefore, we suggest: a) the construction/adaptation of tests with samples from other continents; b) the use of the proposed criteria; and c) that the terms tactical knowledge and tactical performance are adopted.

Efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento na melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos em corredores recreacionais: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of different training methods in improving cardiometabolic indicators in recreational runners: a systematic review

: O exercício físico, em especial a corrida de rua tem sido recomendada para prevenção e tratamento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de treinamento sobre os indicadores cardiometabólicos de corredores recreacionais. As bases de dados eletrônicas utilizadas na presente pesquisa foram: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS e COCHRANE LIBRARY, usando os descritores agrupados segundo o método PICO; População ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervenção ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparação ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome/Desfecho ("cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). Na seleção os artigos foram excluídos por título, resumo e texto. Obteve-se um total de 813 artigos encontrados, no qual nove (9) preencheram os critérios de inclusão e baixo risco de viés de acordo com a Escala Testex. Foram encontrados três métodos de treinamento: Combinado (Contínuo +Intervalado); Contínuo e Intervalado. Considerando a somatória das amostras dos nove estudos, um total de 604 indivíduos (466 homens e 138 mulheres) participaram dos ensaios. Os diferentes métodos de treinamentos resultaram na redução dos níveis de triglicerídeos, insulina e glicose e na redução do colesterol total e LDL, e consequentemente o aumento do HDL. Na composição corporal houve diminuição significativa do peso e da gordura corporal, do IMC, na medida da circunferência da cintura, e no aumento da capacidade aeróbia (VO2). Concluiu-se que os treinamentos combinado, contínuo e intervalado podem ser aplicados para melhora dos indicadores cardiometabólicos, cada um dentro da sua especificidade de frequência, volume e intensidade.(AU)

Physical exercise, especially running, has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to verify the effects of different training methods on the cardiometabolic indicators of recreational runners. The electronic databases used in the present research were: PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS and COCHRANE LIBRARY, using the descriptors grouped according to the PICO method; Population ("adults" OR "young adult" OR "middle aged") AND Intervention ("endurance training" OR "aerobic training" OR "running") OR Comparison ("recreational runners" OR "jogging") AND Outcome / Outcome ("Cardiovascular risk factors" OR "cardiometabolic risk factors" OR "metabolic syndrome"). In the selection, articles were excluded by title, abstract and text. A total of 813 articles were obtained, in which nine (9) met the inclusion criteria and low risk of bias according to the Testex Scale. Three training methods were found: Combined (Continuous + Interval); Continuous and Interval. Considering the sum of the samples from the nine studies, a total of 604 individuals (466 men and 138 women) participated in the trials. The different training methods resulted in a reduction in the levels of triglycerides, insulin and glucose and in the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL, and consequently an increase in HDL. In body composition, there was a significant decrease in weight and body fat, in BMI, as measured by waist circumference, and in increased aerobic capacity (VO2). It is concluded that combined, continuous and interval training can be applied to improve cardiometabolic indicators, each within its specific frequency, volume and intensity.(AU)

Physical Activity, Sport Practice and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Workers From a Public Hospital: A Trajectory Analysis.

Background: Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors. Longitudinal studies using modeled trajectories are necessary to understand patterns of physical activity and association with cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To analyze the association between sports practice in young people and current physical activity with the trajectory of cardiovascular risk factors in workers at a public hospital. Methods: Four hundred and seventeen workers was followed for four years reporting Physical Activity, health status, lifestyle behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics. Group-based trajectory modeling identified the trajectories of PA and associations with time-stable and time-varying covariates. We considered a range of sociodemographic and health and lifestyle factors as potential covariates. Results: The results shows the association between participation in sports activities in youth and current physical activity and trajectories of cardiovascular risk, adjusted for sex and age (p < 0.05). Adults who reported having played sports in their youth and are currently active have a lower risk of having a history of obesity and low HDL-c than workers who did not play sports in their youth and are currently sedentary 0.690 (0.565-0.844) obesity, 0.647 (0.500-0.837) low HDL-c. Conclusion: The practice of sports in youth and current physical activity is a protective factor against the trajectory of obesity and low HDL-c, mainly in female workers. Programs to encourage the practice of physical activity should be carried out in order to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and prevent chronic diseases in workers.

Perceptive changes in endurance athletes during social isolation due to covid-19 / Mudanças perceptivas em atletas de resistência durante isolamento social devido à covid-19 / Cambios perceptivos en atletas de resistencia durante aislamiento social debido a la covid-19

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to social isolation measures in different contexts. In endurance sports, competitions worldwide have been canceled, affecting behavioral, psychological, and physical aspects. Objective: This study aimed to assess potential associations between stress, motivation, behavioral changes, and physical fitness in endurance athletes, and time in social isolation. Methods: A cross-sectional study with the participation of 201 athletes, including mountain bikers (n = 89), runners (n = 88) and triathletes (n = 24). Each participant answered questions about time spent in isolation; body weight; changes in training schedule during the isolation period; levels of motivation; stress levels; loss of physical fitness; what aspect of physical fitness was most jeopardized during the isolation period; alcohol consumption; quality of sleep; quality of diet; and whether they had been ill during the isolation period. Results: The results showed significant differences between the percentage of runners (4.5%) and triathletes (16.7%) who had been isolated from 1-10 days, and between the percentage of cyclists (41.6%) and runners (68.2%) in 11-20 days and >20 days (28.1% and 9.1%) respectively. Social isolation was significantly associated with at least one variable for the three groups of athletes; however, the runners were the most affected by the pandemic, presenting an association with low motivation, high stress, poorer quality of sleep, increased alcohol consumption, and loss of physical fitness. Conclusion: Our study showed that the period of social isolation, specifically over time > 10 days, generated significant changes in the perceptions of motivation, stress, alcohol consumption, and physical fitness of endurance athletes, with runners being the most affected group. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test; Study of non-consecutive patients, without a "gold standard" applied uniformly.

RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia de Covid-19 gerou medidas de isolamento social em diferentes contextos. Todas as competições de esportes de resistência foram canceladas em todo o mundo, portanto, os aspectos comportamentais, psicológicos e físicos podem ter sido afetados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis associações entre estresse, motivação, mudanças comportamentais e aptidão física e o tempo de isolamento social em atletas de resistência. Métodos: Estudo transversal com participação de 201 atletas, entre ciclistas (n = 89) corredores (n = 88) e triatletas (n = 24). Cada participante respondeu perguntas sobre o tempo de isolamento; peso corporal; mudanças no cronograma de treinamento durante o período de isolamento; níveis de motivação; níveis de estresse, perda de aptidão física; qual aptidão física foi mais prejudicada no período de isolamento; consumo de álcool; qualidade do sono; qualidade da dieta e se ficou doente durante o período de isolamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças significantes entre a porcentagem de corredores (4,5%) e triatletas (16,7%) que ficaram isolados de 1 a 10 dias, entre ciclistas (41,6%) e corredores (68,2%) em 11 a 20 dias e mais de 20 dias (28,1% e 9,1%), respectivamente. O isolamento social foi significativamente associado a pelo menos uma variável nos três grupos de atletas, porém, os corredores foram os mais afetados pela pandemia, apresentando associação a baixa motivação, alto estresse, pior qualidade do sono, aumento do consumo de álcool e perda da aptidão física. Conclusão: Nosso estudo mostrou que o período de isolamento social, especificamente com tempo de isolamento social superior a 10 dias, gerou mudanças significantes nas percepções de motivação, estresse, consumo de álcool e aptidão física de atletas de resistência, sendo os corredores o grupo mais afetado. Nível de evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem "padrão de ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de Covid-19 generó medidas de aislamiento social en diferentes contextos. Todas las competiciones de deportes de resistencia fueron canceladas en todo el mundo, por lo tanto, los aspectos comportamentales, psicológicos y físicos pueden haber sido afectados. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar posibles asociaciones entre estrés, motivación, cambios comportamentales y aptitud física y el tiempo de aislamiento social en atletas de resistencia. Métodos: Estudio transversal con participación de 201 atletas, entre ciclistas (n = 89), corredores (n = 88) y triatletas (n = 24). Cada participante respondió preguntas sobre el tiempo de aislamiento; peso corporal; cambio en el cronograma de entrenamiento durante el período de aislamiento; niveles de motivación; niveles de estrés, pérdida de aptitud física; qué aptitud física fue más perjudicada en el período de aislamiento; consumo de alcohol; calidad del sueño; calidad de la dieta y si estuvo enfermo durante el período de aislamiento. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre el porcentaje de corredores (4,5%) y triatletas (16,7%) que estuvieron aislados de 1 a 10 días, entre ciclistas (41,6%) y corredores (68,2%) en 11 a 20 días y más de 20 días (28,1% y 9,1%) respectivamente. El aislamiento social fue significativamente asociado a por lo menos una variable en los tres grupos de atletas, sin embargo, los corredores fueron los más afectados por la pandemia, presentando asociación a baja motivación, alto estrés, peor calidad de sueño, aumento del consumo de alcohol y pérdida de la aptitud física. Conclusión: Nuestro estudio mostró que el período de aislamiento social, específicamente con tiempo de aislamiento social superior a 10 días, generó cambios significativos en las percepciones de motivación, estrés, consumo de alcohol y aptitud física de atletas de resistencia, siendo los corredores el grupo más afectado. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios de diagnóstico: investigación de un examen para diagnóstico; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin "estándar de oro" aplicado uniformemente.

Examining offensive tactical actions performed by youth soccer players with different competitive contexts / Examinando as ações táticas ofensivas realizadas por jovens futebolistas de diferentes contextos competitivos

ABSTRACT The study examined offensive tactical actions performed by U-15 soccer players with different competitive contexts. 34 matches played by three different contexts of U-15 soccer clubs were used; brazilian national (BN), brazilian regional (BR), and italian national (IN). Five categories where used to analyze the soccer offensive actions: "number of players involved" (NJ), "ball touches" (NT), "passes" (NP), "corridor changes" (NTC), and "duration of ball possession" (TRA); the results were coded using Match Vision Studio® software. The BN presented higher values in all five offensive categories (p < 0.05) when compared to the IN. Multinomial regression evidenced relative contributions of NJ and NP on the chances of results in the BN. The increase of one player involved in the offensive action decreases by 84% the chances of "total success" with respect to "unsuccessful" (p < 0.05). The performance of each additional pass increases 4.9 times the chance of the play ending in "total success" and 4.7 times (p < 0.05) in "partial success" when compared to the "unsuccessful" category. The NJ in the action and the NP have a direct influence on the outcome of the offensive actions of the BN.

RESUMO O estudo examinou ações táticas ofensivas realizadas por jogadores de futebol sub-15 em diferentes contextos competitivos. Foram analisados 34 jogos disputados por clubes sub-15 de três diferentes contextos competitivos, sendo estes: brasileiro nacional (BN), brasileiro regional (BR) e italiano nacional (IN). Cinco categorias foram utilizadas para analisar as ações futebolísticas ofensivas: "número de jogadores envolvidos" (NJ), "toques sobre a bola" (NT), "passes" (NP), "mudanças de corredor" (NTC) e "duração da posse de bola". "(TRA); os resultados foram codificados usando o software Match Vision Studio®. O BN apresentou valores maiores nas cinco categorias ofensivas (p <0,05) quando comparado ao IN. A regressão multinominal evidenciou contribuições relativas de NJ e NP nas chances de resultados no BN. O aumento de um jogador envolvido na ação ofensiva diminuiu em 84% as chances de "êxito total" em relação a "sem êxito" (p <0,05). O desempenho de cada passe adicional aumentou em 4,9 vezes a chance da jogada terminar em "êxito total" e 4,7 vezes (p <0,05) em "êxito parcial" quando comparado à categoria "sem êxito". O NJ na ação e o NP tiveram influência direta no resultado das ações ofensivas do BN.

Effects of inclusion of proprioception training in the recovery of adults submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review / Efeitos da inclusão do treinamento de propriocepção na recuperação de adultos submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is an injury in young adults, triggering undesirable neuromuscular effects. A rehabilitation program is structured with exercises that aid in intensive care training, and proprioceptive training has been proposed as one of the training/rehabilitation methods in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Thus, this study aimed to analyze, through a systematic literature review, the effects of including proprioceptive training on different outcomes (stability/balance, proprioception, strength, functional capacity, coordination) after ACL reconstruction surgery in young adults. The search of the articles included studies in the last ten years, being a search conducted in November 2018. Searches were conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed and Science Direct with a following search methodology: (("Proprioception" [Mesh] ) OR "Proprioception" [Word Text]) AND ("Anterior Cruciate Ligament" [Mesh] OR "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction" [Mesh] OR "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury" [Mesh]). Six studies were selected for the analysis and the results obtained there is insufficient scientific evidence showing the positive effects of training in proprioceptive training after ACL reconstruction in adults, in view of a shortage of studies, such as discrepancies in findings, without time of intervention and in the tests contracted in the analysis of the variables.

RESUMO A ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) é a lesão de joelho mais frenquente em adultos jovens, desencadeando consequências neuromusculares indesejáveis. Um programa de reabilitação bem estruturado com exercícios que ajudem a minimizar os efeitos deletérios dessas consequências são necessários, e o treinamento proprioceptivo tem sido proposto como um dos métodos de treinamento/reabilitação em pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do LCA. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar por meio de revisão sistemática de literatura os efeitos da inclusão do treinamento proprioceptivo sobre diferentes desfechos (estabilidade/equilíbrio, propriocepção, força, capacidade funcional, coordenação) após cirurgia de reconstrução de LCA em adultos jovens. A busca dos artigos incluiu estudos produzidos nos últimos dez anos, sendo a busca realizada no mês de novembro de 2018. Foram conduzidas buscas nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed e Science Direct com a seguinte estratégia de busca: (("Proprioception"[Mesh] OR "Proprioception"[Text Word])) AND ("Anterior Cruciate Ligament"[Mesh] OR "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction"[Mesh] OR "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries"[Mesh]). Seis estudos foram selecionados para análise e os resultados mostraram que não há evidencias científicas suficientes que mostrem os efeitos positivos da inclusão do treinamento proprioceptivo após cirurgia de reconstrução de LCA em adultos, tendo em vista a escassez de estudos, as discrepâncias nos achados, no tempo de intervenção e nos testes utilizados nas análises das variáveis.

Prediction of cardiorrespiratory fitness by screen time in schoolchildrens / Predição de aptidão cardiorrespiratória por meio do tempo tela em escolares

ABSTRACT The time spent in front of the screens, results in accumulations of sedentary behavior, which is related to health damages to adolescents, such as a low cardiorespiratory fitness. In this sense, this study aimed to predict cardiorespiratory fitness through screen time in schoolchildren. Cross-sectional study, as a sample composed of 2.764, of which 1.370 boys and 1.394 girls between 10 and 18 years old were the public school system of Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil The self-report questionnaire was used to estimate screen time (ST) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) was estimated using the 20-meter multi-stage test, and to verify the predictive power of the screen time in relation to CF, the Roc curve was used. The results showed that screen time was considered a good predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (weekdays, weekends and all week), and in general (boys and girls) only for weekdays (Monday to Friday). In the survey, the screen time cut-off for boys on weekdays was 137 minutes (CI: 65-43), at weekends of 165 minutes (58-51) and general of 156 minutes (64-45). For the general sample (girls and boys), the cut bridge on weekdays was 142 minytes (64-44). For the girls the screen time had no predictive power (CI> 0.50) and consequently the cut-off point was not verified. Thus, it can be concluded that the screen time in boys and in general (only weekdays) was able to predict cardiorespiratory fitness and that this variable of easy application can be an important tool to predict CF in the school environment.

RESUMO O tempo gasto em frente à telas, resulta em acúmulo de comportamento sedentário, o qual está relacionado com malefícios a saúde dos adolescentes, tais como uma baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Nesse sentido esse estudo teve por objetico predizer a aptidão cardiorrespiratória por meio do tempo de tela em escolares. Estudo transversal, como amostra composta por 2.764, sendo 1.370 meninos e 1.394 meninas entre 10 e 18 anos rede pública de ensino de Paranavaí, Paraná. O questionário de autorrelato foi utilizados para estimar o de tempo de tela (TL), e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) foi estimada por meio do teste de 20 metros multiestágios. Para verificar o poder preditivo do tempo de tela em relação a ACR, a Curva Roc foi utilizada. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de tela foi considerado um bom preditor de aptidão cardiorrespiratória em meninos (dias de semana, fins de semana e semana toda), e de modo geral (meninos e meninas) apenas para os dias de semana. Na pesquisa, o ponte de corte de tempo de tela para meninos em dias de semana foi de 137 minutos (IC: 65-43), nos fins de semana de 165 minutos (58-51) e geral de 156 minutos (64-45). Já para a amostra geral (meninas e meninos) o ponte de corte nos dias de semana foi de 142 minutos (64-44). Para as meninas o tempo de tela não teve poder preditivo (IC > 0,50) e consequentemente não foi verificado o ponto de corte. Desse modo, conclui-se que o tempo de tela em meninos e de maneira geral (apenas nos dias de semana) foi capaz de predizer a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e que essa variável de fácil aplicação pode ser um instrumento importante para predizer a ACR no ambiente escolar.

Comparison of different criteria in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in students from paranavaí, paraná / Comparação de diferentes critérios na prevalência de síndrome metabólica em escolares de paranavaí, paraná

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the difference in the proportion of students with metabolic syndrome, diagnosed according to different criteria. Methods: The sample consisted of 241 students (136 boys and 105 girls) aged 10 to 14 years, from public and private schools in Paranavaí, Paraná. We used three distinct diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, considering the presence of at least three of the following risk factors: increased waist circumference, hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and elevated triglycerides. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome found was 1.7% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 0-3.3) for the IDF criterion; 3.3% (95%CI 1.0-5.6) for Cook; and 17.4% (95%CI 12.6-22.3) for Ferranti. Analyzing the criteria in pairs, the agreement between IDF and Cook was 97.5% (k=0.95); between IDF and Ferranti, 83.4% (k=0.67); and between Cook and Ferranti, 85.9% (k=0.72). Onlyone student (0.4%) was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome solely by the IDF criterion, while 34 (14.1%) were diagnosed exclusively by Ferranti. The comparison of the three criteria showed that Ferranti presented the highest proportion of metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), and Cook had a greater proportion than IDF (p<0.001). Conclusions: We found a significant difference in the proportion of metabolic syndrome in the three criteria. The choice of which criterion to use can compromise not only the percentage of metabolic syndrome prevalence but also interfere in strategies of intervention and prevention in children and adolescents with and without metabolic syndrome, respectively.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a diferença na proporção de escolares com síndrome metabólica diagnosticada segundo diferentes critérios. Métodos: Duzentos e quarenta e um escolares (136 meninos e 105meninas), com idade entre dez e 14 anos, das redes pública e privada de Paranavaí, Paraná. Foram utilizados três diferentes critérios para o diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, considerando a presença de, ao menos, três dos seguintes fatores de risco: circunferência de cintura aumentada, hipertensão arterial, hiperglicemia em jejum, baixo nível de HDL-C e triglicerídeos elevado. Resultados: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica encontrada foi de 1,7% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 0-3,3), para o critério de IDF; 3,3% (IC95% 1,0-5,6) em Cook; e 17,4% (IC95% 12,6-22,3) em Ferranti. Na verificação dos critérios em pares, a concordância entre IDF e Cook foi de 97,5% (k=0,95); entre IDF e Ferranti, 83,4% (k=0,67); e entre Cook e Ferranti, 85,9% (k=0,72). Em apenas um aluno (0,4%) a síndrome metabólica foi diagnosticada exclusivamente pelo critério de IDF, e em 34 alunos (14,1%), pelo critério de Ferranti. A comparação entre os três critérios mostrou que o de Ferranti apresentou maior proporção de síndrome metabólica que os demais (p<0,001), e o de Cook maior proporção em relação ao da IDF (p<0,001). Conclusões: Houve diferença significante na proporção de síndrome metabólica nos três critérios. A escolha do critério a ser utilizado pode comprometer não apenas o percentual de prevalência de síndrome metabólica, mas também atrapalhar as estratégias de prevenção e intervenção em crianças e adolescentes com e sem síndrome metabólica, respectivamente.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CRITERIA IN THE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN STUDENTS FROM PARANAVAÍ, PARANÁ.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in the proportion of students with metabolic syndrome, diagnosed according to different criteria. METHODS: The sample consisted of 241 students (136 boys and 105 girls) aged 10 to 14 years, from public and private schools in Paranavaí, Paraná. We used three distinct diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, considering the presence of at least three of the following risk factors: increased waist circumference, hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and elevated triglycerides. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome found was 1.7% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 0-3.3) for the IDF criterion; 3.3% (95%CI 1.0-5.6) for Cook; and 17.4% (95%CI 12.6-22.3) for Ferranti. Analyzing the criteria in pairs, the agreement between IDF and Cook was 97.5% (k=0.95); between IDF and Ferranti, 83.4% (k=0.67); and between Cook and Ferranti, 85.9% (k=0.72). Onlyone student (0.4%) was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome solely by the IDF criterion, while 34 (14.1%) were diagnosed exclusively by Ferranti. The comparison of the three criteria showed that Ferranti presented the highest proportion of metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), and Cook had a greater proportion than IDF (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant difference in the proportion of metabolic syndrome in the three criteria. The choice of which criterion to use can compromise not only the percentage of metabolic syndrome prevalence but also interfere in strategies of intervention and prevention in children and adolescents with and without metabolic syndrome, respectively.

Moderate exercise training since adolescence reduces Walker 256 tumour growth in adult rats.

KEY POINTS: Cancer growth, cell proliferation and cachexia index can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins in adolescence. Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who started exercise training during adolescence did not revert the basal low glycaemia and insulinaemia observed before tumour cell inoculation. The moderate exercise training improved glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity only in rats exercised early in adolescence. The chronic effects of our exercise protocol are be beneficial to prevent cancer cachexia and hold clear potential as a nonpharmacological therapy of insulin sensitization. ABSTRACT: We tested the hypothesis that moderate exercise training, performed early, starting during adolescence or later in life during adulthood, can inhibit tumour cell growth as a result of changes in biometric and metabolic markers. Male rats that were 30 and 70 days old performed a treadmill running protocol over 8 weeks for 3 days week-1 , 44 min day-1 and at 55-65% V̇O2max . After the end of training, a batch of rats was inoculated with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. At 15 days after carcinoma cell inoculation, the tumour was weighed and certain metabolic parameters were evaluated. The data demonstrated that physical performance was better in rats that started exercise training during adolescence according to the final workload and V̇O2max . Early or later moderate exercise training decreased the cachexia index, cell proliferation and tumour growth; however, the effects were more pronounced in rats that exercised during adolescence. Low glycaemia, insulinaemia and tissue insulin sensitivity was not reverted in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who trained during adolescence. Cancer growth can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins during adolescence. In addition, improvement in glucose-insulin homeostasis might be involved in this process.

Moderate Physical Training Ameliorates Cardiovascular Dysfunction Induced by High Fat Diet After Cessation of Training in Adult Rats.

We aimed to test whether moderate physical training can induce long-lasting protection against cardiovascular risk factors induced by high fat diet (HFD) intake, even after cessation of training. 90-days-old Wistar rats were submitted to a sedentary lifestyle or moderate physical training, three times a week, for 30 days. Following this, at 120 days-of age, sedentary and trained rats received a hypercaloric diet (HFD) or a commercial diet normal fat diet (NFD) for 30 days. Body weight (BW) and food intake were evaluated weekly. At 150 days-of age, hemodynamic measures (systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, pulse interval and heart rate) were made via an indwelling femoral artery catheter. Beat-to-beat data were analyzed to calculate power spectra of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse interval. After euthanasia, mesenteric fat pads were removed and weighted and total blood was stored for later analysis of lipid profile. Consumption of a HFD increased blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure, low frequency BP variability, BW gain, fat pad stores and induced dyslipidemia. Interestingly, prior physical training was able to partially protect against this rise in BP and body fat stores. Prior physical training did not totally protect against the effects of HFD consumption but previously trained animals did demonstrate resistance to the development of cardiometabolic alterations, which illustrate that the benefits of physical training may be partially maintained even after 30 days of detraining period.

Tactical efficacy and offensive game processes adopted by Italian and Brazilian youth soccer players

Abstract Aim: To analyze success and failure of offensive sequences and the adopted offensive method in under-15 (U-15) and under-17 (U-17) soccer players. Methods: The sample was composed of 218 offensive sequences performed by U-15 and U-17 players selected from 28 matches, being 18 matches of an Italian team and 10 matches of a Brazilian team. All offensive sequences which ended in finalization were selected for the analysis. Using observational methodology, an adapted ad hoc observational instrument was built with the variables "number of players involved", "ball touches", "passing", "duration", and "corridor changes". Next, offensive actions were classified into three offensive game methods: counter-attack, quick attack, and positional attack. Results: Results revealed that teams which use positional attack expend more time constructing an offensive play, involve extra players, and change the ball corridor more often during offensive actions when compared to counter-attack and quick attack (p<0.01). Moreover, offensive efficacy did not present an association with the offensive method employed (X2=0.47; p=0.78). Sequences that finished in success presented significantly higher values of the number of touches (p=0.02), passes (p=0.003), and duration (p=0.01) in comparison to failure. Conclusion: The findings suggest that all offensive methods adopted can be used to reach success during a game of U-15 and U-17 soccer players.

Análise das sequencias táticas ofensivas das categorias sub-15 e sub-17 de um clube profissional de futebol brasileiro / Offensive tactical sequences analysis of u-15 and u-17 categories of a professional brazilian football club / Análisis de las secuencias tácticas ofensivas de categorias sub- 15 y sub-17 de un club profesional de fútbol brasileño

O estudo investigou as sequências táticas ofensivas das categorias sub-15 e sub-17 de um clube de futebol profissional. A análise de 147 sequências foi feita por meio do software Match Vision Studio Premium®, utilizando as variáveis propostas por Garganta (1997) e Almeida (2010). Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas nos comportamentos táticos das duas categorias. Foram verificadas correlações significativas entre o tempo de realização do ataque e o número de passes, número de jogadores, número de contatos com a bola e número de trocas de corredores (r > 0,81). Os resultados sugerem que há coerência do clube quanto às ideias de jogo trabalhadas com as categorias e que o tempo de realização do ataque está relacionado com o modelo de jogo destas.

The study investigated the offensive tactical sequences of the under-15 and under-17 categories of a professional football club. The analysis of 147 sequences was done through the software Match Vision Studio Premium®, using the variables proposed by Garganta (1997) and Almeida (2010). No significant differences were identified in tactical behaviors of the two categories. Significant correlations were verified between the time duration of attack and the number of passes, number of players, number of contacts with the ball and number of corridor changes (r > 0.81). The results suggest that there is coherence of the club regarding the game ideas worked with the categories and that time duration of attack is related to their game model.

El estudio investigó las secuencias tácticas ofensivas de las categorías sub-15 y sub-17 de un club de fútbol profesional. El análisis de 147 secuencias fue realizado por medio del software Match Vision Studio Premium®, utilizando las variables propuestas por Garganta (1997) y Almeida (2010). No se identificaron diferencias significativas en los comportamientos tácticos de las dos categorías. Se verificaron correlaciones significativas entre el tiempo de realización del ataque y el número de pases, número de jugadores, número de contactos con la bola y número de cambios de corredores (r> 0,81). Los resultados sugieren que hay coherencia del club en cuanto a las ideas de juego trabajadas con las categorías y qué tiempo de realización del ataque está relacionado con el modelo de juego de estas.

Relationship Between Tactical Performance, Somatic Maturity and Functional Capabilities in Young Soccer Players.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between tactical performance, somatic maturity, and functional capabilities in young soccer players. Study participants were 48 soccer players (14.80 ± 1.5 years) belonging to an extension project at the State University of Maringa - Brazil. Anthropometric measurements of body mass, body height, and sitting height were carried out. The number of years to peak height velocity (PHV) was used as an index of maturation. Evaluations of functional fitness included the following tests: sit-and-reach, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, handgrip test, modified abdominal test, and vertical jumps (Counter Movement Jump and Jump Squat). Tactical performance was assessed through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Multiple Linear Regression models were used to estimate the relative contributions of functional and maturational capacities to tactical performance. The results indicated weak associations between the tactical performance indices and somatic maturity, functional capacity, and anthropometric attributes (r < 0.40). The Yo-Yo Test contributed to 36% of the defensive tactic performance variation in the under 13 category. These results suggest that the level of maturity, growth status, and functional fitness have limited impact on tactical performance of young soccer players.

Proposta de classificação multidimensional do desempenho de jovens futebolistas / Proposal of multidimensional performance rating of young soccer players

O talento esportivo no futebol é determinado pela inter-relação de qualidades como a eficácia no desempenho de capacidades funcionais, a manutenção de um amplo repertório motor específico, a inteligência na tomada de decisão, o controle emocional sob a pressão imposta, entre outras. O objetivo do presente estudo foi propor um modelo de classificação multidimensional constituído por testes e instrumentos amplamente utilizados na área, que são de fácil aplicação e interpretação e permitem a quantificação do rendimento global de futebolistas em formação, abrangendo indicadores em quatro dimensões. Foram empregados testes específicos que avaliaram o desempenho técnico, tático, físico e psicológico dos jogadores. Para classificação destes, foram verificados os valores mínimos (pior desempenho), máximos (melhor desempenho) e a diferença entre estes em cada variável avaliada dentro das dimensões. O escore individual (EI) foi apresentado em uma escala de 0 a 100 pontos, que equivale a variação percentual do pior e melhor desempenho dentro do grupo. Por meio deste foram determinados também o escore dimensão (ED) e o escore global (EG). A proposta apresentada neste estudo mostrou-se eficaz para quantificar o rendimento esportivo individual nas variáveis avaliadas, bem como classificar o desempenho global com base no grupo em que o jogador está inserido, considerando seu conhecimento tático, desempenho físico, habilidades técnicas e perfil psicológico como indicadores. As informações disponibilizadas pelo instrumento são de grande relevância para o acompanhamento e intervenção no futebol, podendo também ser transferidas para outras modalidades esportivas...(AU)

Sports talent in soccer is determined by the combination of qualities as the effectiveness in performance of functional abilities, the maintenance of a broad specific motor repertoire, the intelligence in decision-making, the emotional control under pressure imposed, among others. The objective of the present study was to propose a multidimensional classification model consisting of tests and instruments widely used in the area, which are easy to apply and interpret and allow the quantification of the overall performance of soccer players in training, covering indicators in four dimensions. Specific tests were used to evaluate the players' technical, tactical, physical and psychological performance. In the classification of these, the minimum values (worst performance), maximum values (best performance) and the difference between them in each variable evaluated within the dimensions were verified. The individual score (EI) was presented on a scale of 0 to 100 points, which is the percentage variation of the worst and best performance within the group. Through this, the dimension score (ED) and the overall score (EG) were also determined. The proposal presented in this study was effective in quantifying the individual sport performance in evaluated variables, as well as classifying the overall performance based on the group in which the player is inserted, considering his tactical knowledge, physical performance, technical skills and psychological profile as indicators. The information provided by the instrument is relevant for monitoring and intervention in soccer, and can also be transferred to other sports...(AU)

Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats.

Aerobic exercise training can improve insulin sensitivity in many tissues; however, the relationship among exercise, insulin, and cancer cell growth is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training begun during adolescence can attenuate Walker 256 tumor growth in adult rats and alter insulin secretion. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats engaged in treadmill running for 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 44 min/day, at 55-65% VO2max until they were 90 days old (TC, Trained Control). An equivalently aged group was kept inactive during the same period (SC, Sedentary Control). Then, half the animals of the SC and TC groups were reserved as the control condition and the other half were inoculated with Walker 256 cancer cells, yielding two additional groups (Sedentary Walker and Trained Walker). Zero mortalities were observed in tumor-bearing rats. Body weight (BW), food intake, plasma glucose, insulin levels, and peripheral insulin sensitivity were analyzed before and after tumor cell inoculation. We also evaluated tumor growth, metastasis and cachexia. Isolated pancreatic islets secretory activity was analyzed. In addition, we evaluated mechanic sensibility. Our results showed improved physical performance according to the final workload and VO2max and reduced BW in trained rats at the end of the running protocol. Chronic adaptation to the aerobic exercise training decreased tumor weight, cachexia and metastasis and were associated with low glucose and insulin levels and high insulin sensitivity before and after tumor cell inoculation. Aerobic exercise started at young age also reduced pancreatic islet insulin content and insulin secretion in response to a glucose stimulus, without impairing islet morphology in trained rats. Walker 256 tumor-bearing sedentary rats also presented reduced pancreatic islet insulin content, without changing insulin secretion through isolated pancreatic islets. The mechanical sensitivity test indicated that aerobic exercise training did not cause injury or trigger inflammatory processes prior to tumor cell inoculation. Taken together, the current study suggests that aerobic exercise training applied during adolescence may mitigate tumor growth and related disorders in Walker 256 tumor-bearing adult rats. Improved insulin sensibility, lower glucose and insulin levels and/or reduced insulin secretion stimulated by glucose may be implicated in this tumor attenuation.

Nível de atividade física e apoio social dos pais e amigos em escolares da rede pública / Level of physical activity and social support of parents and friends in schools of the public network

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre apoio social e nível de atividade física em escolares. Pesquisa com delineamento transversal, caracterizou-se como censo escolar, visto que envolveu toda população escolar do Ensino Fundamental II e Médio, de 10 a 18 anos de idade, de oito escolas públicas existentes na cidade de Paranavaí, Paraná (n= 2.759, 14, 3 ± 3,3 anos, 50,5% meninas e 49,5% meninos. O nível de atividade física foi analisado por uma adaptação do questionário Self Administered Physical Activity Checklist, e o ponto de corte para inadequação do nível de atividade física foi <300 minutos por semana. O apoio social de pais e amigos para a prática de atividade física foi avaliado por meio da escala de Apoio Social para Atividade Física em Adolescentes (ASAFA), sendo considerado como inadequado quando das respostas foram nunca e raramente. As análises estatísticas foram feitas por meio do Statistical Package for a Social Science (SPSS), versão 20.0, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que escolares com apoio social inadequado dos pais, dos amigos ou de ambos, possuíam, respectivamente, 2,0 (IC95%: 1,6-2,6), 1,5 (IC95%: 1,2-2,9) e 1,6 (IC95%: 1,2-2,1) mais de chances de serem insuficientes ativos em relação aos que tinham o apoio social adequado. Existe associação entre nível de atividade física e apoio social de pais e amigos em escolares da rede pública de ensino. Nesse sentido, sugere-se às escolas que sejam desenvolvidas iniciativas para conscientização de pais e amigos quanto a sua importância com vistas à adoção da prática de atividade física em adolescentes.

The study aimed to verify the existence of an association between social support and level of physical activity in schoolchildren. A cross-sectional survey was characterized as a school census, since it involved all the school population of primary and secondary education from 10 to 18 years old from eight public schools in the city of Paranavai, Paraná(n= 2.759, 14,3 ± 3.3 years, 50.5% girls and 49.5% boys). The level of physical activity was analyzed by an adaptation of the Self Administered Physical Activity Checklist, and the cut-off point for inadequate level of physical activity was <300 min per week. The social support of parents and friends for the practice of physical activity was evaluated through the Social Support for Physical Activity in Adolescents (ASAFA) scale, being considered as inadequate when the answers were never and rarely. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0, considering p<0.05. The results show that students with inadequate social support from parents, friends or both had, 2.0 (95%CI: 1.6-2.6), 1.5 (95%CI: 1.2-2.9) and 1.6 (95%CI: 1.2-2.1) more chances to be insufficient active compared to those who have adequate support. There is an association between level of physical activity and social support of parents and friends in schoolchildren. In this sense, it is suggested that schools develop initiatives to raise awareness of parents and friends regarding their importance in order to adopt the practice of physical activity in adolescents.