Posterior circulation collaterals as predictors of outcome in basilar artery occlusion: a sub-analysis of the BASICS randomized trial.

Introduction and purpose: Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is still one of the most devastating neurological conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we aimed to assess the role of posterior circulation collaterals as predictors of outcome in the BASICS trial and to compare two grading systems (BATMAN score and PC-CS) in terms of prognostic value. Methods: We performed a sub-analysis of the BASICS trial. Baseline clinical and imaging variables were analyzed. For the imaging analysis, baseline CT and CTA were analyzed by a central core lab. Only those patients with good or moderate quality of baseline CTA and with confirmed BAO were included. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the independent association of clinical and imaging characteristics with a favorable outcome at 3 months (defined as a modified Rankin Score of ≤3). ROC curve analysis was used to assess and compare accuracy between the two collateral grading systems. Results: The mean age was 67.0 (±12.5) years, 196 (65.3%) patients were males and the median NIHSS was 21.5 (IQR 11-35). Median NCCT pc-ASPECTS was 10 (IQR10-10) and median collateral scores for BATMAN and PC-CS were 8 (IQR 7-9) and 7 (IQR 6-8) respectively. Collateral scores were associated with favorable outcome at 3 months for both BATMAN and PC-CS but only with a modest accuracy on ROC curve analysis (AUC 0.62, 95% CI [0.55-0.69] and 0.67, 95% CI [0.60-0.74] respectively). Age (OR 0.97, 95% CI [0.95-1.00]), NIHSS (OR 0.91, 95% CI [0.89-0.94]) and collateral score (PC-CS - OR 1.2495% CI [1.02-1.51]) were independently associated with clinical outcome. Conclusion: The two collateral grading systems presented modest prognostic accuracy. Only the PC-CS was independently associated with a favorable outcome at 3 months.

Optimal cisplatin cycles in locally advanced cervical carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of cisplatin cycles on the clinical outcomes of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). METHODS: This study included 749 patients with LACC treated with CCRT between January 2011 and December 2015. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the optimal cut-off of cisplatin cycles in predicting clinical outcomes. Clinicopathological features of the patients were compared using the Chi-square test. Prognosis was assessed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazard models. Toxicities were compared among different cisplatin cycle groups. RESULTS: Based on the ROC curve, the optimal cut-off of the cisplatin cycles was 4.5 (sensitivity, 64.3%; specificity, 54.3%). The 3-year overall, disease-free, loco-regional relapse-free, and distant metastasis-free survival for patients with low-cycles (cisplatin cycles < 5) and high-cycles (≥ 5) were 81.5% and 89.0% (P < 0.001), 73.4% and 80.1% (P = 0.024), 83.0% and 90.8% (P = 0.005), and 84.9% and 86.8% (P = 0.271), respectively. In multivariate analysis, cisplatin cycles were an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. In the subgroup analysis of high-cycle patients, patients who received over five cisplatin cycles had similar overall, disease-free, loco-regional relapse-free, and distant metastasis-free survival to patients treated with five cycles. Acute and late toxicities were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin cycles were associated with overall, disease-free, and loco-regional relapse-free survival in LACC patients who received CCRT. Five cycles appeared to be the optimal number of cisplatin cycles during CCRT.

Early Depressive Symptoms Predict Faster Dementia Progression in Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and age of onset of cognitive decline in autosomal dominant AD, and to determine possible factors associated to early depressive symptoms in this population. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to identify depressive symptoms among 190 presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A mutation carriers, subjected to comprehensive clinical evaluations in up to a 20-year longitudinal follow-up. We controlled for the following potential confounders: APOE, sex, hypothyroidism, education, marital status, residence, tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse. RESULTS: PSEN1 E280A carriers with depressive symptoms before mild cognitive impairment (MCI) develop dementia faster than E280A carriers without depressive symptoms (Hazard Ratio, HR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.15-3.31). Not having a stable partner accelerated the onset of MCI (HR = 1.60; 95 % CI, 1.03-2.47) and dementia (HR = 1.68; 95 % CI, 1.09-2.60). E280A carriers with controlled hypothyroidism had later age of onset of depressive symptoms (HR = 0.48; 95 % CI, 0.25-0.92), dementia (HR = 0.43; 95 % CI, 0.21-0.84), and death (HR = 0.35; 95 % CI, 0.13-0.95). APOEɛ2 significantly affected AD progression in all stages. APOE polymorphisms were not associate to depressive symptoms. Women had a higher frequency and developed earlier depressive symptoms than men throughout the illness (HR = 1.63; 95 % CI, 1.14-2.32). CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms accelerated progress and faster cognitive decline of autosomal dominant AD. Not having a stable partner and factors associated with early depressive symptoms (e.g., in females and individuals with untreated hypothyroidism), could impact prognosis, burden, and costs.

Prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with Child-Pugh A liver function after hepatectomy: Not related to the surgical approach.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Improving the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing hepatectomy is critical. This article aims to investigate the risk factors affecting the prognosis of HCC patients with Child-Pugh A (CPA) liver function after hepatectomy and to compare the prognosis of patients with anatomical resection (AR) and nonanatomical resection (NAR). METHODS: In total, 186 patients diagnosed with HCC between 2013 and 2019 were retrospectively enrolled. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazard regression model to explore the factors related to prognosis. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed by log-rank tests and are shown by Kaplan-Meier curves. Chi-square tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the difference in clinical characteristics between AR and NAR patients. RESULTS: Among the 186 enrolled patients, only 73 were followed over 60 months. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 74.5%, 46.7% and 26.0%, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that portal vein invasion (PVI) and tumor size were independent risk factors for OS and PFS. Preoperative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and a-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were identified as independent risk factors only for PFS. In univariate analysis, the NAR group had a better OS rate than the AR group (1-year: 80.4% vs. 63.6%, 3-year: 55.9% vs. 30.3%, 5-year: 34.8% vs. 11.1%), but this was not confirmed by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: PVI and tumor size > 5 cm are risk factors for the prognosis of CPA HCC patients after hepatectomy, but the surgical type is not.

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults: early clinical course and prognostic factors for short-term outcome / Glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentariaenadultos: evoluciónclínicatemprana y factorespronósticos de resultados a cortoplazo

ABSTRACT Background: Primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis progresses to end-stage renal disease in every other patient, and therefore determinants of its long-term outcome have been extensively studied. Immediate response to treatment has been regarded as a positive prognostic predictor and short-term manifestation of the disease could affect its determinants. Therefore, we have sought to assess the early clinical course of primary adult focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and analyze its prognostic factors. Methods: We have retrospectively assessed clinical course of primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis ("not otherwise specified" histological variant) in 84 adults. Renal function was expressed as serum creatinine concentration and equilibrated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD equation). Proteinuria was expressed as protein to urinary creatinine ratio, assessed in the morning voiding sample. The evaluation of these parameters was performed every 3 months after diagnosis. Statistical analysis was achieved using package Statistica. Results: As result of treatment, complete remission of proteinuria, was attained in 30 subjects (35.7%), partial remission in 37 persons (44%), whereas in 17 patients protein excretion rate remained unchanged (20.2%). The severity of glomerular injury, at initial presentation of the disease, correlated with its early (12 months) outcome: patients attaining early complete remission have had the lowest initial proteinuria, higher serum albumin and total protein concentrations than those who have failed to achieve remission. Pharmacotherapy with prednisone, but not with calcineurin inhibitors or mycophenolate mofetil was demonstrated to significantly affect achievement of remission. Conclusions: Early remission of proteinuria in response to treatment is feasible in 44% of patients with primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, it is best achieved in subjects presenting with mild glomerular injury, and in patients treated with prednisone. Higher serum albumin and total protein concentrations predict better response to induction of remission.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria se convierteennefropatía terminal enuno de cada dos pacientes, por lo que losfactoresdeterminantes de susdesenlaces a largo plazohansidoobjeto de muchosestudios. La respuestainmediata al tratamiento se considera un factor pronóstico favorable, y las manifestaciones a cortoplazo de la enfermedadpuedenafectarlosfactoresdeterminantes. Portodoello, hemosbuscadoevaluar la evoluciónclínicatemprana de la glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentariaprimaria, y analizarsusfactorespronósticos. Material y métodos: Hemosrealizado un estudioretrospectivo para evaluar la evoluciónclínica de la glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentariaprimaria (variantehistológica "sin otraespecificación") en 84 pacientesadultos. Se evaluó la función renal a través de la creatininasérica y filtrado glomerular equilibradocalculadomediante la ecuación MDRD. La proteinuria se expresócomorelaciónproteína/creatininaurinaria, evaluadaen la muestramiccionalmatutina. La evaluación de estosparámetros se realizócada 3 mesesdespués del diagnóstico. El análisisestadístico se logróutilizando el paqueteStatistica. Resultados: Como resultado del tratamiento, se obtuvounaremisióncompleta de la proteinuria en 30 sujetos (35,7%), unaremisiónparcialen 37 personas (44%), mientras que, en 17 pacientes, la tasa de excreción de proteínas se mantuvo sin cambios (20,2%). En la presentacióninicial de la enfermedad, la gravedad de la lesión glomerular se correlacionó con suresultadotemprano (12 meses): lospacientes que lograronunaremisióncompletatempranamostraronlosnivelesmásbajos de proteinuria inicial, y concentracionesmásaltas de albúminasérica y proteínastotales que aquellos que no alcanzaron la remisión. Se demostró que la farmacoterapia con prednisona -pero no con inhibidores de calcineurina o micofenolato de mofetilo- condiciona de forma significativa el logro de la remisión. Conclusiones: La remisióntemprana de la proteinuria enrespuesta al tratamientoesfactibleen el 44% de lospacientes con glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentariaprimaria; se obtienenmejoresresultadosensujetos que presentanunalesión glomerular leve y enpacientestratados con prednisona. Las concentracionesmásaltas de albúminasérica y proteínastotalespredicenunamejorrespuesta para inducir la remisión.

Caracterización clínica, patológica y epidemiológica de pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides / Clinical, pathological and epidemiological characterization of patients with thyroid differentiated carcinoma

Introducción: El diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con nódulo de tiroides son un desafío clínico, instrumental, imagenológico y patológico, y a pesar de que no representan un problema de salud en Cuba, afecta a un grupo importante de la población, fundamentalmente en edad laboral. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas, patológicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con carcinoma bien diferenciado de tiroides. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 30 pacientes con cáncer bien diferenciado de tiroides, operados en el Hospital Oncológico Conrado Benítez García de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2014 hasta julio de 2017 y que recibieron tratamiento oncoespecífico, para lo cual se revisaron las historias clínicas y los informes de biopsia de cada uno. Resultados: En la serie predominaron las mujeres de 40-49 años de edad, los afectados de piel mestiza y negra, el aumento de volumen de la glándula, los nódulos hipoecogénicos, el tumor papilar, además de la infiltración capsular y la permeabilización vascular entre los factores pronósticos histológicos más comunes. Conclusiones: Existen elementos clínicos, epidemiológicos e imagenológicos para diagnosticar un presunto carcinoma bien diferenciado de tiroides.

Introduction: The diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid node are a clinical, instrumental, imagenological and pathological challenge, and although they does not represent a health problem in Cuba, they affect an important populational group, fundamentally in working periods. Objective: To determine the clinical, pathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with well differentiated carcinoma of thyroid. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 30 patients with well differentiated cancer of thyroid, operated in Conrado Benítez García Oncological Hospital belonging to Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2014 to July, 2017 and who received onchospecific treatment , for which the medical records and the biopsy reports were reviewed from each patient. Results: In the series the 40-49 year-old women , those patients affected of mestizo and black skin, the increase of the gland volume, the hypoechogenic nodules and the papillary tumor prevailed, besides the capsular infiltration and the vascular permeabilization among the most common histological prognosis factors. Conclusions: Clinical, epidemiological and imagenological elements exist to diagnose a presumed well differentiated carcinoma of thyroid.

Factores pronósticos de supervivencia en pacientes con reanimación cardiopulmonar en un servicio de emergencias / Survival prognosis factors in patients with cardiopulmonary reanimation in an emergency service

Introducción: Los factores que influyen en que el paciente sobreviva luego de una reanimación cardiopulmonar hasta el alta hospitalaria no han sido descritos con certeza. Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con la supervivencia al alta hospitalaria en pacientes que recibieron reanimación cardiopulmonar en un servicio de emergencias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de cohortes, prospectivo, en 76 pacientes que recibieron reanimación cardiopulmonar en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico-Quirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2016 a igual mes del 2018. Resultados: En el análisis univariado los factores que de manera independiente se asociaron a la supervivencia fueron el origen cardíaco (76,5 por ciento), el trazado electrocardiográfico de fibrilación ventricular-taquicardia ventricular sin pulso (64,7 por ciento), la no prolongación de la ventilación y la ausencia de sepsis (con 88,2 por ciento cada uno). Conclusiones: Se identificaron la recuperación neurológica y la no necesidad de drogas vasoactivas como los factores que influyeron directamente en la sobrevida hasta el alta hospitalaria

Introduction: The factors influencing in the survival of the patient after a cardiopulmonary reanimation up to the hospital discharge have not been described with accuracy. Objective: To identify the factors related to the survival at discharge in patients who received cardiopulmonary reanimation in an emergency service. Methods: An analytic cohorts prospective study was carried out in 76 patients who received cardiopulmonary reanimation in the Intensive Care Emergent Unit from Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2016 to same month of 2018. Results: In the univariate analysis the associated factors to survival in an independent way were the heart origin (76.5 percent), the pattern of ventricular fibrillation/ ventricular tachicardia without pulse (64.7 percent), the non-continuation of ventilation and the sepsis absence (with 88.2 percent each of them). Conclusions: The neurological recovery and unnecessary use of vasoactive drugs were identified as the directly influencing factors in the survival up to the hospital discharge

Factores pronóstico de mortalidad asociados al síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda por ventilación mecánica / Mortality prognosis factors associated with the acute respiratory failure due to mechanical ventilation

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de serie de casos, de 31 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, de enero de 2014 a igual mes de 2017, quienes presentaron el síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, con vistas a describir los factores pronóstico de mortalidad por esta causa. En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino, la edad promedio de 57 años y la hipertensión arterial como enfermedad crónica asociada. La mayoría de los pacientes recibía ventilación mecánica previa al diagnóstico, en la modalidad controlada por volumen, y en un menor número se aplicaron maniobras de incorporación alveolar. La insuficiencia respiratoria moderada de causa extrapulmonar figuró en pacientes con ventilación prolongada, en tanto la complicación más frecuente fue la disfunción multiorgánica, que además resultó la principal causa de muerte. Finalmente, no se encontró relación directa entre la presencia de estos factores pronóstico de mortalidad y la probabilidad de fallecer.

A descriptive investigation, of cases series, in 31 patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January, 2014 to same month in 2017, who presented acute respiratory failure, with the aim of describing the mortality prognosis factors for this cause. In the series the male sex, the average age 57 year-old and hypertension prevailed as associated chronic diseases. Most of the patients received mechanic ventilation previous to the diagnosis, in the modality controlled through volume, and in a lower number maneuvers of alveolar incorporation were applied. The moderate respiratory failure of extrapulmonar cause was present in patients with prolonged ventilation, as long as the most frequent complication was the multiple organs dysfunction which was also the main cause of death. Finally, there was no direct relationship between the presence of these mortality factors prognosis and the probability of dying.

Análisis estadístico implicativo en la determinación de factores pronósticos del estado nutricional del paciente grave al egreso / Statistical analysis involving the determination of prognosis factors for the nutritional state of the severely ill patient at discharge

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, no balanceado, anidados en una cohorte, de pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, con la doble finalidad de identificar los factores pronósticos que incidieron en el estado nutricional al egreso de estos y además evaluar la utilidad del análisis estadístico implicativo en la identificación de dichos factores. En el procesamiento de los datos se emplearon dos técnicas: la regresión logística, con la cual se identificaron como factores de mal pronóstico la ventilación mecánica, la infección intrahospitalaria, el tratamiento quirúrgico y la estadía prolongada; y el análisis estadístico implicativo, con el que se detectaron el estado nutricional al ingreso, la infección intrahospitalaria, la ventilación mecánica y la estadía prolongada. El análisis estadístico implicativo mostró mayor probabilidad de identificar factores pronósticos, con buenos resultados en los indicadores de eficacia estimados

An unbalanced cases and control study, nested in a cohort, of patients assisted in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Unit of Saturnine Lora Torres Teaching Provincial Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, with the double purpose of identifying the prognosis factors that impacted in the nutritional state at their discharge and also to evaluate the usefulness of the statistical analysis for the identification of these factors. In the processing of data two techniques were used: the logistical regression analysis, with which the mechanical ventilation, the intrahospital infection, the surgical treatment and the prolonged stay were identified as bad prognosis factors; and the statistical analysis, with which the nutritional state at admission, the intrahospital infection, the mechanical ventilation and the prolonged stay were detected. The statistical analysis showed a higher probability of identifying prognosis factors, with good results in the effectiveness calculated indicators

Factores pronósticos de mortalidad por peritonitis secundaria en pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mortality prognosis factors due to secondary peritonitis in patients admitted in an intensive care unit

Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, de casos y controles, de 77 pacientes con peritonitis agudas secundarias, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" de Santiago de Cuba, en el período de enero del 2014 a igual mes del 2016, para identificar los factores pronósticos de mortalidad en ellos. Entre los principales resultados se obtuvo un predominio de las perforaciones como causa de muerte y del sexo femenino entre los fallecidos. Se encontró una elevada especificidad para el índice de Mannheim y no existió asociación entre la edad, la necesidad de repetir la laparotomía, la presencia de sepsis y las enfermedades metabólicas y las inmunosupresoras con la probabilidad de morir. Los factores pronósticos con significación estadística relacionados con la probabilidad de morir por una peritonitis secundaria, fueron el estado físico, el tiempo preoperatorio y la disfunción múltiple de órganos.

An observational and analytic cases and controls study of 77 patients with acute secondary peritonitis, admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" University Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, in the period of January, 2014 to same month of 2016, to identify the prognosis factors of mortality in them. A prevalence of perforations as cause of death and prevalence of the female sex in the dead patients were obtained among the main results. A high specificity for the Mannheim index was found and association didn't exist between the age, the necessity to repeat laparotomy, the sepsis presence and the metabolic and immunosuppressive diseases with the probability of dying. The prognosis factors with statistical significance related to the probability of dying due to a secondary peritonitis were the physical status, the preoperative time and the multiple organs dysfunction.

Carcinomas de cabeza y cuello, experiencia de un centro oncológico del estado de Durango, México / Head and neck carcinomas, experience of a cancer center in the state of Durango, Mexico

Antecedentes: los carcinomas de cabeza y cuello son relativamente frecuentes, presentan diversos tipos histológicos y características clínicas, mismas que se asocian con una variedad de riesgos de mortalidad. Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo fue examinar en un periodo de cinco años carcinomas de cabeza y cuello tratados en el Centro Estatal de Cancerología. Material y métodos: Este estudio se realizó de manera retrospectiva, se revisaron factores de riesgo y tratamientos, se hicieron análisis univariados y multivariados para evaluar factores pronóstico y supervivencia. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 32 expedientes que cumplían con las características del estudio, el periodo de seguimiento fue de 2 a 32 meses. La variante histológica predominante fue carcinoma epidermoide, el tratamiento primario más común fue cirugía. Conclusiones: La supervivencia en los carcinomas de cabeza y cuello disminuye en pacientes en etapas clínicas avanzadas, edad e historia de tabaquismo y/o alcoholismo, la mayoría de ellos muere por progresión de enfermedad y metástasis.

Introduction: carcinomas of the head and neck are relatively common.They include diff erent histological types and present a rangeof clinical characteristics, and are associated with diverse risks of mortality. Objective: To perform a casuistic review of cases of head andneck carcinomas over a period of fi ve years at a State Cancer Center.Material and method: A retrospective study was conducted, in whichrisk factors and treatments were analyzed. Univariate and multivariatestatistical analyses were performed for the purpose of evaluatingprognostic and survival factors. Results: A total of 32 fi les were foundto meet the criteria required by the study. Patient follow-up ranged from2 to 32 months. The predominant histological variant identifi ed wasthe squamous cell carcinoma, while the most common primary treatment was surgery. Conclusions: This study shows that survival fromhead and neck carcinomas decreases in patients who are in advancedclinical stages, particularly those of a certain age with a history ofsmoking and/or alcohol use, most of whom die from the progression and metastasis of the disease.

Enfermedad de parkinson: criterios diagnósticos, factores de riesgo y de progresión, y escalas de valoración del estadio clínico / Parkinson's disease: diagnostic criteria, risk factors and progression, and assessment scales clinical stage

La enfermedad de Parkinson es la segunda enfermedad degenerativa más común en el mundo después del Alzheimer. En Colombia hay una prevalencia estimada de 4,7 (IC95%: 2,2 a 8,9) por 1,000 habitantes y se detecta con mayor frecuencia en personas mayores de 60 años, lo que representa un alto costo para las familias y para el sistema de salud. Actualmente se utilizan para el diagnóstico los criterios del Banco de Cerebros del Reino Unido, sin embargo, hay otros criterios que pueden ser útiles para proyectos de investigación. Se ha demostrado que hay múltiples factores de riesgo y de progresión asociados con la enfermedad, y que deben tenerse en cuenta durante la evaluación clínica, la cual debería siempre realizarse en conjunto con las escalas de seguimiento.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common degenerative disease in the world after Alzheimer's disease. Colombia has an estimated prevalence of 470 (95% CI 2.2 to 8.9) per 1,000 people, more frequently found in people over 60 years, which represents a high financial burden imposed on families and health care system. The criteria currently used for the diagnostic are those compiled in the Brain Bank of the UK; however, other criteria may be useful for research. There are multiple risk and progression factors which have been proven to have an association with parkinson's disease, and that should be considered during clinical assessment, which should always be carried out additionally with follow scales.

Factores pronósticos en la hemorragia cerebral intraparenquimatosa / Prognosis factors in the cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo de 116 pacientes con hemorragia cerebral intraparenquimatosa, comprobada a través de la tomografía axial computarizada, con vistas a precisar los factores pronósticos predeterminados y su influencia sobre la mortalidad en la casuística. Entre los principales resultados sobresalió el predominio de los grupos de 41-50 y 51-60 años (57,7 % entre ambos), la hipertensión arterial como antecedente patológico personal (79,3 %), así como la ocurrencia de hemorragias en los hemisferios cerebrales (45,6 %). En la serie, 49,1 % de sus integrantes presentaban hematomas con volumen de hasta 30 mL y 7,7 % con el doble de ese contenido. Se observó una relación directa entre el volumen de sangre en el parénquima cerebral por encima de 60 mL y el pronóstico final de los afectados.

A descriptive and prospective study of 116 patients with cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage, shown through the computerized axial tomography (CAT) was carried out, aimed at specifying the predetermined prognosis factors and their influence on the mortality in the case material. Among the main results there were: the prevalence of the 41-50 and 51-60 year groups (57,7 % between both), hypertension as personal pathological history (79,3%), as well as the occurrence of hemorrhages in the cerebral hemispheres (45,6 %). In the series, 49,1 % of the patients presented haematomas with volume of up to 30 mL and 7,7 % with the double of that content. A direct relation was observed between the blood volume in the cerebral parenchyma above 60 mL and the final prognosis of those affected.

Factores pronósticos de mortalidad por sepsis severa en unidades de cuidado crítico del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga / Association between prognosis factors and mortality in Bucaramanga

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente artículo fue evaluar los factores de riesgo para mortalidad por sepsis severa en cuatro instituciones de cuidado crítico de la ciudad, estudiando variables socio-demográficas, clínicas y microbiológicas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte de 150 pacientes admitidos a unidad de cuidado crítico de cuatro unidades del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, con diagnóstico de sepsis severa o choque séptico. Fueron estudiados mediante un cuestionario sobre variables socio-económicas, clínicas y microbiológicas. Se realizó análisis bivariado con pruebas t de student y chi cuadrado. El análisis multivariado mediante regresión de Cox con el tiempo al evento como variable de desenlace. Resultados: Los pacientes sobrevivientes tuvieron un promedio de edad de 64 años y los no sobrevivientes de 67 años, sin que se demostraran diferencias estadísticas entre los dos grupos de pacientes. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto al género. El factor de riesgo más importante asociado a mortalidad por sepsis fueron las complicaciones durante la hospitalización, incluso luego de ajustar por el puntaje SOFA inicial, el sitio de infección y los indicadores de respuesta inflamatoria como la hiperlactatemia e hiperbilirrubinemia. Conclusiones: Se encontraron tres modelos de riesgo para mortalidad por sepsis con otras complicaciones durante la hospitalización como el factor de riesgo más relevante y el control glicémico como el factor de protección más importante. [Niño ME, Torres D, Cárdenas ME, Godoy AP, Moreno N, Sanabria V, et al. Factores pronósticos de mortalidad por sepsis severa en unidades de cuidado critico del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB 2012; 15:7-13].

Objective: We evaluated cases of severe sepsis to search prognosis factors of mortality in our area. Methods: Cohort study of 150 patients admitted in critical care unit from four clinical centers of the city with severe sepsis or shock septic. We analyzed socio-demographic characteristics, clinical and microbiological factors. Bivariate analysis and cox regression model was realized for found prognosis factors. Results: Patients who survived was 64 years old compared with no surviving patients who was 67 years old, there are not differences in sex between them. A risk factor for mortality was complications in hospital after ajust for sofa score, infection site, hyperlactatemia and hyperbilirrubinemia. Conclusion: We found three models of risk for mortality by sepsis, with other complications in hospital as an important factor and glicemic control as a most important protection factor of mortality. [Niño ME, Torres D, Cárdenas ME, Godoy AP, Moreno N, Sanabria V, et al. Association between prognosis factors and mortality in Bucaramanga MedUNAB 2012; 15:7-13].

Impacto pronóstico de la anemia en insuficiencia cardiaca aguda / Prognostic impact of anemia in acute heart failure

Background and aim. Studies performed on selected patients in other countries have shown that anemia is frequently associated with heart failure and results in a worse prognosis. We sought to determine the prognosis significance of hemoglobin I anemia in patients with acute heart failure which required management with hospital admission. Material and Methods. We analysed 412 patients diagnosed with acute heart failure as outlined in the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). We measured hemoglobin within the first 24 hours and obtained demographic, clinical and biochemical variables. Anemia was defined in accordance with OMS criteria. The main variable was all-cause mortality. The association between all-cause mortality and hemoglobin I anemia was determined using the multiple regression Cox model. Results. During follow-up (median six months) we observed 101 all-cause mortality events. In the multivariate analysis, hemoglobin was an independent predictive variable adjusted by covariates (HR 1.15, IC 95% [1.04-1.25], p = 0.014). Anemia (hemoglobin < 13 g/dL) was also found to be an independent predictive variable adjusted by covariates (HR 2.06, IC al 95% [1.28-3.33], p = 0.003). Conclusions. Hemoglobin and anemia (hemoglobin < 13 g/dL) are consistently associated with short-term, poorer survival in patients with acute heart failure.

Fundamento y objetivo. La anemia en la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda es un hallazgo frecuente y parece implicar un peor pronóstico. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de estos datos provienen de series extranjeras y población seleccionada. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer en nuestro medio y en población no seleccionada el grado de asociación entre las cifras de hemoglobina al ingreso y la mortalidad por todas las causas a corto plazo tras un ingreso hospitalario por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. Material y métodos. Incluimos consecutivamente 412 enfermos ingresados en el Servicio de Cardiología diagnosticados de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda según la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC). Se determinó la hemoglobina al ingreso, así como un conjunto de variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y bioquímicas de contrastado valor pronóstico. La asociación entre mortalidad por todas las causas para la hemoglobina y anemia se determinó mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. Durante el seguimiento de la muestra (mediana seis meses) se registraron 101 muertes por cualquier causa. El descenso de 1 g/dL de hemoglobina se asoció de manera independiente con la mortalidad (IR 1.15, IC 95% [1.04-1.25], p = 0.014). De esta misma manera, la presencia de anemia (hemoglobina < 13 g/dL) al ingreso se asoció de manera independiente con la mortalidad total (IR 2.06, IC 95% [1.28-3.33], p = 0.003). Conclusiones. En pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda la hemoglobina (continua o dicotomizada según criterios OMS/ WHO) se asoció de manera independiente e intensa con un desenlace fatal a corto plazo.