[Review and prospects of pesticide use and residues in cultivation of medicinal and food homologous substances].

As people's living standards and awareness of health care are increasing in recent years, the demand for the medicinal and food homologous substances is rising. Promoting the healthy development of this industry to meet people's growing demand and popularizing the TCM concept of preventive treatment of diseases are essential for building a healthy China. The abuse of pesticides by some growers in the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits causes serious pesticide residue, which affects the safety and effectiveness of the medicinal and food homologous substances. Since pesticide residues has received increasing attention, the reasonable control of pesticide residues becomes an important part of the research on these herbs, which, however, is rarely studied. This paper reviewed the publications involving pesticide residues in the cultivation of medicinal and food homologous substances that were published in the last two decades, and put forward the problems faced by the cultivation. According to the current situation of this industry, this paper proposed the management suggestions for the control of pesticide residues in the cultivation. This review will provide the government with data and references for formulating relevant policies and standards to promote the high-quality development of the industry of medicinal and food homologous substances and guarantee the development of TCM and the building of a healthy China.

Monitoring pesticide residues in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: Occurrence, quality, and risk evaluations.

The Al-Qassim region, a prominent agricultural hub in Saudi Arabia, significantly contributes to the national production of vegetables and fruits. This study validated the standard EN-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 90 multiple pesticide residues in three categories of peppers: green bell, green hot and red chilli peppers. Validation criteria, including linearity range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), were within the acceptance range of the SANTE/11312/2021 guideline. The validated method was then used to analyse 536 pepper samples collected in 2023 from the Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The analysis of 536 pepper samples revealed that 394 samples (73.51 %) contained pesticide residues, with 126 (23.51 %) exceeding the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). The most frequently identified pesticide was imidacloprid (171 samples, 31.9 %) and acetamiprid (94 samples, 17.54 %), followed by bifenazate and difenoconazole, which were each detected in 66 samples (12.31 %). Among the remaining 32 pesticides, 24 were detected in 1%-10 % of the samples, whereas 8 were detected in <1 %. The 36 pesticides detected were classified into 14 insecticides (38.9 %), 14 fungicides (38.9 %) and 8 acaricides (22.2 %). Notably, the overall detection rate of the pesticides was relatively higher in red chilli peppers (232 %) compared with bell peppers (165 %), followed by green hot peppers (132 %). Red chilli peppers also showed the highest residue concentrations of various pesticides. Neonicotinoids and triazoles exhibited the highest detection rates in this study. The residue quality index (IqR) of the samples analysed fell into the categories excellent (26.49 %), good (31.72 %), and adequate (14.06 %), with 28.73 % of the samples deemed inadequate. Long-term dietary exposure was examined for adults and children. This study highlights the crucial role of continual observation in defending public health and securing the trade standardisation and safety.

Emulsifying properties of cellulose nanocrystals with different structures and morphologies from various solanaceous vegetable residues.

The stems of solanaceous vegetables with attractive source of cellulose, have caused severe environmental problems as agricultural residues. For the reutilization of the residues, this study isolated cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) from the stems of tomato, eggplant, and pepper to explore their applications in Pickering emulsions. Detailed analyses of the crystalline structure and morphology revealed differences in their emulsifying properties. Tomato stem CNs had higher crystallinity of 82.1 % and a short, straight rod-like shape with a low aspect ratio of 8.0, while eggplant and pepper CNs were long, curved whisker-like fibers with lower crystallinities of 75.3 % and 75.4 %, respectively. Tomato stem CNs exhibited the best emulsifying properties, attributed to their relatively higher crystallinity and larger crystal brick size enhancing amphiphilicity, along with their lower aspect ratio improving interface coverage, which resulted in stable emulsions across different temperatures, pH levels, and ionic strengths. This study enhances our understanding of how the structure and morphology of CNs influence their emulsifying properties, thereby contributing to the promotion of agricultural waste reutilization.

Analysis of the regulations concerning circular economy and its relationship to the reduction of food loss and waste on an international level: A review.

The term food loss and waste (FLW) refers to discarded food during the different stages of the food chain. Food loss occurs during the initial stages of the food chain, and food waste occurs during the final stages. The relation between FLW and circular economy (CE) is particularly important for countries which are beginning to implement actions or regulations on this topic. These proposals may have an impact in strategic sectors of their economy. The objective of this review document was to analyse the regulations of FLW and CE in some countries located throughout the European Union, Asia, Africa and Latin America. To fulfil this objective, FLW and CE regulations were identified and analysed in 12 countries located in the aforementioned regions. The analysis showed that France, Spain, Japan and Uruguay included objectives related to FLW in their CE legislations focusing on food waste reduction, whereas China, Chile, Argentina and Mexico did not include FLW in their CE legislations. African countries did not have CE legislations in place yet. France and Japan have had more success in the reduction of FLW. In conclusion, CE regulation should include FLW regulation to achieve more efficiency at reducing and reusing these residues.

Two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets coated solid-phase microextraction Arrow coupled with UPLC-Q-ToF-MS for the determination of three veterinary residues in milk and pork.

This study presents a method utilizing solid-phase microextraction Arrow (SPME Arrow) combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for the selective detection of three veterinary drugs-thiabendazole, sulfamethazine, and clenbuterol-in milk and pork. Two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets (2D-MOFs) were employed as coating materials for the SPME Arrow. Three types of 2D-MOFs (Ni, Mn, and Co based) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and a physical adsorption analyzer. The 2D-MOF coatings were fabricated using the electrospinning technique, with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) serving as the binder. Comparative analysis of the three 2D-MOF coatings revealed that 2D-Ni-MOF was the optimal coating material for the SPME Arrow. Optimization of the coating preparation conditions and SPME procedures included determining the optimal mass ratio of 2D-Ni-MOF to PAN, electrospinning time, and extraction and desorption parameters. Equilibrium extraction was achieved within 60 min, and desorption was completed within 30 min. Subsequently, the 2D-Ni-MOF-SPME Arrow-UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was established and validated under optimal conditions, demonstrating high precision with inter-day precision ranging from 3.8 % to 9.5 % and intra-day precision ranging from 5.1 % to 11.5 %. The reusability study indicated that the extraction performance of the new SPME Arrow remained consistent after 90 adsorption-desorption cycles. The method exhibited linearity in milk and pork over the ranges of 0.002-5 µg L-1 and 0.01-5 µg L-1, respectively. The detection limits in milk and pork were 0.001-0.004 µg L-1 and 0.003-0.007 µg L-1, respectively. This method demonstrated excellent applicability for determining residues of the three veterinary drugs in milk and pork.

A semiconductor SERS sensor of corrosion-resistant PPy/GO composite film by electrochemical growth for detecting crystal violet residues in fresh fish tissue.

Crystal violet (CV) residues in Marine food have produced a severe health threat in human life. In this study, we proposed a semiconductor surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor of corrosion-resistant Polyaniline/Graphene oxide (PPy/GO) film by electrochemical growth method to detect CV residues in fresh fish tissue. A PPy/GO dispersion solution was one-step deposited on a stainless steel sheet surface by electrochemical polymerization process to form a PPy/GO composite film acting as a semiconductor SERS substrate. Since the substrate of PPy/GO film was mainly composed of GO sheet without other metals, it had a good corrosion resistance. The SERS enhancement factor and charge transfer intensity PCT of PPy/Go SERS substrate for CV molecules were up to 1.18 × 106 and 0.903, respectively. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) of PPy/GO SERS substrate could reach 1.58 nM. In addition, SERS sensor of PPy/GO film could identify CV residues in fresh fish tissues, and its recovery rate was 91.8 %-107 %. This preparing method and detecting method we proposed PPy/GO SERS substrate provide a new pathway for detecting CV residues in Marine food.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production for food packaging from biomass derived carbohydrates by cupriavidus necator DSM 545.

The extensive utilization of conventional plastics has resulted in a concerning surge in waste. A potential solution lies in biodegradable polymers mostly derived from renewable sources. Cupriavidus necator DSM 545 is a microorganism capable, under stress conditions, of intracellularly accumulating Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a bio-polyester. This study aimed to identify optimal conditions to maximize the intracellular accumulation of PHB and its global production using natural media obtained by processing lignocellulosic residues of cardoon, a low-cost feedstock. An intracellular PHB accumulation was observed in all of the tested media, indicating a metabolic stress induced by the lack of macronutrients. Increasing C/N ratios led to a significant decrease in cellular biomass and PHB production. Furthermore C. necator DSM 545 was incapable of consuming more than 25 g/L of supplied monosaccharides. Surprisingly, in the samples supplied with 60 % of the pentose-rich liquid fraction, complete consumption of xylose was observed. This result was also confirmed by subsequent tests using Medium 1 growth media containing xylose as the sole carbon source. Using a diluted medium with a C/N ratio of 5, a PHB production of 5.84 g/L and intracellular PHB accumulation of 77 % w/w were respectively achieved. Finally, comparative shelf-life tests conducted against conventional pre-packaging materials in PP suggested that PHB films performed similarly in preserve ready-to-eat products.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residues of Colistin Following Intravenous, and Single and Repeated Oral Dosing in Domestic Geese (anser anser domesticus).

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is a member of the polymyxin group of antibiotics. It is approved in Europe to treat enteric infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, in poultry, although the similarity of infections between species make it likely used off-label in geese as well.This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of colistin in geese through in vivo experiments. The study involved longitudinal open studies on 16 healthy adult male geese, divided into three phases separated by one-month washout period. Geese were administered colistin via intravenous (IV, 1mg/kg), single oral (PO, 30mg/kg), and multiple oral (SID, 2.5mg/kg for five consecutive days) routes, with blood samples drawn at specific intervals. Tissue samples were also collected at pre-assigned times for subsequent analysis. Colistin levels in geese plasma were quantified using a fully validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. Plasma concentrations could be quantified up to 24hr for the single PO (n= 2) and IV (n= 4) routes, and up to 10hr (n= 6) from the last dose administered for the multiple PO route (n=6). The bioavailability was significantly low, averaging 3%. The terminal half-life in geese was 2.18hr following IV administration, similar to values found in other avian species. Following IV administration, clearance and volume of distribution values were 0.11mL⋅hr⁻¹â‹…g⁻¹ and 0.41mL⋅g⁻¹, respectively. The body extraction ratio was low at 0.2%, indicating minimal hepatic and renal elimination of colistin. Multiple oral doses showed no plasma accumulation, and tissue levels consistently remained below the maximum residue limit (MRL) set for food-producing animals. This study highlights the minimal systemic bioavailability and tissue penetration of colistin in geese, consistent with findings in other poultry and mammals. Future research should focus on intestinal colistin content in geese to optimize dosing strategies and minimize anti-microbial resistance.

A disulfide bond mutant of Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae κ-carrageenase conferred improved thermostability and catalytic activity and facilitated its utilization in κ-carrageenan industrial waste residues recycling.

In this study, Discovery Studio was employed to predict the potential disulfide bond mutants of the catalytic domain of Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae κ-carrageenase to improve the catalytic activity and thermal stability. The mutant N205C-G239C was identified with significantly increased catalytic activity toward κ-carrageenan substrate, with activity 4.28 times that of WT. The optimal temperature of N205C-G239C was 55 °C, 15 °C higher than that of WT. For N205C-G239C, the t1/2 value at 50 °C was 52 min, 1.41 times that of WT. The microstructural analysis revealed that the introduced disulfide bond N205C-G239C could create a unique catalytic environment by promoting favorable interactions with κ-neocarratetraose. This interaction impacted various aspects such as product release, water molecule network, thermodynamic equilibrium, and tunnel size. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the introduced disulfide bond enhanced the overall structure rigidity of N205C-G239C. The results of substrate tunnel analysis showed that the mutation led to the widening of the substrate tunnel. The above structure changes could be the possible reasons responsible for the simultaneous enhancement of the catalytic activity and thermal stability of mutant N205C-G239C. Finally, N205C-G239C exhibited the effective hydrolysis of the κ-carrageenan industrial waste residues, contributing to the recycling of the oligosaccharides and perlite.

Role of coal ash morphology and composition in delivery and transport of trace metals in the aquatic environment.

Fly ash is predominately the inorganic byproduct of coal combustion for electrical power generation. It is composed of aluminosilicates with Fe, Mg, K, and Ca forming submicron to 100 µm spheres and amorphous particles. During combustion trace elements are incorporated into the heterogenous fine particles that can pose risks to the environment and human health. This study combines optical, rock magnetic, and geochemical analyses of fly ash originating from Appalachian coal to develop an integrated suite of environmental coal ash tracers. The non-magnetic portion of power plant fly ash has higher abundance of clear spheres and clear amorphous particles, combined with enrichment of As, B, Th, Ba, Li, Se, Cd, Pb, and Tl. The magnetic fraction is enriched in opaque and orange spheres and Cu, U, V, Mo, Cr, Ni, and Co. Plerospheres occur in either fraction. We investigated ash-bearing fluvial sediment from Emory-Clinch River system that was impacted by the instantaneous TVA spill in 2008 and Hyco Lake in North Carolina that was contaminated by chronic releases of fly ash since 1964. Five years after the TVA spill, most ash in the riverbed reflects one population with trace element concentrations proportional to percent total ash. This relationship does not hold for As and Se, volatile elements associated with the outer surface of clear spheres, which are affected by river transport. At Hyco Lake, small clear and opaque spheres correlate with trace elements released from storage ponds. The combination of trace elements, fly ash morphology and rock magnetism provides a powerful set of tools to assess the distribution of ash and potential impact on the environment. We conclude that dispersal of fly ash to the aquatic environment, especially small clear and opaque spheres, should be avoided in favor of dry landfills.

Selective increase of antibiotic-resistant denitrifiers drives N2O production in ciprofloxacin-contaminated soils.

Agricultural systems significantly contribute to global N2O emissions, which is intensified by excessive fertilization and antibiotic residues, attracting global concerns. However, the dynamics and pathways of antibiotics-induced soil N2O production coupled with microbial metabolism remain controversial. Here, we explored the pathways of N2O production in agricultural soils exposed to ciprofloxacin (CIP), and revealed the underlying mechanisms of CIP degradation and the associated microbial metabolisms using 15N-isotope labeling and molecular techniques. CIP exposure significantly increases the total soil N2O production rate. This is attributed to an unexpected shift from heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification to denitrification and an increased abundance of denitrifiers Methylobacillus members under CIP exposure. The most striking strain M. flagellatus KT is further discovered to harbor N2O-producing genes but lacks a N2O-reducing gene, thereby stimulating denitrification-based N2O production. Moreover, this denitrifying strain is probably capable of utilizing the byproducts of CIP as carbon sources, evidenced by genes associated with CIP resistance and degradation. Molecular docking further shows that CIP is well ordered in the catalytic active site of CotA laccase, thus affirming the potential for this strain to degrade CIP. These findings advance the mechanistic insights into N2O production within terrestrial ecosystems coupled with the organic contaminants degradation.

Effects of brewery by-products on growth performance, bioconversion efficiency, nutritional profile, and microbiota and mycobiota of black soldier fly larvae.

Brewery by-products are recognised as suitable rearing substrates for Hermetia illucens, better known as black soldier fly (BSF) but information about the impact of different ratios of brewer's spent grains (BSG) and brewer's spent yeast (BSY) are still scarce. This study evaluated the effects of BSG-BSY-based diets on BSF larval growth, survival, bioconversion efficiency, nutritional profile, and microbiota and mycobiota. A total of 3 000 6-day-old BSF larvae were allotted to five dietary treatments (six replicate boxes/diet, 100 larvae/box): (i) BSY2.5 (25 g/kg of BSY+975 g/kg of BSG), (ii) BSY5 (50 g/kg of BSY+950 g/kg of BSG), (iii) BSY7.5 (75 g/kg of BSY+925 g/kg of BSG), (iv) BSY10 (100 g/kg of BSY+900 g/kg of BSG), and (v) control (Gainesville diet). Larval weight and substrate pH were recorded every 4 days. At the end of the trial (5% of prepupae), bioconversion efficiency corrected for residue (BER), reduction rate (RR), and waste reduction index (WRI) were calculated, and the larval proximate composition, microbiota and mycobiota characterised. At 10 and 14 days of age, BSY7.5 and BSY10 larvae displayed higher weight than BSY2.5 and BSY5 (P < 0.05), with BSY10 larvae showing the highest weight among the BSG-BSY-based diets at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The BSY7.5 and BSY10 larvae also displayed a better BER than BSY2.5 and BSY5 (P < 0.01), whereas similar RR, WRI, survival and development time, as well as pH, were, however, observed among the BSG-BSY-based diets (P > 0.05). The BSY10 larvae displayed lower ether extract content than the other BSG-BSY-based diets (P > 0.001). The use of BSG-BSY-based diets did not influence the alpha diversity of larval microbiota and mycobiota (P > 0.05), but a specific microbial signature was identified per each dietary treatment (Porphyromonadaceae [BSY5], Sphingomonas [BSY7.5], Bacillus [BSY10] and Ruminococcus and Myroides [BSG-BSY-based diets]; P < 0.05). Co-occurrence and co-exclusion analysis also showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia excluded and favoured, respectively, the presence of Streptomyces and Fluviicola, while Clavispora lusitaniae was associated with Myroides (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSG-BSY-based diets are suitable for rearing HI in terms of larval performance, nutritional profile, and microbiota and mycobiota, with 7.5 and 10% of BSY inclusion levels being able to improve larval growth and bioconversion efficiency.

Cassava bagasse starch and oregano essential oil as a potential active food packaging material: A physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial study.

This research evaluates the use of cassava bagasse starch and oregano essential oil (OEO) in an active film. For comparison, films of cassava starch (CS) and cassava bagasse starch (BS) were prepared with OEO at 1, 2, and 3 %. Physical, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were determined. BS films presented higher thickness, WVP, ΔE, modulus of elasticity, and maximum stress, but lower strain at break compared to CS films. Adding OEO into the films increased their thickness, moisture, solubility, WVP and strain at break. However, maximum stress, modulus of elasticity, and T dmax decreased. The CS films added with 3 % of OEO showed higher WVP (6.32 × 10-14 kg m/m2.s.Pa), intermediate solubility of 39 % and low maximum stress (0.19 MPa) while the BS film with 3 % of OEO presented 5.73 × 10-14 kg m/m2.s.Pa, 30 % and 0.39 MPa, respectively. The increase from 1 % to 3 % of OEO increased the total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of the films by 1.3-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively. The incorporation of 3 % OEO in the films inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, BS and OEO films offer a promising solution as biodegradable active food packaging, providing a more sustainable alternative to traditional non-biodegradable plastic packaging.

Parametric studies on energy utilization of the Chinese medicine residues: Preparation and properties of densified pellet.

The depletion of fossil fuels has fueled an increased interest in biomass resources usage for heat and electricity generation. As an important biomass resource, Chinese medicine residues have great potential in substituting fossil fuels. However, that is basically limited by its poor properties, including low bulk density, high moisture content, and inhomogeneous structure. Herein, a safe and sustainable strategy was reported to prepare a high-quality densified pellet derived from Chinese medicine residues to address these worries. In this process, mixed and simple size materials were densified under various moisture content and pressure using a laboratory electronic tablet press machine equipped a single pellet mold. Results showed that higher pressure, ideal moisture content (∼6.5 %), and mixed particle size could densify better quality pellets. These findings pave the way for the safely and efficient resource utilization of Chinese medicine residues, as well as providing theoretical guidance and technical support for the household heating.

High throughput detection of veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs.

Co-extraction of multiple types of target substances is the key to achieve high throughput detection. In this work, PDA@MOF-808/PAN NFsM was prepared by co-modified polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane (PAN NFsM) with polydopamine (PDA) and metal-organic framework-808 (MOF-808), and its potential as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent was investigated by using the most typical nine veterinary drug residues in eggs and chicken as model target substances. The results show that PDA@MOF-808/PAN NFsM could effectively co-extract all the target substances (adsorption efficiency ranged from 81.46 % to 96.78 %), and had good capability of sample matrix purification (matrix effect was lower than -15.26 %), so a new SPE method has been established. Combined with UPLC-MS/MS, the detection limits were 0.3 to 3.1 µg/kg, the recoveries were between 71.02 % and 106.48 %, and the relative standard deviations were lower than 12.03 %, indicating that the method has considerable good sensitivity, accuracy and precision.

Rigidifying Flexible Sites: A Promising Strategy to Improve Thermostability of Lysophospholipase From Pyrococcus abyssi.

High thermostability of the enzymes is one of the distinguishing characteristics that increase their industrial utility. In the current research work, rigidifying the flexible amino acid residues of a lysophospholipase (Pa-LPL) from Pyrococcus abyssi was used as a protein engineering approach to improve its thermostability. A truncated variant of Pa-LPL (t-LPL∆12) was constructed by trimming its 12 amino acid residues (50-61) through overlap extension PCR. The truncated enzyme worked optimally at 65°C and pH 6.5 with remarkable thermostability at 65°C-85°C. In comparison to wild-type Pa-LPL, 5.8 and 1.2-fold increase in half-life (t1/2) of t-LPL∆12 was observed at 65 (optimum temperature) and 95°C, respectively. The activity of t-LPL∆12 was stimulated by 1 mM Cu2+ followed by Ca2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mg2+. Both substrate docking and experimental results indicated that the truncated enzyme could hydrolyze a variety of p-nitrophenyl esters. Km, Vmax, and Kcat for enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate were calculated to be 1 ± 0.087 mM, 1456 ± 36.474 U/mg, and 1.397 × 1011 min-1, respectively. In short, broad substrate specificity and thermostability of t-LPL∆12 are some of the distinctive features that make it an ideal candidate for degumming of vegetable oils.

The C-terminal amino acid motifs of NS1 protein affect the replication and virulence of naturally NS-truncated H1N1 canine influenza virus.

The vast majority of data obtained from sequence analysis of influenza A viruses (IAVs) have revealed that nonstructural 1 (NS1) proteins from H1N1 swine, H3N8 equine, H3N2 avian and the correspondent subtypes from dogs have a conserved four C-terminal amino acid motif when independent cross-species transmission occurs between these species. To test the influence of the C-terminal amino acid motifs of NS1 protein on the replication and virulence of IAVs, we systematically generated 7 recombinants, which carried naturally truncated NS1 proteins, and their last four C-terminal residues were replaced with PEQK and SEQK (for H1N1), EPEV and KPEI (for H3N8) and ESEV and ESEI (for H3N2) IAVs. Another recombinant was generated by removing the C-terminal residues by reverse genetics. Remarkably, the ESEI and KPEI motifs circulating in canines largely contributed efficient replication in cultured cells and these had enhanced virulence. In contrast, the avian ESEV motif was only responsible for high pathogenicity in mice. We examined the effects of these motifs upon interferon (IFN) induction. The 7 mutant viruses replicated in vitro in an IFN-independent manner, and the canine SEQK motif was able to induced higher levels of IFN-ß in human cell lines. These findings shed further new light on the role of the four C-terminal residues in replication and virulence of IAVs and suggest that these motifs can modulate viral replication in a species-specific manner.

Antibiotic residues in the cirata reservoir, Indonesia and their effect on ecology and the selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic residues, their mixture toxicity, and the potential selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria could pose a problem for water use and the ecosystem of reservoirs. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, concentration, distribution, and ecological risks associated with various antibiotics in the Cirata reservoir, Indonesia. In our water and sediment samples, we detected 24 out of the 65 antibiotic residues analyzed, revealing a diverse range of antibiotic classes present. Notably, sulphonamides, diaminopyrimidine, and lincosamides were frequently found in the water, while the sediment predominantly contained tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Most antibiotic classes reached their highest concentrations in the water during the dry season. However, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines showed their highest concentrations in the water during the wet season. Ecotoxicological risk assessments indicated that the impact of most antibiotic residues on aquatic organisms was negligible, except for fluoroquinolones. Looking at the impact on cyanobacteria, however, varying risks were indicated, ranging from medium to critical, with antibiotics like sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and lincomycin posing substantial threats. Among these, ciprofloxacin emerged as the antibiotic with the strongest risk. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones may have the potential to contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The presence of mixtures of antibiotic residues during the wet season significantly impacted species loss, with Potentially Affected Fraction of Species (msPAF) values exceeding 0.75 in almost 90% of locations. However, the impact of mixtures of antibiotic residues in sediment remained consistently low across all locations and seasons. Based on their occurrences and associated risks, 12 priority antibiotic residues were identified for monitoring in the reservoir and its tributaries. Moreover, the study suggests that river inflow serves as the most significant source of antibiotic residues in the reservoir. Further investigations into the relative share attribution of antibiotic sources in the reservoir is recommended to help identify effective interventions.

Organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of shooters 30 min after a discharge.

During the investigation of firearm-related incidents, gunshot residues (GSR) can be collected on the scene and individuals (e.g., shooters or bystanders). Their analysis can give valuable information for the reconstruction of the events. Since GSR collection on persons of interest generally occurs a few minutes to hours after discharge, knowledge is needed to understand how organic (O), and inorganic (I) residues are transferred and persist. In this research, the quantities of OGSR and IGSR were assessed on the right and left hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of four shooters. Specimens were collected immediately before the discharge (shooter's blank specimens) and shortly after (30 min) using carbon adhesive stubs. Organic compounds were first extracted from the collection device and analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Subsequently, IGSR particles were detected on the same stub using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Shooter's blank specimen analysis revealed background contamination of both O and IGSR in the shooter's environment, predominantly attributed to the presence of an indoor shooting range. However, the background quantities generally remained below the associated 30-minute specimen. Thirty minutes after a discharge, higher quantities were generally detected on the shooter's right and left hands than on other collection regions for both GSR types. Forearms and face emerged as interesting collection alternatives, especially in cases where a person of interest may have washed their hands in the interval between the discharge and collection. In contrast, very low amounts of GSR were detected in the nostrils. Furthermore, the results indicated that OGSR and IGSR have different transfer and persistence mechanisms.

Concentrations, probabilistic human and ecological risks assessment attribute to antibiotics residues in river water in China: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Antibiotics residues even low concentrations increases human health risk and ecological risk. The current study was conducted with the aims of meta-analysis concentrations of antibiotics in river water including amoxicillin (AMX), tetracyclines (TCN), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim (TMP), azithromycin (AZM) and amoxicillin (AMX) and estimates human health and ecological risks. Search was performed in databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Science direct, Cochrane, Science Direct, Google Scholar were used to retrieve scientific papers from January 1, 2004 to June 15, 2024. The concentration of antibiotics residues was meta-analyzed using random effects model in water river water based on type of antibiotics subgroups. Human health risk assessment from ingestion and dermal contact routs was estimated using target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), carcinogenic (CR) and ecological hazard quotient (EHQ) of antibiotics in river water was estimated using monte carlo simulations (MCS) model. Sixty-two papers on antibiotics in river water with 272 data-reports (n = 28,522) were included. The rank order of antibiotics residues in river water based on pooled concentration was SMX (66.086 ng/L) > CIP (26.005 ng/L) > TCN (17.888 ng/L) > TMP (6.591 ng/L) > AZM (2.077 ng/L) > AMX (0.029 ng/L). The overall pooled concentration of antibiotics residues in river water was 24.262 ng/L, 95 %CI (23.110-25.413 ng/L). TTHQ for adults and children due to antibiotics in water was 2.41E-3 and 2.36E-3, respectively. The sort of antibiotics based on their quota in TTHQ for adults and children was AMX > CIP > TMP > AZM > TCN > SMX. Total CR in adults and children was 2.41E-03 and 2.36E-03, respectively. The sort of antibiotics based on percentile 95 % EHQ was SMX (7.70E+03) > TCN (7.63E+01) > TMP (7.03E-03) > CIP (2.86E-03) > AMX (5.71E-04) and TEHQ values due to antibiotics in river water in China was equal to 7.78E+03. Current study suggests that conduct effective monitoring and water quality control plans to reduce concentration of antibiotics especially SMX, TCN, and CIP in river water of China.