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This study aims to investigate the mechanism of Mailuo Shutong Pills(MLST) on posterior limb muscle swelling caused by femoral fracture(SCFF) through network pharmacology and animal experiments. The plasma components of MLST were analyzed by LC-MS, and the target and signal pathway of SCFF were predicted by network pharmacology and verified by molecular docking. SCFF model rats were established through animal experiments, and different doses of MLST were administered to detect the degree of limb swelling. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe pathological changes in muscle tissue, and interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1ß(interleukin-1ß), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in peripheral blood were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The expression of relevant signaling pathways was measured by Western blot. Network pharmacological results showed that MLST and SCFF had a total of 153 disease targets, and the key targets were IL-6, TNF, etc., involving mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT) signaling pathway, etc. The binding energies of the main components and key targets were lower than-7.0 kcal·mol~(-1), indicating that the network analysis results were reliable. The results of animal experiments showed that MLST could reduce the swelling degree and pathological damage of the posterior limb muscles of SCFF rats compared with the model group. ELISA results showed that MLST could reduce the levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in the serum of SCFF rats. Western blot results showed that MLST can reduce the expression of p-AKT, p-PI3K, p-NF-κB, p-p38 MAPK, and p-ERK in SCFF rats. MLST may reduce the content of inflammatory factors in serum by regulating the expression of PI3K/AKT and MAPK-related signaling pathway protein and improving posterior limb muscle SCFF in rats.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Fraturas do Fêmur , Farmacologia em Rede , Animais , Ratos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Masculino , Fraturas do Fêmur/tratamento farmacológico , Fraturas do Fêmur/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genéticaRESUMO
Decoction is the most commonly used dosage form in the clinical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). During boiling, the violent movement of various active ingredients in TCM creates molecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions, which results in the formation of self-assembled aggregates in decoction (SADs), including particles, gels, fibers, etc. It was found that SADs widely existed in decoction with biological activities superior to both effective monomers and their physical mixtures, providing a new idea to reveal the pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal medicine from the perspective of component interactions-phase structure. Recently, SADs have become a novel focus of research in TCM. This paper reviewed their relevant studies in recent years and found some issues to be concerned in the research, such as the polydispersity of decoction system, instability of active ingredient interactions during boiling, uncertainty of the aggregates self-assembly rules, and stability, purity, yield of the products. In this regard, some solutions and new ideas were presented for the integrated development and clinical application of SADs.
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BACKGROUND: Shaoyao Gancao decoction (SGD), a classic traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been widely used to treat febrile diseases in the clinic for centuries. In recent years, a growing number of studies have found that SGD has a favorable anti-liver injury effect. PURPOSE: In this study, we want to know the potential active components of SGD treatment in liver injury. STUDY DESIGN: A novel method combining computer simulation and in vivo experiment was established for the first time and used to investigate this problem. METHODS: A network pharmacology was used to explore the active components of SGD treatment in liver injury, and preliminarily verified the results of network pharmacology through molecular docking. To further understand the active compounds of SGD in the treatment of liver injury, we compared the prototypes and metabolites of SGD in healthy rats and rats with liver injury after oral administration. In addition, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 9 compounds of SGD in healthy and liver injury rats. RESULTS: It showed that SGD exerted protective effects against liver injury by the active components of liquiritin and albiflorin, etc. The values of the AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, t1/2, Tmax were significantly different after oral administration of SGD in healthy and liver injury rats. This indicates that the pharmacokinetic study in the pathological state of liver injury can provide more valuable information for guiding clinical medication. CONCLUSION: In this study, the integration of network pharmacology and experiments in vivo provides a novel strategy to explore active components of TCMs to treat diseases.
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Farmacologia em Rede , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Ratos , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Astragali Radix (AR)-Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) drug pair on supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation in rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis and provide a theoretical basis for clinical rational medication and identification and quality control of compound pharmacodynamic substances from the three aspects of characteristic map, identification of pharmacodynamic substances, and comparison of blood components. MethodHigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to establish the fingerprint of AR∶ASR (3∶1), and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) was employed to analyze the ingredients of the decoction. Adult male Wistar rats with SPF grades were selected and randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a 3∶1 group, and a 5∶1 group. The rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by controlling food intake and swimming in cold water every day. In parallel, each group was given medicine (or water) once a day. The dose of drug groups was 10.2 g∙kg-1, and the model group and blank group were given the same amount of distilled water for 15 d. Animal behavior, body weight, whole blood and plasma viscosity, thymus index, spleen index, the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), von willebrand factor (vWF), and ATP/ADP value in serum of rats were recorded. The morphology of vascular endothelium was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopy. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was used to analyze prototype and metabolic components in serum. ResultThe fingerprint of AR-ASR drug pair (AR-ASR 3∶1) was established. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS identified 49 chemical components in vitro and preliminarily identified 11 prototype components absorbed into blood in vivo. As compared with the blank group, the body mass decreased significantly (P<0.01), the whole blood (high shear, middle shear, and low shear) viscosity and plasma viscosity were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the thymus index and spleen index decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01), serum ATP content decreased significantly (P<0.01), ADP content increased significantly (P<0.01), ATP/ADP value decreased significantly (P<0.01), and vWF content increased significantly (P<0.01). The results of HE staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the vessels were partially damaged, showing the structural disorder of the intima, the bulge, defect, and roughness of the endothelium, and the obvious cell adhesion and migration in the model group. As compared with the model group, the body mass also increased significantly (P<0.01). The results of whole blood and plasma viscosity showed that the whole blood low shear viscosity was significantly decreased in the 3∶1 group (P<0.05). The results of thymus index and spleen index showed that 5∶1 group significantly increased the thymus index of rats (P<0.05). The results of serum ATP and ADP levels showed that the 5∶1 group had more significant effects on ATP and ADP levels (P<0.05), and both groups significantly reduced ATP/ADP values (P<0.01). The results of serum vWF level showed that the vWF content in the 3∶1 group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The results of HE staining and scanning electronic microscopy showed that the damage of vascular endothelium was improved in the treatment group and the structure of intima was neat. ConclusionAR-ASR drug pair can improve the macro and micro indexes of rats with qi deficiency and blood stasis in the 3∶1 and 5∶1 groups. Overall, the 5∶1 ratio has a better effect on supplementing Qi but 3∶1 ratio has a better effect on promoting blood circulation.
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Agarwood has been used for the administration of hypnotic therapy. Its aromatic scent induces a relaxed state. However, its aromatic constituents and the underlying molecular effect are still unclear. This study aims to determine the active substance and molecular mechanism of the hypnotic effect of agarwood essential oil (AEO) incense inhalation in insomniac mice. Insomnia models were induced by para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg) in mice. The sleep-promoting effect was evaluated. Neurotransmitter levels and its receptor were detected to explore the molecular mechanism. The effective components were analyzed by GC-Q/TOF-MS of AEO. The binding mechanisms of the core compounds and core targets were verified by molecular docking. These results showed that AEO inhalation could significantly shorten sleep latency and prolong sleep time, inhibit autonomous activity and exert good sedative and sleep-promoting effects. A mechanistic study showed that AEO inhalation increased the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA), the GABAA/glutamic acid (Glu) ratio, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and adenosine (AD), upregulated the expression levels of GluR1, VGluT1 and 5-HT1A and downregulated 5-HT2A levels. Component analysis showed that the most abundant medicinal compounds were eremophilanes, cadinanes and eudesmanes. Moreover, the docking results showed that the core components stably bind to various receptors. The study demonstrated the bioactive constituents and mechanisms of AEO in its sedative and hypnotic effects and its multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment characteristics in PCPA-induced insomniac mice. These results provide theoretical evidence for insomnia treatment and pharmaceutical product development with AEO.
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Óleos Voláteis , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Animais , Fenclonina , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Óleos Voláteis/química , Serotonina , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMO
The research on the pharmacodynamic substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a key scientific issue for the inheritance and development of TCM. At present, a large number of remarkable achievements have been made in the field of chemical components in Chinese medicine, however, another important aspect, namely the physical structure and mode of action of the multi-component assembly of TCM, has not been clearly understood and deeply studied. From the bottleneck of restricting material ba-sic research, we objectively analyzed the common cause of the existing problems. Based on the new discoveries and advances of active substances from TCM emerging in recent years, we extracted and summarized the concept of structural Chinese medicine, elaborated the basic ideas, main features and research modes, hoping to provide theoretical and practical references for the study on the pharmacodynamic substance basis and other research fields of TCM.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by plants, which include lipid bilayer as the basic framework and encapsulate various proteins, nucleic acid and other active substances. They play an important role in plant growth and development, tissue repair and self-defense. In recent years, extracellular vesicle-like nanoparticles (EVNs) are prepared from plant samples referring to the separation method of EVs and show unique functions. In this review, the above structures are collectively called plant-derived vesicles (PDVs). The biogenesis, separation and characterization methods, in vivo and in vitro properties of PDVs have been reviewed. The biomedical applications of PDVs as natural therapeutic agents and functional drug carriers are described, and finally some opinions on the existing problems and future prospect in this field are put forward.
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Succus Bambusae, regarded as the holy medicine for the treatment of phlegm by traditional Chinese medicine experts, has the functions of clearing heat and resolving phlegm, resuscitating and relieving convulsions. In clinical practice, it is mainly used to treat phlegm-heat cough, phlegm yellow and shortness of breath, stroke with exuberant phlegm and other syndromes. The research of its processing procedure and quality standard is the key issue to realize the process modernization and quality standardization of this traditional medicine resource. On the basis of literature research, this paper conducted the herbal textual research on Succus Bambusae, sorted out its medicinal history, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of its traditional and modern preparation procedure. Based on the historical records, it is pointed out that there are still many problems in the traditional and modern processing procedure of Succus Bambusae, such as low-yield processing procedure and extensive production technology that cannot meet the requirements of large-scale green manufacturing. At present, there are a lot of literature on the comparative study of the origin, variety and processing procedure of Succus Bambusae, but most of them are limited to the chemical components, and lack of in-depth study on its pharmacodynamic substance basis and mechanism. Meanwhile, the pharmacological effects of Succus Bambusae are mostly limited to antitussive and expectorant, and few other pharmacological effects have been reported. Based on the above analysis, it is suggested that the follow-up research work can be carried out from these five aspects:①Clarifying the original source, enriching and perfecting the medicinal resources. ②Standardizing the processing procedure, establishing relevant quality standards. ③Clarifying the pharmacological mechanism, strengthening the basic research on the pharmacological effect and clinical application. ④Inheriting ancient processing, researching and developing special preparation equipment and standardizing production operation rules. ⑤Comprehensive utilization of the by-products in preparation process.
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The research on the pharmacodynamic substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a key scientific issue for the inheritance and development of TCM. At present, a large number of remarkable achievements have been made in the field of chemical components in Chinese medicine, however, another important aspect, namely the physical structure and mode of action of the multi-component assembly of TCM, has not been clearly understood and deeply studied. From the bottleneck of restricting material ba-sic research, we objectively analyzed the common cause of the existing problems. Based on the new discoveries and advances of active substances from TCM emerging in recent years, we extracted and summarized the concept of structural Chinese medicine, elaborated the basic ideas, main features and research modes, hoping to provide theoretical and practical references for the study on the pharmacodynamic substance basis and other research fields of TCM.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Medicina Tradicional ChinesaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dahuang Zhechong pill (DHZCP) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma. AIM OF THE STUDY: Previous studies have found that DHZCP can exert anti-hepatocarcinoma effects and reverse drug resistance by inhibiting energy metabolism. The goal of this study was to further explore the pharmacodynamic substances that inhibit energy metabolism. METHODS: The components of DHZCP absorbed into plasma were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The Swiss and STITCH databases were used for target collection. The DAVID database was used for pathway enrichment analysis. Cytoscape software was used for network construction. The CCK-8 method detected cell viability. Chemiluminescence was used to detect ATP levels. RESULTS: A total of 89 components absorbed into plasma were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Based on this, 24 potential pharmacodynamic substances were selected by network pharmacology. Among them, 11 components such as rhein can significantly inhibit ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS: Rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, hypoxanthine, baicalein, baicalin, wogonoside, acteoside, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhizic acid were the pharmacodynamic substances responsible for inhibition of energy metabolism of DHZCP.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Humanos , Masculino , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
To modernize traditional Chinese medicine, its pharmacodynamic substances should be elucidated firstly. Modern chromatographic technologies play an important role in the clarification of the pharmacodynamic substances of Chinese medicine. In this paper, the advancement and application of current chromatographic techniques in the pharmacodynamic substances of Chinese medicines were reviewed from the aspects of detection, preparation and screening methods.
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In this study, a computer-based network pharmacology approach was applied to investigate the potential mechanism and important components of Rhodiola crenulata in the protection of H9c2 cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. The intestinal absorption liquid of R. crenulata enhanced the cell viability, maintained cell morphology and inhibited cell apoptosis in the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in H9c2. Then, computer-based network pharmacology was used to analyze the relevant mechanism. A total of 133 oxidative stress-related compounds were screened out; and 26 of them occupied the top 20%, and all of the compounds enriched in 43 oxidative stress-related key targets. Finally, a "compound-target-pathway-function" network was constructed. Based on the analysis of the network pharmacology, R. crenulata protected H9c2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress probably by affecting apoptosis-related processes, such as cell death, nitric oxide metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial mechanism, redox process, redox-related enzyme activty and other oxidative stress-related process. And salidroside, ethyl gallate and catechins, which were the main components of R. crenulata, played an important role in this process. Therefore, the potential mechanism and important components of R. crenulata revealed the protective effect on oxidative stress. This study shows a multi-component, multi-target and overall regulation effect of R. crenulata on the oxidative stress, and provides a reliable reference for subsequent systematic experimental studies for the pharmacodynamic material foundation and mechanism of action R. crenulata.
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Rhodiola , Sobrevivência Celular , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Medicina Tradicional Tibetana , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Molecular docking is one of the main methods for computer-aided drug design (CADD). In recent years, molecular doc-king is widely used and has made some progress in the screening of pharmacodynamic substance, the target of finding drugs for diseases, and the mechanism exploration for traditional Chinese medicine. In this review, the principle and mechanism of molecular docking, and some commonly used software were introduced. And the application of molecular docking technology was summarized in the studies on the screening and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine. Finally, the existing problems were discussed, and the fu-ture trend in this field was looked ahead. The study can provide more scientific basis for the clinical research and development of new drugs.
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In this study, a computer-based network pharmacology approach was applied to investigate the potential mechanism and important components of Rhodiola crenulata in the protection of H9c2 cells against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress. The intestinal absorption liquid of R. crenulata enhanced the cell viability, maintained cell morphology and inhibited cell apoptosis in the H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in H9c2. Then, computer-based network pharmacology was used to analyze the relevant mechanism. A total of 133 oxidative stress-related compounds were screened out; and 26 of them occupied the top 20%, and all of the compounds enriched in 43 oxidative stress-related key targets. Finally, a "compound-target-pathway-function" network was constructed. Based on the analysis of the network pharmacology, R. crenulata protected H9c2 cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress probably by affecting apoptosis-related processes, such as cell death, nitric oxide metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial mechanism, redox process, redox-related enzyme activty and other oxidative stress-related process. And salidroside, ethyl gallate and catechins, which were the main components of R. crenulata, played an important role in this process. Therefore, the potential mechanism and important components of R. crenulata revealed the protective effect on oxidative stress. This study shows a multi-component, multi-target and overall regulation effect of R. crenulata on the oxidative stress, and provides a reliable reference for subsequent systematic experimental studies for the pharmacodynamic material foundation and mechanism of action R. crenulata.
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Study on the pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is the key and difficult points of CMM research due to its complicated components and synergistic effect of multiple pathways and multiple targets in pharmacological action. Currently, research ideas and research methods of the pharmacodynamic material basis of CMM are being constantly innovated. In this review, research ideas and progress on screening and identification of pharmacodynamic substance of CMM were summarized. It suggested that the research model of interdisciplinarity, multi-dimensional screening and evaluation should be established, in order to provide references for further and comprehensively revealing the mechanism of action of CMM and the law of compatibility, and establishing quality evaluation system of CMM.
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Objective: To identify the main active compounds in the aqueous extract from the aerial parts of Lycopus lucidus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray (ESI)-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (TOF-MS/MS). Methods: The aqueous extract from the aerial parts of L. lucidus was prepared using ultrasonic method; Chromatographic separation of the main active compounds was performed on a TC-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) reverse phase column through gradient elution; All the compounds eluted from the column were detected under both positive and negative ionization modes. Each chromatographic peak was analyzed by quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry coupled with TOF. Results: Twenty two compounds were identified through the analysis of tandem mass spectrum and the information from reference substances, including amino acids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, sterols, and fatty acid. Conclusion: HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS is capable of analyzing the main compounds in the aerial parts of L. lucidus using retention time, ultraviolet spectrum, current molecular weight, formula, and fragmenting information of daughter ions. It will probably become a reliable alternative for the rapid analyzing substantial foundation of Chinese materia medica.
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Visceral manifestation theory is that lung dominates Qi, breath, and governs ascent and dispersion. How to combine the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the modern physiology and pathology in modern scientific interpretation has been the focus of attention. Previous study found that most of the ventilating lung and releasing exterior drugs contained the pharmacodynamic substance related to adrenergic receptor (AR) signal transduction. The connotation of "lung governing ascent", such as controlling breath movement, transferring nutrients, spreading heat to regulate temperature, helping the heart to control blood circulation, coincided with the physiological function of the organ dominated by the AR-regulated sympathetic postganglionic fibers. Therefore, the hypothesis of "lung governing ascent" is closely related to AR pathway signal transduction. The correlation between the molecular mechanism of the modern physiology and pathology and pharmacodynamic substance basis was evaluated and expounded by the deduction of pulmonary modern biological theory based on ventilating lung and releasing exterior in this paper. So the guidance on the theory of visceral manifestation in TCM for the research and development of modern drugs should be expected fully. Ultimately, the application of lung governing ascent principle will be a profound meaning to guide the prevention and clinical treatment for a variety of refractory diseases caused by the change of environment, climate or lifestyle.