Exploring e-scooter riders' risky behaviour: survey, observation, and interview study.

This study explores e-scooter riders' risky behaviour and motivation based on survey, observation, and interview studies. 192 responses from an online survey showed that e-scooter riders' behaviours are categorised into errors, violations, defensive behaviour, and proactive safety behaviour. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in riding behaviour depending on riders' characteristics and usage patterns. Results from the observation and survey study showed a high frequency of risky behaviours such as not wearing a helmet, riding on the sidewalk against traffic flow, or riding while listening to music to be more representative. Interviews on motivation explained that those behaviours resulted from the trade-off riders found between risky behaviour and the benefits they gained regarding time or comfort. This study posits that the riders' behaviours are distinguished according to the riders' characteristics and usage patterns, as well as different motivational factors. Thus, various strategies should be applied to improve individuals' safety.

The study aims to explore e-scooter riders' behaviour based on riders' characteristics and usage patterns and understand the motivation behind those risky behaviours. An online survey and observation study identifies behaviour differences between riders and their frequency. The interview study analysed the motivation behind those behaviours.

Developing the capability of digital financial literacy in developing countries: A Case of online loan for small entrepreneurs.

The rapid growth of digital financial services especially during the COVID-19 outbreak, is a factor accelerating the use of online loan applications that inevitably require the knowledge of digital finance. This study used the behavior change theory and digital financial literacy to identify relevant and correlated variables to confirm positive motivational factors on digital financial skills and capability. Structure equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis were applied to find the correlation and confirm the proposed hypotheses presented. There were 400 samples of small entrepreneurs from different provinces, and online questionnaires were used for data collection. The findings showed that the knowledge and motivation variables were related and had a positive effect. It contributes to continuously building up the skills and capabilities of small entrepreneurs who need to develop their capabilities in digital financial literacy adequately in line with the changes in business and technology after the outbreak of COVID-19. This concept can apply to online loan policy for small entrepreneurs trained with motivating courses who accepted digital finance literacy's usefulness.

Cognitive and Emotional Motivation to Explain Infection-Prevention Behaviors with Social Support as a Mediator During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea.

Purpose: To predict the performance of infection-prevention behaviors among adults in Korea based on the health belief model, using social support as a mediator. Patients and Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of 700 participants from the local community was conducted using both online and offline methods from 8 metropolitan cities and 9 provinces in Korea from November 2021 to March 2022. The questionnaire was composed of 4 sections: demographic information, motivational factors for behavior change, social support, and infection-prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with the AMOS program. The general least-squares method was applied to assess the fit of the model and the bootstrapping method was tested for indirect effect and the total effect. Results: Motivation factors that directly affected infection-prevention behaviors were self-efficacy (γ=0.58, p<0.001), perceived barriers (γ=-.08, p=0.004), perceived benefits (γ=0.10, p=0.002), perceived threats (γ=0.08, p=0.009), and social support (γ=0.13, p<0.001), after controlling for related demographic variables. Cognitive and emotional motivation factors together explained 59% of the variance in infection-prevention behaviors. Social support exerted significant mediating effects between each cognitive and emotional motivation variable and infection-prevention behaviors, along with a significant direct effect on infection-prevention behaviors (γ=0.12, p<0.001). Conclusion: The engagement of prevention behaviors among community-dwelling adults was influenced by their self-efficacy, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and perceived threats with social support as a mediator. Prevention policy approaches could include providing specific information to improve self-efficacy and build awareness of the severity of the disease while establishing a supportive social environment for promoting health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Positive Effect of Perceived Exercise Benefit and the Negative Effect of Perceived Severity of Disease and Weakness on College Students' Amount of Exercise: The Mediate and Suppressor Role of Physical Fitness Evaluation Self-Efficacy.

Background: The decline in the physical fitness of college students has become a serious social problem worldwide. Therefore, exploring the factors affecting the amount of exercise of college students is of great significance in improving college students' physique. According to the expectation value theory and previous studies, perceived exercise benefit and perceived severity of disease and weakness may have positive or negative impact on exercise behavior, and according to the self-efficacy theory, physical evaluation self-efficacy may be the most powerful motivational factors and it play a mediating role between other factors and exercise behavior. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the critical role of physical evaluation self-efficacy in the path of perceived exercise benefit and perceived severity of disease and weakness affecting the amount of exercise of college students. Methods: By means of Physical Fitness Health Belief of College Students Scale and Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), 801 undergraduate students were investigated in this study. Results: (1) When perceived exercise benefit, exercise self-efficacy, and severity of perceived disease and weakness predicted the amount of exercise separately, the first two have a positive effect on the amount of exercise, but the latter has no effect. However, when these three factors entered the regression equation at the same time, the perceived severity of disease and weakness had a negative effect on the amount of exercise. (2) The influence of physical evaluation self-efficacy on the college students' the amount of exercise was bigger than benefit of perceived exercise and the perceived severity of disease and weakness in both separated and simultaneous comparison conditions. (3) Physical evaluation self-efficacy completely mediated the positive effect of perceived exercise benefits on the amount of exercise and inhibited the negative effect of perceived severity of disease and weakness on the amount of exercise. Conclusion: Physical evaluation self-efficacy has a strong predictive power on the amount of exercise of college students. This was reflected in its ability to mediate the impact of expectation of exercise results and in its ability to suppress the adverse effects of concern about illness on exercise.

Reliability and Validity of the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine psychometric properties of a Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents (CPASA). DESIGN: Two test-retest studies and a prospective study, approved by a university institutional review board, were conducted in midwestern U.S. urban areas. SETTING: The first test-retest study occurred in four community centers, the second test-retest study took place in a community school, and the prospective study occurred in eight middle schools. SUBJECTS: To measure commitment at baseline and 1 week later, 51 girls in the first test-retest study completed an original 26-item scale, and 91 in the second test-retest study completed a revised 11-item scale. In the prospective study, 503 girls completed the 11-item scale. MEASURES: Commitment was measured via the CPASA. After completing the CPASA, girls in the prospective study wore ActiGraph GT3X-plus accelerometers that measured light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity (LMVPA) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). ANALYSIS: Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were estimated. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to cross-validate the factor structure. RESULTS: For the 11-item CPASA, Cronbach α ranged from .81 to .82, and test-retest reliability was .88. Both EFA and CFA indicated a single factor. The scale was significantly correlated with LMVPA (r = .10) and MVPA (r = .11). CONCLUSION: The 11-item CPASA demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity with girls.

Factors Affecting Selection of Delivery Facilities by Pregnant Women / 예방의학회지

This study was designed to investigate the major factors affecting selection of delivery facilities by pregnant women. Five hundred women hospitalized at 23 Seoul-area delivery facilities, such as university hospitals, general hospitals, hospitals, and clinics were selected and given questionnaires from April 24 to May 7, 1990. A total of 350 questionnaires were collected and analysed for the study. The results are as follows; 1. In general, variables which significantly affected the choice of delivery facilities included the age of women, their educational level, the educational level of their husbands, monthly average incomes and residential areas. 2. In analyzing the obstetrical characteristics of the women, those variables significantly affecting the choice of delivery facilities were the gestational period, the facilities for prenatal care, the frequency of prenatal care, the type of delivery, the frequency of miscarriage, previous delivery experiences and the awareness on prenatal care. 3. In comparing the motivation factors for selecting the delivery facilities, all the factors except convenience and need for hospitalization differed significantly among delivery facilities. 4. The factor analysis was assessed for twenty possible factors motivating the choice of delivery facilities. Six factors including personal service, scale of the facility, reputation, urgency, convenience, and experience were noted explaining by 57.7%. 5. In the discriminant analysis used to clarify the major factors affecting the selection of delivery facilities, the 16 significant variables were regarded as independent variables, and the type of delivery facilities was considered a dependent variable. The stepwise method was applied to the analysis. Detected discriminant variables were the facilities for prenatal care, scale factor, personal service factor, urgency factor, convenience factor, reputation factor, experience factor, gestational period, types of delivery, frequency of miscarriage, age and income. These 12 discriminant variables were tested, with reference to discriminant prediction, on their importance in the choice of the delivery facility, by the discriminant functional formula. The test showed a hit-rate of 67.7%. The results suggest that general characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and motivations for selecting the delivery facilities differ significantly according to the types of the delivery facilities. This study implies that all types of delivery facilities should attempt to acommodate characteristics and motivations of pregnant women. The facilities should be prepared to increase their patients satisfaction with required medical conditions by improving service and responding to the pregnant women's preferences.