Arexvy: A Comprehensive Review of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for Revolutionary Protection.

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children and poses a significant risk to older adults. Developing a vaccine against RSV has been a priority, and the recently approved Arexvy vaccine has shown promise in preventing lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) caused by RSV in individuals aged 60 years and older. This comprehensive review discusses the history of RSV, challenges in vaccine development, and the mechanism of action of Arexvy. The efficacy and safety of the vaccine are explored based on phase 3 clinical trial, demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing RSV-associated LRTD. The most common adverse reactions reported include injection site pain, fatigue, myalgia, headache, and arthralgia. Ongoing research focuses on the long-term effectiveness of Arexvy, including the need for booster doses and its impact on reducing RSV-associated hospitalizations. The potential of Arexvy to lessen the burden of RSV-related illnesses, particularly in vulnerable populations, is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of widespread immunization efforts and accessibility to this groundbreaking vaccine.

Insights into the roles of non-coding RNAs and angiogenesis in glioblastoma: An overview of current research and future perspectives.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of primary brain cancer with a poor prognosis, and despite intensive research, survival rates have not significantly improved. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of GBM pathogenesis, including angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and invasion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as regulators of angiogenesis in GBM. miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-10b, and miR-26a promote angiogenesis by targeting anti-angiogenic factors, while lncRNAs such as H19 and MALAT1 inhibit angiogenesis by regulating pro-angiogenic factors. CircRNAs, such as circSMARCA5 and circBACH2, also regulate angiogenesis through various mechanisms. Similarly, signaling pathways such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway play critical roles in angiogenesis and have been targeted for GBM therapy. However, resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies is a significant obstacle in clinical practice. Developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting ncRNAs and angiogenesis is a promising approach for GBM. Potential targets include miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and downstream signaling pathways that regulate angiogenesis. This review highlights the critical roles of ncRNAs and angiogenesis in GBM pathogenesis and the potential for new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to improve the prognosis and quality of life for GBM patients.

Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

Bell Palsy: Facts and Current Research Perspectives.

Bell palsy is a non-progressive neurological condition characterized by the acute onset of ipsilateral seventh cranial nerve paralysis. People who suffer from this type of facial paralysis develop a droop on one side of their face, or sometimes both. This condition is distinguished by a sudden onset of facial paralysis accompanied by clinical features such as mild fever, postauricular pain, dysgeusia, hyperacusis, facial changes, and drooling or dry eyes. Epidemiological evidence suggests that 15 to 23 people per 100,000 are affected each year, with a recurrence rate of 12%. It could be caused by ischaemic compression of the seventh cranial nerve, which could be caused by viral inflammation. Pregnant women, people with diabetes, and people with respiratory infections are more likely to have facial paralysis than the general population. Immune, viral, and ischemic pathways are all thought to play a role in the development of Bell paralysis, but the exact cause is unknown. However, there is evidence that Bell's hereditary proclivity to cause paralysis is a public health issue that has a greater impact on patients and their families. Delay or untreated Bell paralysis may contribute to an increased risk of facial impairment, as well as a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. For management, antiviral agents such as acyclovir and valacyclovir, and steroid treatment are recommended. Thus, early diagnosis accompanied by treatment of the uncertain etiology of the disorder is crucial. This paper reviews mechanistic approaches, and emerging medical perspectives on recent developments that encounter Bell palsy disorder.

Current Situation on Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Chinese Patent Medicines in China / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo clarify the development and methodological research status of clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines in China and identify the problems and difficulties in the evaluation， so as to provide a reference for promoting the subsequent evaluation. MethodFirstly， we analyzed the current situation of clinical comprehensive evaluation in China by reviewing the articles about the process of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs and the process of clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines. Secondly， we comprehensively summarized the formulation background and key points of policies related to clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines and then show the development status in this field at the national and provincial levels. ResultThe comprehensive clinical evaluation of Chinese patent medicines is still in its infancy in China， and 32 articles of specific evaluation of Chinese patent medicines were included in the study. The dosage forms were mainly capsules （15 articles， 46.88%） and injections （28.13%）. The evaluation mainly involved diseases such as the nervous system （10 articles， 31.25%）， digestive system （5 articles， 15.63%）， and respiratory system （5 articles， 15.63%）. The research results of clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines were mainly from relevant societies and research institutions. Different research teams have developed technical guidelines or specifications for the evaluation， while the government-leading evaluation guidelines remained to be formulated at the national and provincial levels. In addition， the research articles in this field mainly concentrated on the application of evaluation methods， the building of evaluation index systems， and completed evaluation reports. ConclusionTo reflect the unique value and advantages of Chinese patent medicines， the government needs to build technical guidelines for the clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines on the basis of the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs and create a favorable policy environment for the evaluation work.

ORCID coverage in research institutions-Readiness for partially automated research reporting.

Reporting and presentation of research activities and outcome for research institutions in official, normative standards are more and more important and are the basis to comply with reporting duties. Institutional Current Research Information Systems (CRIS) serve as important databases or data sources for external and internal reporting, which should ideally be connected with interfaces to the operational systems for automated loading routines to extract relevant research information. This investigation evaluates whether (semi-) automated reporting using open, public research information collected via persistent identifiers (PIDs) for organizations (ROR), persons (ORCID), and research outputs (DOI) can reduce effort of reporting. For this purpose, internally maintained lists of persons to whom an ORCID record could be assigned (internal ORCID person lists) of two different German research institutions-Osnabrück University (UOS) and the non-university research institution TIB-Leibniz Information Center for Science and Technology Hannover-are used to investigate ORCID coverage in external open data sources like FREYA PID Graph (developed by DataCite), OpenAlex and ORCID itself. Additionally, for UOS a detailed analysis of discipline specific ORCID coverage is conducted. Substantial differences can be found for ORCID coverage between both institutions and for each institution regarding the various external data sources. A more detailed analysis of ORCID distribution by discipline for UOS reveals disparities by research area-internally and in external data sources. Recommendations for future actions can be derived from our results: Although the current level of coverage of researcher IDs which could automatically be mapped is still not sufficient to use persistent identifier-based extraction for standard (automated) reporting, it can already be a valuable input for institutional CRIS.

Evaluation of and Current Trends in the Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Systematic Review.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are soft-tissue sarcomas that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, with the stomach and small intestine being the most common locations. Because no imaging modalities diagnose GIST unequivocally, histological and immunohistochemical confirmation is usually required. Most GISTs are discovered by chance; hence, determining this condition's actual frequency can be challenging. Since diagnosing the tumor could be difficult, including GIST in the differential diagnosis is crucial. The objective of this review is to explore the multiple treatment options for this tumor and provide clinicians with more information on the evolving treatment modalities, which in the future could be a possible solution to cure GIST ultimately. After exploring several studies, the authors conclude that early detection is critical since the treatment depends on the tumor size, mitotic rate, and location. Medical management using targeted therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib. Surgical resection of the tumor is also done in cases with localized tumors. Standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not commonly used to treat GIST patients. However, radiotherapy may be used as a palliative therapy to ease pain (such as bone pain) or control bleeding. Additional research is needed to establish potential therapeutic targets that will result in higher and longer-term response rates.

Technical advances on current research trends and explore the future scope on nutrient recovery from waste-streams: a review and bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2020.

An exponentially growing global population has led to an increase in nutrient pollution in different aqueous bodies. Although different processes have successfully removed nutrients from wastewater on a large scale, a limited number of studies have been reported on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and future potential of physical, chemical, and biological nutrient recovery methods to overcome the depletion of natural resources. Therefore, researchers need to understand current research trends by applying different approaches to investigate higher efficient nutrient recovery technologies. In this article, the research patterns and in-depth review of various nutrient recovery processes have been circumscribed with the application of bibliometric and attractive index (AAI) vs. activity index (AI) analysis. The performance, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of different nutrient recovery methods have also been addressed. More than 70% of study publications were published in the last decade in chemical and biological processes, which might be related to more rigorous effluent quality rules and increasing water pollution. The future prediction in the field of nutrient recovery has been predicted using S-curve analysis, and it was found that the number of publications in the saturated state in chemical methods was highest. However, the growth rate of the biological-based nutrient recovery methods is greater, which may be because of their huge research scope, cost-effectiveness, and easy operation methods. This study can assist researchers in understanding the current research scenario in nutrient recovery techniques and provide the research scope in nutrient recovery from wastewater in the future.

Chlorophylls: A Personal Snapshot.

Chlorophylls provide the basis for photosynthesis and thereby most life on Earth. Besides their involvement in primary charge separation in the reaction center, they serve as light-harvesting and light-sensing pigments, they also have additional functions, e.g., in inter-system electron transfer. Chlorophylls also have a wealth of applications in basic science, medicine, as colorants and, possibly, in optoelectronics. Considering that there has been more than 200 years of chlorophyll research, one would think that all has been said on these pigments. However, the opposite is true: ongoing research evidenced in this Special Issue brings together current work on chlorophylls and on their carotenoid counterparts. These introductory notes give a very brief and in part personal account of the history of chlorophyll research and applications, before concluding with a snapshot of this year's publications.

Lessons Learned: the 20th Gatherings in Biosemiotics.

We review the organization and contents of the 20th Gatherings in Biosemiotics. As the organizers, we share our insights from organizing a community research project in the year where the Covid-19 pandemic halted international travel. We try to describe the challenges of putting together the yearly conference on Biosemiotics and the main content that was presented by the research community.

Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences.

OBJECTIVE: Research into psychedelic therapy models has shown promise for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin have been correlated with therapeutic benefits and long-term improvements in positive mental outlook and attitudes. This article aims to provide an overview of the topic, highlight strengths and weaknesses in current research, generate novel perspectives and discussion, and consider future avenues for research. DESIGN: This narrative review was designed to summarise and assess the state of research on psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences and applications for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: Contemporary methods on the quantification of mystical-type experiences and their acute subjective effects are discussed. Recent studies provide some understanding of the pharmacological actions of psychedelics although the neurological similarities and differences between spontaneous and psychedelic mystical-type experiences are not well described. Applicability to modern clinical settings is assessed. Potential novel therapeutic applications include use in positive psychology interventions in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Since 2006 significant advancements in understanding the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy have been made; however, more work is required to understand the neuromechanistic processes and applicability in modern clinical settings. Despite promising results in recent studies, funding issues for clinical trials, legal concerns and socio-cultural resistance provide a counterpoint to experimental evidence.

[Current situation and thinking on the intestinal microflora regulation with acupuncture and moxibustion].

Large number of microflora is parasitized in the human intestinal tract, which maintains the stability of the microecological environment in the host's intestinal tract and the healthy state of the body. Once the steady state is out of balance, the intestinal microflora is dysfunctional and a variety of diseases will be induced. Acupuncture and moxibustion have a positive role in improving different types of clinical problems by regulating qi, harmonizing yin and yang, and strengthening the body's resistance. At present, researches on the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion interventions on intestinal microflora mainly focuses on the following aspects 1) adjusting the count and proportion of the intestinal microflora to recover its stability, 2) improving gastrointestinal motility disorder by promoting the interaction between intestinal microflora and brain-gut axis (brain-gut peptides), and ameliorating the intestinal barrier function by reducing levels of proinflammatory cytokines to suppress inflammatory reactions. In the future, the research should pay more attention to the holistic regulatory function of acupuncture and moxibustion, the acupoint specificity, acupoint combination and different intervention measures, as well as the optimization of clinical regimen, so as to better intestinal microflora regulation.

Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability.

A new mental health disorder, prolonged grief disorder (PGD), will be included in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). We provide a brief overview of the historical conceptualizations of disordered grief and the previous research efforts to assess and define this condition. We describe the new ICD-11 PGD symptom criteria and how they are conceptualized in terms of the World Health Organization's call for improved clinical utility. Finally, we review the research evidence for the clinical utility of the new ICD-11 PGD symptom structure and usability in the international arena.

El nuevo trastorno mental, trastorno por duelo prolongado (TDP), será incluido en la decimoprimera edición de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11). Se presenta una breve revisión general de las conceptualizaciones históricas del duelo patológico y los esfuerzos previos en materia de investigación para evaluar y definir esta condición. Se describen los nuevos criterios sintomáticos de CIE-11 para TDP y cómo son conceptualizados en relación al llamado de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para favorecer la utilidad clínica. Finalmente, se revisa la evidencia de investigaciones sobre la utilidad clínica de la estructura sintomática del nuevo TDP de la CIE-11 y su aplicabilidad en la esfera internacional.

Occupational stress among counselors in institutes of higher education in Guangdong Province / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the occupational stress status and its influence factors among counselors in institutes of higher education in Guangdong Province. METHODS: By clustering random sampling method,260 counselors from 9universities in Guangdong Province were chosen as study subjects. The sub-questionnaires of Occupational Stress Inventory Revised Edition,included the Occupational Role Questionnaire( ORQ),Personal Strain Questionnaire( PSQ) and the Personal Resources Questionnaire( PRQ) were used to investigate their occupational tasks,stress reaction and coping resources,respectively. The related influence factors were also analyzed. RESULTS: The total scores of ORQ and PSQ of counselors in universities of Guangdong Province were higher than the national norm( P < 0. 01),while the PRQ total score was lower than the national norm( P < 0. 01); the counselors who had over professional task accounted for 13. 85%( 36 /260); the counselors who had occupational stress reaction accounted for 15. 77%( 41 /260); the counselors who lacked the personal coping resource accounted for 16. 54%( 43 /260). The logistic regression analysis indicated that the counselors in non-medical colleges had higher risk of more occupational tasks than those in medical college( P < 0. 05);the counselors aged 30 years or above were more prone to lack of personal coping resource than those aged under 30 years( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION: Compared with the general population,the university counselors in Guangdong Province have more professional task,higher degree of occupational stress and more shortage of personal coping resources. Therefore,some intervention measures aiming at the main influence factors should be carried out to relieve the occupational stress.

Current and emerging drugs for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS).

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disease characterized by suprapubic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms: however, the etiology is still unknown. Therefore, the long-lasting, effective treatments of IC/BPS are still not established, and the treatment is sometimes empirically selected depending on practitioners' experience and preference. AREA COVERED: In this review we focus on the current treatments, ongoing clinical trials, and several potential new drugs based on the results of basic and clinical research studies. First, we discuss the potential etiologies of IC/BPS that include altered barrier lining, afferent and/or central nervous system abnormalities, possible contribution of inflammation or infection and abnormal urothelial signaling. Then, the current therapies of IC/BPS, either systemic or local, are reviewed by critical evaluation of the efficacy and shortcomings of each treatment. Finally, based on proposed etiologies of the disease, potential emerging drugs and treatments are discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Current therapies often fail to control the symptoms of IC/BPS. Several interventions including sustained drug release and retaining techniques, and drugs that act on afferent neural pathways are emerging and may be promising. In addition, phenotyping of IC/BPS patients based on cystoscopic findings (e.g., Hunner vs. non-Hunner lesion) or patients' symptoms would be important for further investigation of IC/BPS etiology and the evaluation of efficacy of new treatments.

Vertebral fracture assessment: Current research status and application in patients with kyphoplasty.

Imaging of the spine is of paramount importance for the recognition of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (VFs), and standard radiography (SR) of the spine is the suggested diagnostic method but is not routinely used because of the cost and radiation exposure considerations. VF assessment (VFA) is an efficient, low radiation method for identifying VFs at the time of bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. Prediction models used to indicate the need for VFA may have little predictive power in subspecialty referral populations such as rheumatologic patients or patients who underwent kyphoplasty. Rheumatologic patients are frequently at increased risk for VFs, and VFA should be performed on an individual basis, also taking in account the guidelines for the general population. Kyphoplasty is a new minimal invasive procedure for the treatment of VFs and is being performed with increasing frequency. Following kyphoplasty, there may be a risk of new VFs in adjacent vertebrae. The assessment and follow-up of patients who underwent kyphoplasty requires repetitive X-ray imaging with the known limitations of SR. Thus, VFA may facilitate the evaluation of VFs in these patients because most of the kyphoplasty patients would fulfill the criteria. In a pilot study, we measured the BMD and performed VFA in 28 patients treated with kyphoplasty. Ratios of anterior to posterior (A/P) and middle to posterior (M/P) height were measured, and Genant's method was used to classify vertebrae accordingly. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability for A/P, M/P and the Genant's method were determined. Only 1 patient did not meet the criteria for VFA. Of the 364 available vertebrae, 295 could be analyzed. Most missing data (concerning 69 vertebrae) occurred in the upper thoracic region. Three of the 69 non-eligible vertebrae were lumbar vertebrae with cement leakage from the kyphoplasty procedure. In our hands, VFA was highly reproducible, demonstrating very good agreement in terms of intraobserver and interobserver reliability. Agreement was very good on the vertebral level, "vertebrae with kyphoplasty" level and "2 above and 1 below the kyphoplasty vertebrae" level. The application of Genant's method to these patients also resulted in perfect agreement. We believe that the potential value of VFA in patients treated with kyphoplasty requires further evaluation, particularly comparing VFA with SR and performing a longitudinal follow-up. More research will help to adopt care processes that determine which patients require VFA and how often VFA should be performed, while also considering the impact of this technique on the cost of healthcare organizations.

An undergraduate neuroscience seminar based on the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience.

We have recently planned and taught an advanced undergraduate seminar at our respective institutions that uses a unique mechanism to explore topics that are on the cutting edge of neuroscience. The course material is centered on the topics of presentations scheduled for the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience held each fall. The instructor and students (∼15) select several topics that are the subject of special lectures, panels, and keynote addresses included in the Program for the Annual Meeting. Each week the class reads and discusses several articles on the topic of one of the lectures, panels or addresses. By the time the Annual Meeting is held, the class is intimately familiar with the content of the planned presentations. The class then travels to the Annual Meeting and attends these presentations along with events of personal interest and keeps a journal of what they learn. Upon returning from the Annual Meeting, the students discuss the assigned presentations and also prepare and deliver their own presentation on a neuroscience topic of personal interest using information obtained at the meeting. Students also prepare an in-depth final paper on their presentation topic in the form of a Current Opinions in Neurobiology review article. The outcomes for the students are many fold: Students explore topics on the cutting edge of neuroscience through the review of primary literature and experience a major scientific conference first hand, which is attended by over 30,000 neuroscientists from around the world. This experience helps neuroscience "come alive" for the students and provides them with valuable opportunities to meet world-renowned researchers, prospective graduate mentors, and possibly future employers. Students also have the chance to develop important professional skills through critical evaluation of research, exposure to different presentation styles, and preparation of an in-depth research paper and oral presentation.

Current Research Status and Application Prospect on Transcription Factor NF-?B / 中国生物工程杂志

NF-?B, a group of important transcription factors, are introduced and discussed here on several aspects: their component and molecular structure; their activity control by I?B and IKK, the mechanism of their activation; their important roles in transcriptional regulation for large numbers of genes; and their importance in immunity, inflammation, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The analysis of the relation between NF-?B and disease occurrence, the analysis of the relation between NF-?B and disease therapy, and the application prospect of the new strategy regarding the novel drug design and correlative diseases therapy on the basis of NF-?B as the target, are also included.

The current research of normal carpal kinematics / 中华创伤骨科杂志

The study of normal carpal kinematics has a history of only about 100 years. The initial in vitro research has shifted to the recent in vitro research. Information about the 3 dimensional movements of the carpal bones in vitro was obtained in studies using implanted radiopaque markers or transcutaneous pins with biplanar radiography, low frequency magnetic field technology and reconstructing the geometry of the bones from computed tomography (CT). On the other hand, information about the 3 dimensional movements of the carpal bones in vitro was obtained in studies reconstructing the geometry of the bones from computed tomography (CT) and using the advanced matching techniques. Most of the results obtained through the two methods are in concordance. The distal row of bones is relatively tightly bound to one another and the proximal row of bones is less so but still moving together. The foundation of the carpal kinematics was laid by in vitro studies. In vitro data largely concur with in vitro data, and only larger out of plane motions within the proximal carpal row are described in most in vitro studies. In vitro studies have also showed larger interindividual variations. Due to the limitations of both in vitro and in vitro studies, so far there has been no unanimity about the interpretation of carpal functional anatomy. In this paper, the authors summarize the research advances in normal carpal kinematics.