Dietary habits of lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota Bengalensis) in an agro-ecosystem, Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan / Hábitos alimentares de rato bandicoot (Bandicota Bengalensis) em um agroecossistema do Planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão

Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.

Determinantes sociais de saúde de crianças em consulta de puericultura: das condições socioeconômicas aos aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal / Social determinants of health of children in child care consultation: from socioeconomic conditions to aspects related to oral health / Determinantes sociales de la salud de los niños en la consulta infantil: de las condiciones socioeconómicas a los aspectos relacionados con la salud bucal

A imaturidade do sistema imunológico, associado a Determinantes Sociais de Saúde (DSS), promove doenças na infância. Especificamente, na cavidade oral, os DSS, representados pelo consumo elevado de açúcar, limitado acesso aos serviços de saúde e deficiência na higiene bucal, favorecem transtornos locais e sistêmicos. Assim, o estudo objetivou associar os DSS, no contexto das condições socioeconômicas, do acompanhamento pelo serviço de saúde e dos aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal de crianças atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de um município cearense. Trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, conduzido com crianças e suas mães em Acarape - CE. Após consentimento, essas preencheram um questionário. Os dados foram analisados. Das 70 mães, 87,14% e 90,00% tinham idade inferior ou igual a 30 anos e renda de até um salário mínimo, respectivamente. Das 70 crianças, 87,14% tinham seus dentes/gengiva higienizados por seus pais ou responsável. Do total, 94,29% nunca se submeteram a atendimento odontológico. Observou-se associação significativa entre a mãe ter escolaridade superior ao ensino fundamental incompleto e higienizar os dentes/gengiva do filho com escova dental e dentifrício. Constatou-se associação significativa entre a criança ingerir bolacha doce/recheada, não consumir refrigerante e usar escova dental e dentifrício na higienização oral. Conclui-se que as crianças eram acompanhadas nas UBS regularmente; no entanto, esse serviço não esteve relacionado ao atendimento odontológico. Apesar da ausência desse tipo de acompanhamento e do consumo de alimentos cariogênicos, as mães se preocupavam com a saúde bucal das crianças, higienizando a cavidade oral diariamente, com meios adequados.

The immaturity of the immune system, associated with Social Determi- nants of Health (SDH), promotes diseases in childhood. Specifically, in the oral cavity, SDH, represented by high sugar consumption, limited access to health services, and poor oral hygiene, favors local and systemic disorders. Thus, the study aimed to associate the SDH, in the context of socioeconomic conditions, monitoring by the health service and aspects related to children's oral health assisted in Basic Health Units (BHU) of a muni- cipality in Ceará. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quan- titative approach conducted with children and their mothers in Acarape - CE. After con- sent, they filled out a questionnaire. Data were analyzed. Of the 70 mothers, 87.14% and 90.00% were aged less than or equal to 30 years and had income up to one minimum wage, respectively. Of the 70 children, 87.14% had their teeth/gums cleaned by their pa- rents or guardian. Of the total, 94.29% never underwent dental care. There was a signifi- cant association between the mother having higher education than incomplete elementary school and cleaning the child's teeth/gums with a toothbrush and toothpaste. A significant association was found between the child eating sweet/stuffed biscuits, not consuming soft drink, and using a toothbrush and dentifrice for oral hygiene. It is concluded that the chil- dren were regularly monitored at the BHU; however, this service was not related to dental care. Despite the absence of this type of follow-up and the consumption of cariogenic foods, the mothers were concerned about their children's oral health, cleaning the oral cavity daily with adequate means.

La inmadurez del sistema inmunológico, asociada a los Determinantes So- ciales de la Salud (DSS), promueve enfermedades en la infancia. Específicamente, en la cavidad bucal, los DSS, representados por el alto consumo de azúcar, el acceso limitado a los servicios de salud y la mala higiene bucal, favorecen los trastornos locales y sisté- micos. Así, el estudio tuvo como objetivo asociar el DSS, en el contexto de las condicio- nes socioeconómicas, el seguimiento por el servicio de salud y los aspectos relacionados con la salud bucal de los niños atendidos en las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de un municipio de Ceará. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal con enfo- que cuantitativo, realizado con niños y sus madres en Acarape ­ CE. Después del consen- timiento, completaron un cuestionario. Los datos fueron analizados. De las 70 madres, 87,14% y 90,00% tenían edad menor o igual a 30 años e ingresos hasta un salario mínimo, respectivamente. De los 70 niños, al 87,14% se les limpió los dientes/encías por sus pa- dres o tutores. Del total, el 94,29% nunca realizó atención odontológica. Hubo una aso- ciación significativa entre la madre con educación superior a la primaria incompleta y la limpieza de los dientes/encías del niño con cepillo y pasta dental. Se encontró una asoci- ación significativa entre el niño que come galletas dulces/rellenas, no consume gaseosas y usa cepillo de dientes y dentífrico para la higiene bucal. Se concluyó que los niños eran monitoreados periódicamente en la UBS; sin embargo, este servicio no estaba relacionado con el cuidado dental. A pesar de la ausencia de este tipo de seguimiento y del consumo de alimentos cariogénicos, las madres se preocupan por la salud bucal de sus hijos, reali- zando la limpieza de la cavidad bucal diariamente, con medios adecuados.

Distrés psicológico en estudiantes de enfermería: relación con tiempo de pantalla, dieta y actividad física / Psychological distress in nursing students: relationship with screen time, diet and physical activity / Sofrimento psicológico em estudantes de enfermagem: relação com tempo de tela, alimentação e atividade física

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, al igual que su asociación con el tiempo de pantalla, la dieta y la actividad física, en una cohorte de estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre una muestra de 648 estudiantes de enfermería. Se utilizaron la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, la versión corta del International Physical Activity Questionnaire y el Índice de Alimentación Saludable español. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para analizar la asociación entre los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, y el tiempo de pantalla, la dieta y la actividad física. Resultados: la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión fue de 24,1% y 3,7%, respectivamente. El tiempo de pantalla prolongado (>6 horas por día), baja actividad física y dieta inadecuada se asociaron de manera independiente y significativa con una mayor sintomatología psicológica. Conclusión: la salud mental de los estudiantes de enfermería podría beneficiarse de implementarse iniciativas que promuevan estilos de vida saludables.

Objective: to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their association with screen time, diet and physical activity, in a cohort comprised by nursing students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 648 Nursing students. The instruments used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (Índice de Alimentación Saludable Español, IASE). Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between anxiety/depression symptoms and screen time, diet and physical activity. Results: the prevalence values for anxiety and depression symptoms were 24.1% and 3.7%, respectively. Prolonged screen times (>6 hours a day), low levels of physical activity and inadequate diet were independently and significantly associated with deeper psychological symptoms. Conclusion: Nursing students' mental health might benefit from the implementation of initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e sua associação com tempo de tela, dieta e atividade física em uma coorte de estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo transversal com amostra de 648 estudantes de enfermagem. Utilizou-se a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire e o Índice Espanhol de Alimentação Saudável. Foram realizados diferentes modelos de regressão linear múltipla para analisar a associação entre sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e tempo de tela, dieta e atividade física. Resultados: a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foi de 24,1% e 3,7%, respectivamente. O tempo prolongado de tela (>6 horas por dia), a baixa atividade física e a dieta inadequada foram associados de forma independente e significativa ao aumento da sintomatologia psicológica. Conclusão: a saúde mental dos estudantes de enfermagem pode ser beneficiada com a implementação de iniciativas que promovam estilos de vida saudáveis.

Niveles de vitamina D en sangre materna y su relación con el consumo de pescado y los parámetros antropométricos de los recién nacidos en una cohorte de parejas madre/hijos de Sevilla / Vitamin D levels in maternal blood and its relationship with fish consumption and anthropometric parameters of newborns in a cohort of mother/child couples from Seville

Introducción: Comparar los niveles de vitamina D maternos con la zona de residencia o el consumo de pescado, así como su relación con el peso, la longitud y el perímetro craneal de los bebés. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte de 100 parejas madre-hijo (n=100) de la provincia de Sevilla (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío y Hospital Universitario de Valme). En muestras de sangre materna (edad gestacional≥40 semanas) se han medido los niveles de 25(OH)D mediante quimioluminiscencia. Las medidas antropométricas de los bebés se realizaron mediante métodos estándares. Resultados: Con relación a los niveles de vitamina D, 54% presentaban valores deficientes, 26% insuficientes y 20% valores suficientes. Tras un análisis de regresión múltiple, se observa que no hay diferencia significativa entre niveles de vitamina D maternos, la longitud y el perímetro cefálico de los bebés, sin embargo, sí con el peso al nacer (p<0,05). Al aplicarse la T-Student y el test Wilcoxon, no hay relación entre niveles de vitamina D y el área de residencia ni con el consumo de pescado materno (ambos p>0,05). Conclusiones: El 80% de madres presentan valores deficientes e insuficientes de vitamina D. No hay correlación entre este parámetro y la longitud y perímetro cefálico del bebé, observándose correlación negativa con el peso al nacer. Tampoco se observa correlación entre la zona de residencia o el consumo de pescado y niveles de vitamina D en madres. Sugerimos complementos en dieta de madres gestantes y seguimiento de los niveles de vitamina D en los bebés.(AU)

Introduction: To compare maternal vitamin D levels with the area of residence or the consumption of fish, as well as its relationship with the weight, length and cranial perimeter of babies. Materials and methods: Cohort of 100 mother–child pairs (n=100) from the province of Seville (Virgen del Rocío University Hospital and Valme University Hospital). In maternal blood samples (gestational age≥40 weeks) 25(OH)D levels have been measured by chemiluminescence. Anthropometric measurements of the babies were made using standard methods. Results: Regarding vitamin D levels, 54% had deficient values, 26% insufficient and 20% sufficient values. After a multiple regression analysis, it is observed that there is no significant difference between maternal vitamin D levels, the length and the cephalic perimeter of the babies, however, there is a difference with the birth weight (P<.05). When applying the t-Student and the Wilcoxon test, there is no relationship between vitamin D levels and the area of residence or with maternal fish consumption (both P>.05). Conclusions: Eighty percent of mothers present deficient and insufficient values of vitamin D. There is no correlation between this parameter and the length and cephalic perimeter of the baby, observing a negative correlation with birth weight. No correlation was observed between the area of residence or the consumption of fish and vitamin D levels in mothers. We suggest dietary supplements for pregnant mothers and monitoring of vitamin D levels in babies.(AU)

Fish intake in pregnant women and its impact on maternal-fetal health status / Ingesta de pescado en mujeres embarazadas y su impacto en el estado de salud materno-fetal

Objective The objective was to evaluate the consumption of fish in pregnant women and its association with maternal and infant outcomes. Material and methods In this observational study carried out at the La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 300 pregnant women participated. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to their fish consumption during pregnancy for comparison. The χ2 test or ANOVA test were applied for comparisons for qualitative and quantitative variables respectively. Results It was observed that 49% of women consumed adequate amounts of fish during pregnancy (2 or 3 weekly servings). Significant differences were observed for iron supplementation (higher in women with inadequate fish consumption), threatened pregnancy loss (higher in women with inadequate fish consumption), infant size (better in women with adequate fish consumption), and arterial O2 pressure (better in women with adequate fish consumption). In regard to the other components of the dietary pattern, no differences were observed but the adequacy of intake for grains and white meat was very poor (less than 5.0%). Conclusions Half of the women met the recommendations for fish intake during pregnancy and presented an overall healthier eating pattern but without statistical significance (AU)

Objetivo Evaluar el consumo de pescado en mujeres embarazadas y su asociación con la salud materno-infantil. Material y métodos En este estudio observacional llevado a cabo en el Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia participaron 300 mujeres embarazadas. Las participantes se dividieron en dos grupos según su consumo de pescado durante el embarazo para comparar. Para las comparaciones de variables cualitativas y cuantitativas se aplicaron la prueba de χ2 o la ANOVA, respectivamente. Resultados Se observó que el 49% de las mujeres consumieron cantidades adecuadas de pescado durante el embarazo (2 o 3 raciones semanales). Se observaron diferencias significativas para la suplementación con hierro (mayor en mujeres con consumo inadecuado de pescado), amenaza de pérdida del embarazo (mayor en mujeres con consumo inadecuado de pescado), tamaño del bebé (mejor en mujeres con consumo adecuado de pescado) y presión arterial de O2 (mejor en mujeres con consumo adecuado de pescado). En cuanto a los demás componentes del patrón dietético, no se observaron diferencias, pero la adecuación del consumo de cereales y de carnes blancas fue muy pobre (menos del 5,0%). Conclusiones La mitad de las mujeres cumplían con las recomendaciones de consumo de pescado durante el embarazo y presentaban un patrón alimentario globalmente más saludable, pero sin significación estadística (AU)

Consumo de alimentos in natura, processados e ultraprocessados de gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no oeste da Bahia / Consumption of in natura, processed, and ultra-processed foods by pregnant women assisted by the family health strategy in western Bahia / Consumo de alimentos in natura, procesados y ultraprocesados por mujeres embarazadas atendidas por la estrategia de salud de familiar en el oeste de Bahía

A alimentação tem efeitos diretos na saúde do binômio mãe-filho, bem como nos desfechos da gravidez, o que torna necessária a análise do consumo alimentar durante a gestação, principalmente considerando as mudanças nos hábitos alimentares ocorridas nas últimas décadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o consumo alimentar de gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, segundo o grau de processamento e a adequação de macro e micronutrientes. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal realizado com 239 gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família durante o pré-natal. A análise do consumo alimentar foi feita utilizando o questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido, considerando a classificação NOVA. Foram calculados média e desvio padrão, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, porcentagem de contribuição de energia, macro e micronutrientes e adequação aos níveis de consumo recomendados. A maior contribuição energética e de nutrientes derivou de alimentos processados (59%), a maioria das gestantes apresentou elevado consumo de sódio (76,15%), e a contribuição de energia proveniente de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados (20,3%) e ultraprocessados (20,1%) alcançou valores aproximados. O consumo de proteínas (86,19%), carboidratos (91,63%), fibras (71,55%), sódio (76,15%), zinco (58,16%), magnésio (64,44%), vitaminas A (80,75%), D (52,3%), B12 (69,87%), B9 (51,46%) e C (95,82%) foi acima do recomendado. Houve maior prevalência de consumo de alimentos processados, embora a ingestão de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados tenha atingido níveis aproximados. O consumo de macronutrientes foi inadequado, assim como da maioria dos micronutrientes, segundo as recomendações para gestantes.

Eating has direct effects on the health of the mother-child binomial, as well as on pregnancy outcomes, which makes it necessary to analyze food intake during pregnancy, especially considering the changes in eating habits that have occurred in recent decades. This study aimed to analyze the food intake of pregnant women assisted by the Family Health Strategy according to the degree of processing and the adequacy of macronutrients and micronutrients. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 239 pregnant women assisted by the Family Health Strategy during prenatal care. The food consumption analysis was done using the reduced food frequency questionnaire, considering the NOVA classification. Mean and standard deviation, with 95% confidence interval, percentage of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients contribution, and adequacy to the recommended consumption levels were calculated. The highest energy and nutrient contribution was derived from processed foods (59%), most pregnant women presented high sodium intake (76.15%), and the energy contribution from in natura or minimally processed (20.3%) and ultra-processed (20.1%) foods reached approximate values. The consumption of proteins (86.19%), carbohydrates (91.63%), fibers (71.55%), sodium (76.15%), zinc (58.16%), magnesium (64.44%), vitamins A (80.75%), D (52.3%), B12 (69.87%), B9 (51.46%), and C (95.82%) was above the recommendations. Higher prevalence of consumption of processed foods was observed, despite the ingestion of in natura or minimally processed and ultraprocessed foods reaching approximate levels. The consumption of macronutrients was inadequate, as well as most micronutrients, according to the recommendations for pregnant women.

La alimentación tiene efectos directos sobre la salud del binomio madre-hijo, así como sobre los resultados del embarazo, lo que hace necesario analizar el consumo de alimentos durante el embarazo, principalmente por los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios ocurridos en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el consumo de alimentos por las mujeres embarazadas atendidas en la Estrategia Salud Familiar según el grado de elaboración y adecuación de macronutrientes y de micronutrientes. Este es un estudio transversal, realizado con 239 mujeres embarazadas atendidas por la Estrategia Salud Familiar durante el prenatal. El análisis del consumo de alimentos se realizó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria reducida, considerando la clasificación NOVA. Se calcularon la media y la desviación estándar con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, el aporte porcentual de energía, macronutrientes y micronutrientes y la adecuación a los niveles de ingesta recomendados. El mayor aporte de energía y de nutrientes se derivó de los alimentos procesados (59%), la mayoría de las embarazadas presentaron alto consumo de sodio (76,15), y el aporte de energía de los alimentos in natura o mínimamente procesados (20,3%) y ultraprocesados (20,1%) alcanzó valores aproximados. El consumo de proteínas (86,19%), carbohidratos (91,63%), fibras (71,55%), sodio (76,15%), zinc (58,16%), magnesio (64,44%), vitaminas A (80,75%), D (52,3%), B12 (69,87%), B9 (51,46%) y C (95,82%) estuvo por encima de las recomendaciones. Hubo una mayor prevalencia de consumo de alimentos procesados, aunque la ingesta de alimentos in natura o mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados alcanzaron niveles aproximados. El consumo de macronutrientes resultó ser inadecuado, así como la mayoría de los micronutrientes recomendados para embarazadas.

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm-SCORE2, SCORE-OP- is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (< 50, 50-69, ≥70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

Calidad de la dieta y rendimiento deportivo en jugadores de la selección peruana de fútbol sala con Síndrome de Down / Diet quality and sports performance in players of the peruvian futsal teamwith Down Syndrome

Introducción: Los deportistas con síndrome de Down, tienen tendencia a presentar exceso de peso, afectando su rendimiento deportivo, no obstante, un régimen dietético de calidad tendría un impacto positivo. Objetivo: Determinar la correlación que existe entre la calidad de la dieta y el rendimiento deportivo en jugadores de la selección peruana de Futsal con Síndrome de Down. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación es de diseño no experimental, transversal (correlacional). En la investigación participaron jugadores de la selección peruana de futsal con síndrome de Down, la muestra fue de tipo censal, conformada por 17 jugadores; se evaluó la calidad de la dieta a través del instrumento de ingesta dietética denominado recordatorio de 24 horas; el rendimiento deportivo se determinó a través del test de Cooper, para el análisis estadístico se utilizó Rho de Spearman. Resultados: Al evaluar la calidad de la dieta, el 52,9% se encontró en riesgo; 41,2% no saludable y el 5,9% saludable. El 76% de los futbolistas presentaron un rendimiento deportivo bueno, el 24% regular. La calidad de la dieta tiene relación en el rendimiento deportivo (Rho = 0,554) y (p<0,001). Conclusión: Existe correlación directa entre la calidad de la dieta con el rendimiento deportivo. Los jugadores de fútbol con síndrome de Down con ingesta de dieta con calidad saludable, presentaron un mayor rendimiento deportivo.(AU)

Introduction: Athletes with Down syndrome have a ten-dency to be overweight, affecting their sports performance,however, a quality diet will have a positive impact.Objective: To determine the connections that exist be-tween the quality of the diet and sports performance in play-ers of the Peruvian Futsal team with Down Syndrome. Materials and Methods: The research is of a non-exper-imental, cross-sectional (correlational) design. Players fromthe Peruvian futsal team with Down syndrome participated inthe research, the sample was census-type, made up of 17players; the quality of the diet was evaluated through the di-etary intake instrument called 24-hour recall; sports perform-ance was reduced through the Cooper test, for the statisticalanalysis Spearman’s Rho was produced. Results: When evaluating the quality of the diet, 52,9%were found to be at risk; 41,2% unhealthy and 5,9% healthy 76% of the soccer players presented a good sports perform-ance, 24% regular. Diet quality is related to sports perform-ance (Rho = 0,554) and (p<0,001). Conclusion: There is a direct connection between thequality of the diet with sports performance. Soccer playerswith Down syndrome with a healthy quality diet intake had ahigher sports performance.(AU)

Is there any Relationship between Acne Vulgaris and Diet Inflammatory Index in Women? / ¿Existe alguna relación entre el acné vulgar y el índice inflamatorio de la dieta en mujeres?

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatorydisease that can be seen at any stage of life. Diet is thoughtto be effective in AV formation. The dietary inflammatory in-dex (DII) determines how inflammatory a diet is. We hypoth-esized that DII is associated with AV and a biochemical pa-rameter in women. Methods: In the study performed on 68 women (34 casesand 34 controls) between the ages of 19-35 at Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Dermatology Polyclinic, AVseverity was determined by the responsible dermatologist andblood samples were taken from the individuals. Three-dayfood consumption records from women were used in the DIIcalculation. DII scores were divided into tertiles according towomen with and without AV. The socio-demographic information and anthropometric measurements of the women wererecorded face-to-face with a questionnaire. Results: Cases had higher DII scores than controls. WhenDII scores were divided into tertiles, the most proinflammatory group was found to be tertile 3+. It was determined thatthe women in the most proinflammatory group had higherbody weight and body mass index (BMI) values compared toother tertiles. Conclusion: The study’s results suggest that as the DIIscore increases, the diet has a pro-inflammatory effect associated with AV. Including sufficient anti-inflammatory foods in their diets to decrease DII of individuals will help prevent AVformation and/or reduce lesions.(AU)

Introducción: El acné vulgaris (AV) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que puede aparecer en cualquier etapa de la vida. Se cree que la dieta es efectiva en la formación del AV. El índice inflamatorio dietético (DII) determina cuán inflamatoria es una dieta. Hipotetizamos que el DII está asociado con AV y un parámetro bioquímico en mujeres. Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 34 mujeres con casos y 34 mujeres sanas como control que acudieron a un hospital. Un dermatólogo responsable determinó la gravedad del AV y se recopilaron muestras de sangre de las personas. El DII se calculó utilizando registros de consumo de alimentos de tres días de mujeres. El DII se ajustó según los terciles en mujeres con y sin AV. El investigador responsable utilizó el enfoque de entrevista cara a cara para registrar la información sociodemográfica y las medidas antropométricas de las mujeres. Resultados: Los casos tenían puntuaciones DII más altas que los controles. Cuando se dividieron en terciles, el grupo con la puntuación DII más alta y el grupo más proinflamatorio fueron las mujeres en el grupo tercil 3+ (4,93 ± 1,37). Se encontró que aquellos en el grupo más proinflamatorio tenían más sobrepeso (58,27 ± 6,63 kg), y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (21,94 ± 2,80 kg/m2) era mayor. Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio sugieren que a medida que aumenta la puntuación DII, la dieta tiene un efecto proinflamatorio asociado con el AV. Incluir suficientes alimentos antiinflamatorios en su dieta para disminuir el DII de las personas ayudará a prevenir la formación de AV y/o reducir las lesiones.(AU)

Approach to obesity in the elderly population: a consensus report from the Diabetes, Obesity and Nutrition Working Group of SEMI (Spanish Society of Internal Medicine).

Obesity in the elderly not only impacts morbidity and mortality but their quality of life. This phenomenon has sparked extensive research and debate regarding treatment recommendations, primarly due to the lack evidence in this specific population. When addressing possible treatment recommendations for older adults with obesity, it is crucial to assess certain essential aspects such as functional status, sarcopenia, cognitive status, and others. Intentional weight loss in this population can be both effective and safe. The best weight loss plan for the elderly revolves around adopting a healthy lifestyle, which includes following a Mediterranean diet pattern and engaging in physical exercise, particularly strength training. Additionally, the use of weight loss medications, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists, can provide an additional stage of treatment. In selective candidates, bariatric surgery may also be considered. The objective of this document is to propose a comprehensive algorithm of recommendations for the management of obesity in the elderly (above the age of 65), based on scientific evidence and the expertise of members from the Diabetes, Obesity, and Nutrition Workgroup of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

[Relationship between the oxidative profile and the diet diversity index in older adults in an urban-marginal area of Costa Rica]. / Relación entre el perfil oxidativo y el índice de diversidad de la dieta en adultos mayores de una zona urbano-marginal de Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The older we get, the greater the production of reactive oxygen species and therefore the greater the oxidative stress, which is related to the deterioration of the health of older adults. This study analyzed the relationship between the oxidative profile and the dietary diversity index in an urban-marginal population of older adults in Costa Rica. METHODS: Eighty-eight older adults were studied and various markers of oxidative stress, serum glucose levels, lipid profile, and some micronutrients were determined. In addition, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated and the dietary diversity index (DDI) was determined. RESULTS: Lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation, a mean plasma antioxidant capacity percentage of 39.54±10.67%, which decreased with age, were evidenced. 67% of the participants had alterations in glycemia, 73% had one or more alterations in blood lipid levels, 55% had insufficient vitamin D levels, and 68.6% were overweight. The average IDD was 4.91 points, indicating that the diet was not very diverse. No relationship was found between IDD and nutritional status, between nutritional status and oxidative stress, nor between biochemical variables and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: The adults studied presented high oxidative stress, a high percentage of overweight, and a low IDD. A higher IDD was associated with a lower blood concentration of MDA and a higher % PAC.

Obesogenic behavior clusters associated with weight status among Brazilian students: a latent class analysis / Agrupamentos de comportamentos obesogênicos associados com status de peso em estudantes brasileiros: uma análise de classe latente

Abstract This study aimed to examine the association between clusters of physical activity (PA), diet, and television viewing (TV) with weight status among a representative sample of Brazilian students. Data from the National Health School-based Survey (PeNSE) 2015 were analyzed (n = 16,521; mean age 14.8, standard deviation 0.03 year). PA (minutes/week spent in leisure-time, and commuting to/from school), TV (hours/day), and weekly consumption of deep-fried empanadas, candies, sodas, ultra-processed foods, fast foods, green salads or vegetables, and fruits were self-reported on the validated PeNSE questionnaire. Latent class analysis defined behavior classes, and binary logistic regression assessed the association between clustering and weight status. Six classes' types with positive and negative behaviors were identified. Adolescents belonging to the "low TV time and high healthy diet" class had higher chances of being overweight (including obesity) compared to their peers in the "moderate PA and mixed diet" class. No associations were found in the other clusters. Mixed classes with healthy and unhealthy behaviors characterized adolescents' lifestyles and these profiles were related to weight status.

Resumo O estudo objetivou examinar a associação entre agrupamentos de atividade física (AF), dieta e tempo de televisão (TV) com o status do peso em uma amostra representativa de estudantes brasileiros. Foram analisados ​​dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 (n = 16.521; idade média 14,8, desvio padrão de 0,03 ano). AF (minutos/semana no lazer e deslocamento para/da escola), assistir televisão (TV) (horas/dia), consumo semanal de doces, refrigerantes, alimentos ultraprocessados/fast-foods, saladas/vegetais e frutas foram coletadas por questionário validado. Análise de classes latentes definiu os perfis de comportamento e a regressão logística binária a associação entre agrupamento e status de peso. Foram identificadas seis classes com comportamentos positivos e negativos. Adolescentes pertencentes à classe "baixo tempo de TV e alta alimentação saudável" apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter sobrepeso/obesidade em comparação com seus pares na classe "AF moderada e dieta mista". Não foram encontradas associações nos outros perfis. Classes com comportamentos saudáveis ​​e não saudáveis ​​caracterizaram o estilo de vida dos adolescentes e estiveram relacionadas com o status de peso.

Patrones de alimentación y crecimiento de los niños prematuros a los 3-4 años de vida / Feeding and growth patterns in preterm children at 3-4 years of age

Objetivo: describir el patrón de alimentación y crecimiento de los niños prematuros en edad preescolar, incluyendo los problemas de alimentación basados en sus conductas y habilidades, la calidad de la dieta y el afrontamiento de sus padres. Métodos: estudio transversal de niños prematuros nacidos en Asturias en 2016 (n = 94). A los 3-4 años se contactó con las familias y se utilizó el cuestionario Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale para identificar problemas en la alimentación, y el índice KIDMED para resumir la calidad de la dieta. También se recopilaron datos antropométricos autoinformados para evaluar el crecimiento ponderal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas electrónicas para recopilar información gestacional y neonatal. Resultados: el 7,4 % de los niños y el 20,2 % de los padres presentaron problemas relacionados con la alimentación infantil. El 25,5 % tenían un patrón dietético de alta calidad. En los prematuros < 32 semanas se identificaron más conductas alimentarias alteradas, disminuyendo su frecuencia al incrementarse su edad gestacional (p = 0,030). No se observaron diferencias en las conductas de los padres (p = 0,455), ni en la calidad de la dieta según la edad gestacional (p = 0,399), pero sí en el peso, que fue menor en los muy prematuros (p = 0,015). Conclusiones: el patrón de alimentación de los prematuros a los 3-4 años y las estrategias de sus padres fueron adecuados, y la calidad de la dieta moderada. Es importante un adecuado seguimiento de los prematuros con menor edad gestacional, ya que presentaron más dificultades en la alimentación y menor peso.

Aim: to describe the feeding and growth patterns of preterm-born children at preschool age, considering feeding problems based on behaviours and skills, diet quality and parental feeding practices. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed on preterm children born in Asturias (Spain) in 2016 (n = 94). When preterm-born children reached 3-4 years of age their families were asked to complete the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale and a food frequency questionnaire to identify possible feeding problems and assess diet quality (KIDMED index), respectively. Self-reported anthropometric data were also collected to assess weight growth. Electronic health records were reviewed to gather gestational and neonatal clinical data. Results: feeding problems were found in 7.4 % of children and 20.2 % of parents. According to the KIDMED index, 25.5 % of children had a high-quality diet. Feeding problems were higher in children born before 32 weeks of gestation, and decreased in frequency as the gestational age increased (p = 0.030). No differences were found in parental feeding practices (p = 0.455) or diet quality according to gestational age (p = 0.399), but body weight at 3-4 years was lower in preterm-born children (p = 0.015). Conclusions: feeding patterns of preterm-born children were suitable at the age of 3-4 years, but diet quality was moderate to poor in the majority of children. Follow-up of very preterm children beyond 3-4 years of age becomes necessary as they displayed more feeding problems and lower body weight. (AU)

Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021 / Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Presentamos la adaptación española de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021. En esta actualización, además del abordaje individual, se pone mucho más énfasis en las políticas sanitarias como estrategia de prevención poblacional. Se recomienda el cálculo del riesgo vascular de manera sistemática a todas las personas adultas con algún factor de riesgo vascular. Los objetivos terapéuticos para el colesterol LDL, la presión arterial y la glucemia no han cambiado respecto a las anteriores guías, pero se recomienda alcanzar estos objetivos de forma escalonada (etapas 1 y 2). Se recomienda llegar siempre hasta la etapa 2, y la intensificación del tratamiento dependerá del riesgo a los 10 años y de por vida, del beneficio del tratamiento, de las comorbilidades, de la fragilidad y de las preferencias de los pacientes. Las guías presentan por primera vez un nuevo modelo para calcular el riesgo SCORE2 y SCORE2-OP de morbimortalidad vascular en los próximos 10 años (infarto de miocardio, ictus y mortalidad vascular) en hombres y mujeres entre 40 y 89 años. Otra de las novedades sustanciales es el establecimiento de diferentes umbrales de riesgo dependiendo de la edad (<50, 50-69, ≥70 años). (AU)

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global cardiovascular diseases risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year cardiovascular diseases risk, lifetime cardiovascular diseases risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm ?SCORE2, SCORE2-OP? is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular diseases events (myocardial infarction, stroke and vascular mortality) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (<50, 50-69, ≥70 years). (AU)

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in first-year university students and its association with lifestyle-related factors: A cross-sectional study / Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en estudiantes universitarios de primer año y su asociación con factores relacionados con el estilo de vida: un estudio transversal

Introduction: Students’ dietary habits are moving from Mediterranean diet guidelines towards unhealthy eating patterns. The aim of this study was to determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a sample of Spanish university students and its association with lifestyle factors. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 685 university students who completed a self-report questionnaire. The data collected included demographic characteristics, dietary habits, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Mediterranean diet adherence was assessed by measuring the consumption of the foods that compose this type of diet through a score (range 0–10). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was considered poor, average, or good. Results: The mean adherence score for the Mediterranean diet was 4.9 (1.2) points out of 10. A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in physically active students (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.05–5.10; p=0.038). Students who performed ≥150min/week of physical activity (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.33–0.62; p<0.001) and those over 25 years old (OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.73; p=0.002) were less prone to low adherence to the Mediterranean diet than sedentary and younger students. Conclusion: The university students have poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The results of the current study indicate that age and physical activity are associated with Mediterranean diet adherence. It is urgent to raise awareness among university students and implement intervention programmes promoting a healthy lifestyle. (AU)

Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes universitarios se están alejando de las pautas de la dieta mediterránea hacia patrones de alimentación poco saludables. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios españoles y su asociación con factores del estilo de vida. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 685 universitarios que cumplimentaron un cuestionario autoinformado. Los datos recogidos incluyeron características demográficas, hábitos alimentarios, hábito tabáquico, consumo de alcohol y actividad física. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue evaluada midiendo el consumo de alimentos que componen este tipo de dieta a través de una escala (rango 0-10). La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se consideró pobre, media y buena. Resultados: La puntuación media de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue de 4,9 (1,2) puntos de 10. Se observó un mayor grado de adherencia a esta dieta en los estudiantes físicamente activos (OR=2,31; IC95%: 1,05-5,10; p=0,038). Los estudiantes que realizaban ≥150min/semana de actividad física (OR=0,45; IC95%: 0,33-0,62; p<0,001) y los mayores de 25 años (OR=0,44; IC95%: 0,26-0,73; p=0,002) fueron menos propensos a una baja adherencia a la dieta mediterránea que los estudiantes sedentarios y los más jóvenes. Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios tienen una pobre adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Los resultados del presente estudio indican que la edad y la actividad física están asociadas con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Es urgente concienciar a los universitarios e implementar programas de intervención que promuevan un estilo de vida saludable. (AU)

Fish intake in pregnant women and its impact on maternal-fetal health status.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the consumption of fish in pregnant women and its association with maternal and infant outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this observational study carried out at the La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, 300 pregnant women participated. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to their fish consumption during pregnancy for comparison. The χ2 test or ANOVA test were applied for comparisons for qualitative and quantitative variables respectively. RESULTS: It was observed that 49% of women consumed adequate amounts of fish during pregnancy (2 or 3 weekly servings). Significant differences were observed for iron supplementation (higher in women with inadequate fish consumption), threatened pregnancy loss (higher in women with inadequate fish consumption), infant size (better in women with adequate fish consumption), and arterial O2 pressure (better in women with adequate fish consumption). In regard to the other components of the dietary pattern, no differences were observed but the adequacy of intake for grains and white meat was very poor (less than 5.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Half of the women met the recommendations for fish intake during pregnancy and presented an overall healthier eating pattern but without statistical significance.

Compra y consumo de alimentos ante el confinamiento por SARSCoV-2 en un grupo de pacientes pertenecientes a una Clínica de Salud Incluyente en la Ciudad de México / Purchase and food consumption among a group of patients in an Inclusive Health Clinic due to confinement of SARS-CoV-2

Fundamentos: Se tiene poca información sobre compra y consumo de alimentos ante el confinamiento por SARSCoV-2 en pacientes socioeconómicamente vulnerables. El objetivo fue evaluar la compra y consumo de alimentosante confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 de pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad pertenecientes a una Clínica de Salud Incluyente en la Ciudad de México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal analítico, con pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 30 y 70 años, con sobrepeso u obesidad, sin ansiedad y depresión severa. Vía telefónica, se preguntó por la compra y el consumo de alimentos, percepción de cambios de peso corporal y tiempo para preparar alimentos. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y razón de momios. El nivel de significancia fue de 0,05. Resultados: Muestra de 30 pacientes, 50% sexo femenino, con una edad promedio 57,2 ± 5,9 años. La más alta percepción de aumento de precio y escasez fue en los grupos de frutas, verduras y alimentos de origen animal. Consumen dieta completa en frutas y verduras: 33,3%; alimentos de origen animal: 56% y cereales: 100% de los pacientes. Se determinó que el 6,7% tenía dieta inocua y el 43,3% variada. La percepción de aumento de precio de alimentos de origen animal y leguminosas se relacionó con la de aumento de peso corporal (OR:21; IC95% 1,833- 240,52 y OR:35; IC95% 1,780-693,41). Conclusiones: Durante confinamiento, la percepción de aumento de precio y escasez de frutas, verduras y alimentos de origen animal puede explicar su bajo consumo. Las recomendaciones de nutrición deberán facilitar consumo de frutas, verduras, leguminosas y alimentos de origen animal entre pacientes socioeconómicamente vulnerables. (AU)

Background: There is little information on the purchase and consumption of food in the face of confinement in underserved patients. Objective: To evaluate purchase and consumption of food during the confinement due to SARS-CoV-2 among overweight or obese patients in an Inclusive Health Clinic in Mexico City. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional analytical study, with patients of both sexes, between 30 and 70 years old, with overweight or obesity, without severe anxiety and depression. Through telephone calls, purchase and consumption of food, changes in body weight perception and in the time to prepare food were asked. Descriptive statistics, chi square and odd ratios were applied. The significance level 0.05. Results: The sample of 30 patients, 50% women, average age 57.2 (+5.9) years. The highest proportion of perception of price increase and scarcity was in the fruits and vegetables and animal products. With complete diet in fruits and vegetables: 33.3%; animal products: 56% and cereals: 100%. From all, 6.7% innocuous diet and 43% varied diet. The perception of increase price in animal products and legumes is related to perceiving an increase in body weight (OR: 21; 95% CI: 1.833-240.52 and OR: 35; 95% CI 1.780-693.41). Conclusions: During confinement, the perception of price increase and scarcity in fruits, vegetables and animal products explain the low amount of consumption. Conclusion: Based on our results, the nutrition recommendations need to facilitate consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and animal products among uderserved patients. (AU)

Dietary modulation of advanced glycation end products metabolism on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients: From the CORDIOPREV study / Modulación a través de la dieta del metabolismo de los productos finales de glicación avanzada sobre el grosor de la íntima-media carotídea en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2: estudio CORDIOPREV

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are pro-oxidant and cytotoxic compounds involved in the progression of chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The total body burden of AGEs also depend of those consume through the diet. Our aim was to analyze whether the reduction of AGE levels, after the consumption of two-healthy diets were associated with a greater decrease of intima-media thickness of both common carotid arteries (IMT-CC) in patients with T2DM and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: 540 CHD patients with T2DM, at baseline, from the CORDIOPREV study, were divided into two groups: (1) Responders, patients whose IMT-CC was reduced or not changed after dietary intervention and (2) Non-responders, patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention. A total of 423 completed baseline and the 5-year follow-up carotid ultrasounds were analyzed in this study.Results: Our data showed that Responders, despite had a higher baseline IMT-CC and serum methylglyoxal (MG) levels than Non-responders, showed a reduction of serum levels of this glycotoxin after dietary intervention. Conversely, in patients whose IMT-CC was increased after dietary intervention (Non-responders), serum MG levels were increased. Moreover, an increase of circulating level of AGEs (and in particular, MG), after dietary intervention, could be considered a risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM and CHD. Conclusion: These results support the importance of identifying underlying mechanisms in the context of secondary prevention of CVD that would provide therapeutic targets to reduce the high risk of cardiovascular events of these patients.(AU)

Antecedentes: Los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) son compuestos prooxidantes y citotóxicos involucrados en la progresión de enfermedades crónicas, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). La carga corporal total de AGE también depende de aquellos que se consumen a través de la dieta. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si la reducción de los niveles de AGE, tras el consumo de dos dietas cardiosaludables, se asociaba con una mayor disminución del grosor íntima-media de ambas arterias carótidas comunes (GIM-CC) en pacientes con DMT2 y enfermedad coronaria establecida (EC). Métodos: Un total de 540 pacientes con EC y DMT2, al inicio del estudio CORDIOPREV, se dividieron en dos grupos: 1) respondedores, pacientes cuyo GIM-CC disminuyó o no se modificó tras la intervención dietética, y 2) no respondedores, pacientes cuyo GIM-CC aumentó tras la intervención dietética. En este estudio se incluyeron, finalmente, un total de 423 pacientes, aquellos que completaron el estudio de ecografía carotídea tanto en el basal como a los 5 años de intervención dietética. Resultados: Nuestros resultados mostraron que los respondedores, a pesar de tener un GIM-CC y niveles séricos de metilglioxal (MG) más elevados que los no respondedores, mostraron una reducción de los niveles séricos de esta glicotoxina tras la intervención dietética. Por el contrario, en los pacientes cuyo IMT-CC aumentó tras la intervención dietética (no respondedores), los niveles séricos de MG aumentaron. Un aumento de los niveles circulantes de AGE (y en particular de MG) tras la intervención dietética podría considerarse un factor de riesgo para la progresión de la aterosclerosis en pacientes con DMT2 y CE. Conclusión: Estos resultados apoyan la importancia de identificar los mecanismos subyacentes en el contexto de la prevención secundaria de la ECV que proporcionarían dianas y estrategias terapéuticas para reducir el alto riesgo de eventos...(AU)

Recomendaciones nutricionales en la prevención y tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica. Grupo de Trabajo Dislipemia Aterogénica, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis / Nutritional recommendations in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia

La incorporación de una dieta saludable, ejercicio físico regular junto a la supresión del hábito tabáquico son las primeras medidas para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes con dislipemia aterogénica. En estas personas se debe mejorar la calidad nutricional de su alimentación, sustituyendo los alimentos con mayor efecto aterogénico, por otros de efecto más saludable. Hay una sólida evidencia de que los patrones alimentarios de base vegetal, bajos en ácidos grasos saturados, colesterol y sodio, con un alto contenido en fibra, potasio y ácidos grasos insaturados, son beneficiosos y reducen la expresión de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Este documento se centra en el papel que juega la nutrición en la prevención y tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica, aportando las evidencias actuales que sirvan de herramienta a los profesionales de la salud en su manejo clínico. Para facilitar su lectura dichas recomendaciones se expondrán en un formato de tablas amigable, jerarquizando por diferentes niveles de evidencia.(AU)

The incorporation of a healthy diet, regular physical exercise and smoking cessation are the initial measures to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. In these patients, the nutritional quality of their diet should be improved, replacing foods with a greater atherogenic effect for others with a healthier effect. There is strong evidence that plant-based dietary patterns, low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and sodium, with a high content of fiber, potassium and unsaturated fatty acids, are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors. This document focuses on the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia, providing current evidence to serve as a tool for health professionals in its clinical management. To facilitate the reading of these recommendations, they are presented in a user-friendly table format, with a hierarchy of different levels of evidence.(AU)

Hábitos alimentares e estado nutricional de pacientes com doença celíaca do sul do Brasil / Eating habits and nutritional status of patients with celiac disease in south brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Celiac disease is defined as a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine in genetically predisposed people, triggered by exposure to gluten. The only treatment for celiac disease to date is a lifelong gluten-free diet. Eating habits of celiacs play an important role in their nutritional status. Objective: To evaluate the eating habits and nutritional status of patients with celiac disease in Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with patients diagnosed with celiac disease residing in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) over 18 years of age. An online questionnaire was applied with calls through social networks and also by the Associação dos Celíacos do Brasil - Rio Grande do Sul Section. Sociodemographic data, history of celiac disease, general medical history, reported weight and height and food consumption data (SISVAN food frequency questionnaire and general questions) were collected. Results: The sample consisted of 142 individuals with a mean age of 39.75±11.5 years, 94.4% were women and 93% were white. The patients showed care regarding a gluten-free diet, with the majority not ingesting gluten (82.2%) and being careful regarding cross-contamination by gluten in their homes (85.9%) and in restaurants (62, 4%). Most patients also had good eating habits, with frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables, meats, eggs and low frequency of processed foods and fats. Body weight before and after the diagnosis of celiac disease did not show significant changes (62.3±13.8 versus 63.6±11.7 kg; P=0.147); however, there was an improvement in the classification of nutritional status by body mass index (malnourished: 11.6% before versus 2.3% after; P=0.016). Conclusion: Most celiac disease patients in this study have good eating habits with a balanced gluten-free diet and improved nutritional status after diagnosis according to body mass index classification.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença celíaca é definida como uma doença crônica autoimune que afeta o intestino delgado em pessoas geneticamente predispostas, desencadeada pela exposição ao glúten. O único tratamento para doença celíaca até o momento é uma dieta isenta de glúten por toda a vida, levando em consideração que os hábitos alimentares de celíacos desempenham um papel importante em seu estado nutricional. Objetivo: Avaliar os hábitos alimentares e o estado nutricional de pacientes com doença celíaca do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 142 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença celíaca residentes no Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) e maiores de 18 anos. Para realização deste estudo, foi aplicado um questionário on-line com divulgação através de redes sociais e também pela Associação dos Celíacos do Brasil - Seção Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, histórico da doença celíaca, história clínica geral, peso e altura referidos e dados de consumo alimentar através de questionário de frequência alimentar do SISVAN e questões gerais. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 142 indivíduos com idade média de 39,75±11,5 anos, sendo 94,4% mulheres e 93% de etnia branca. Os participantes apresentaram cuidados em relação a dieta isenta de glúten, sendo que a maioria não ingere glúten (82,2%) e possuem cuidados em relação a contaminação cruzada por glúten em suas casas (85,9%) e em restaurantes (62,4%). A maioria da amostra também apresentou bons hábitos alimentares, com o consumo frequente de frutas, legumes, verduras, carnes, ovos e pouco frequente de industrializados e gorduras. O peso corporal antes e após o diagnóstico de doença celíaca não apresentou mudanças significativas (62,3±13,8 versus 63,6±11,7 kg; P=0,147); entretanto, houve melhora na classificação do estado nutricional pelo índice de massa corporal (11,6% versus 2,3% de desnutridos; P=0,016). Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes com doença celíaca deste estudo apresentam bons hábitos alimentares com uma dieta isenta de glúten balanceada e com melhora do estado nutricional após o diagnóstico de acordo com a classificação do índice de massa corporal.