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ABSTRACT Meckel's diverticulum is the most common gastrointestinal tract anomaly. It arises from the incomplete closure of the omphalomesenteric conduit, which is a true diverticulum at the antimesenteric border of the ileum. Although the majority of patients are asymptomatic, they can present with inflammation, hemorrhage, intussusception, intestinal obstruction, and perforation, among others; this constitutes an important differential diagnosis for acute abdomen. A 19-year-old female sought medical attention because of intermittent diffuse abdominal pain for two months, nausea, and diarrhea. In the requested imaging tests, tomography, and enterotomography, a diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum with some degree of intussusception was suggested. The patient underwent elective surgical treatment without complications and was discharged on the second postoperative day with clinical improvement. In this section, we review publications on similar cases published in the last five years.

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Resumen: La fibromatosis mesentérica es un subtipo profundo de tumor desmoide (TD), un tumor benigno de origen fibroblástico localmente agresivo por su tendencia a infiltrar los tejidos adyacentes. Son raros, esporádicos y pueden asociarse con el síndrome de Gardner. El tratamiento de elección es la resección completa, evitando la recurrencia local. Comunicamos el caso clínico de una paciente con fibromatosis intrabdominal mesentérica única, bien circunscripta, que simulaba por la imagenología una masa de origen pelviano.

Summary: Mesenteric fibromatosis is a deep sub-type of desmoid tumors consisting of a benign tumor of fibroblastic origin which is locally aggressive given its tendency to infiltrate adjacent tissues. They are unusual and sporadic, and may be associated to Gardner's Syndrome. Complete resection is the treatment of choice, avoiding local recurrence. The study reports the clinical case of a patient with intra-abdominal sporadic mesenteric fibromatosis, well circumscribed that appeared to be a pelvic mass in MR imaging.

Resumo: A fibromatose mesentérica é um subtipo profundo de tumor desmóide (DT); é um tumor benigno de origem fibroblástica que é localmente agressivo devido à sua tendência a infiltrar tecidos adjacentes. São raros, esporádicos e podem estar associados à síndrome de Gardner. O tratamento de escolha é a ressecção completa, evitando recidiva local. Relatamos o caso clínico de uma paciente com fibromatose mesentérica intra-abdominal única e bem circunscrita que simulava uma massa de origem pélvica na imagem.

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ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a frequent cause of emergency department admissions. AIM: This study aimed to determine risk factors of reoperations, postoperative adverse event, and operative mortality (OM) in patients surgically treated for SBO. METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted between 2014 and 2017. Exclusion criteria include gastric outlet obstruction, large bowel obstruction, and incomplete clinical record. STATA version 14 was used for statistical analysis, with p-value <0.05 with 95% confidence interval considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 218 patients were included, in which 61.9% were women. Notably, 88.5% of patients had previous abdominal surgery. Intestinal resection was needed in 28.4% of patients. Postoperative adverse event was present in 28.4%, reoperation was needed in 9.2% of cases, and a 90-day surgical mortality was 5.9%. Multivariate analysis determined that intestinal resection, >3 days in intensive care unit (ICU), >7 days with nasogastric tube (NGT), pain after postoperative day 3, POAE, and surgical POAE were the risk factors for reoperations, while age, C-reactive protein, intestinal resection, >3 days in ICU, and >7 days with NGT were the risk factors for POAE. OM was determined by >5 days with NGT and POAE. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative course is determined mainly for patient's age, preoperative level of C-reactive protein, necessity of intestinal resection, clinical postoperative variables, and the presence of POAE.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A obstrução do intestino delgado (OID) é uma causa frequente de admissões ao Serviço de Emergência. OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco de reoperações, eventos adversos pós-operatórios e mortalidade operatória (MO) em pacientes com OID tratados cirurgicamente. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2014 e 2017. Critérios de exclusão: obstrução da saída do estômago, obstrução do intestino grosso e história clínica incompleta. O STATA 14 foi utilizado para análise estatística, considerando significância estatística p<0,05 com IC de 95%. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e dezoito pacientes foram incluídos, 61,9% mulheres, 88,5% dos pacientes tinham cirurgia abdominal anterior. A ressecção intestinal foi necessária em 28,4% dos pacientes. O evento adverso pós-operatório (EAPO) esteve presente em 28,4%, a reoperação foi necessária em 9,2% dos casos e a mortalidade cirúrgica em 90 dias foi de 5,9%. A análise multivariada determinou que a ressecção intestinal, > 3 dias em UTI, > 7 dias com sonda nasogástrica (SNG), dor após o 3º dia de pós-operatório, EAPO cirúrgico foram fatores de risco para reoperações, enquanto idade, proteína C reativa, ressecção intestinal, > 3 dias em UTI, > 7 dias com SNG foram fatores de risco para EAPO. A MO foi determinada em > 5 dias com SNG e EAPO. CONCLUSÕES: A evolução pós-operatória é determinada principalmente pela idade do paciente, nível pré-operatório de proteína C reativa, necessidade de ressecção intestinal, variáveis clínicas pós-operatórias e presença de EAPO.

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RESUMEN Introducción : Los tumores primarios del intestino delgado (TPID) representan aproximadamente el 5% de todas las neoplasias gastrointestinales primarias; estas últimas incluyen lesiones benignas y malignas, con diferentes subtipos histológicos. Objetivo : Describir las características clínico-patológicas y el manejo de tumores de localización yeyuno-ileal. Materiales y métodos : Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en un único centro. Resultados : Se incluyó 45 pacientes, la edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 54,2 ± 8,2 años. 27 eran de sexo masculino (60%). En el algoritmo diagnóstico se utilizó la tomografía computarizada en todos los pacientes, la enteroscopia de doble balón en 41 (91,1%) y video cápsula endoscópica en 32 (71,1%). Se realizaron procedimientos endoscópicos como: biopsias, tatuajes, resección y dilatación en 40 (88,9%), 39 (86,7%), 4 (8,9%) y 1(2,2%) paciente respectivamente. La localización más frecuente fue yeyuno en 39 (86%). Se confirmó GIST en 18 (40%), seguido de linfoma en 16 (35,6%) y adenocarcinoma en 5 (11%) casos. Todos los tumores GIST, adenocarcinoma y neuroendocrinos se sometieron a tratamiento quirúrgico y quimioterapia; el tratamiento de los linfomas consistió en tratamiento combinado principalmente; tres harmartomas y un fibroangiolipoma fueron resecados endoscópicamente. Conclusiones : Los tumores de intestino delgado yeyuno-ileal más frecuentes fueron los GIST, seguidos de linfomas y adenocarcinomas. La enteroscopia de doble balón fue la principal herramienta diagnóstica y terapéutica.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Primary tumors of the small intestine (PTID) represent approximately 5% of all primary gastrointestinal neoplasms; the latter include benign and malignant lesions, with different histological subtypes. Objective : To describe the clinical-pathological characteristics and the management of tumors located in the jejunum-ileum. Materials and methods : A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out in a single center. Results : 45 patients were included, the average age at diagnosis was 54.2 ± 8.2 years. 27 were male (60%). In the diagnostic algorithm, computed tomography was used in all patients, double-balloon enteroscopy in 41 (91.1%) and video capsule endoscopy in 32 (71.1%). Endoscopic procedures such as: biopsies, tattoos, resection and dilation were performed in 40 (88.9%), 39 (86.7%), 4 (8.9%) and 1 (2.2%) patients, respectively. The most frequent location was the jejunum in 39 (86%). GIST was confirmed in 18 (40%), followed by lymphoma in 16 (35.6%) and adenocarcinoma in 5 (11%) cases. All GIST, adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors underwent surgical treatment and chemotherapy; treatment of lymphomas consisted mainly of combined treatment; three harmartomas and one fibroangiolipoma were resected endoscopically. Conclusions : The most frequent jejunoileal small intestine tumors were GISTs, followed by lymphomas and adenocarcinomas. Double-balloon enteroscopy was the main diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

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Resumen Introducción. Los edulcorantes son aditivos que se consumen en los alimentos. Pueden ser naturales (sacarosa y estevia) o artificiales (sucralosa). Actualmente, se consumen rutinariamente en múltiples productos, y sus efectos en la mucosa y la microbiota del intestino delgado aún son controversiales. Objetivo. Relacionar el consumo de edulcorantes y su efecto en el sistema inmunitario y la microbiota del intestino delgado en ratones CD1. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 54 ratones CD1 de tres semanas de edad divididos en tres grupos: un grupo de tres semanas sin tratamiento, un grupo tratado durante seis semanas y un grupo tratado durante 12 semanas. Se les administró sacarosa, sucralosa y estevia. A partir del intestino delgado, se obtuvieron linfocitos B CD19+ y células IgA+, TGF-ß (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) o el factor de crecimiento transformador beta (TGF-beta), IL-12 e IL-17 de las placas de Peyer y de la lámina propia. De los sólidos intestinales se obtuvo el ADN para identificar las especies bacterianas. Resultados. Después del consumo de sacarosa y sucralosa durante 12 semanas, se redujeron las comunidades bacterianas, la IgA+ y el TGF-beta, se aumentó el CD19+, y además, se incrementaron la IL-12 y la IL-17 en las placas de Peyer; en la lámina propia, aumentaron todos estos valores. En cambio, con la estevia mejoraron la diversidad bacteriana y el porcentaje de linfocitos CD19+, y hubo poco incremento de IgA+, TGF-ß e IL-17, pero con disminución de la IL-17. Conclusión. La sacarosa y la sucralosa alteraron negativamente la diversidad bacteriana y los parámetros inmunitarios después de 12 semanas, en contraste con la estevia que resultó benéfica para la mucosa intestinal.

Abstract Introduction: Sweeteners are additives used in different foods. They can be natural (sucrose and stevia) or artificial (sucralose). Currently, they are routinely consumed in multiple products and their effects on the mucosa of the small intestine and its microbiota are still controversial. Objective: To relate the consumption of sweeteners and their effect on the immune system and the microbiota of the small intestine in CD1 mice. Materials and methods: We used 54 three-week-old CD1 mice divided into three groups in the experiments: 1) A group of three weeks without treatment, 2) a group treated for six weeks, and 3) a group treated for 12 weeks using sucrose, sucralose, and stevia. We obtained CD19+ B lymphocytes, IgA+ antibodies, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), and interleukins 12 and 17 (IL-12 and -17) from Peyer's patches and lamina propria cells while DNA was obtained from intestinal solids to identify bacterial species. Results: After 12 weeks, sucrose and sucralose consumption caused a reduction in bacterial communities with an increase in CD19+, a decrease in IgA+ and TGF-b, and an increase in IL-12 and -17 in the Peyer's patches while in the lamina propria there was an increase in all parameters. In contrast, stevia led to an improvement in bacterial diversity and percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes with minimal increase in IgA+, TGF-b, and IL-12, and a decrease in IL-17. Conclusion: Sucrose and sucralose caused negative alterations in bacterial diversity and immune parameters after 12 weeks; in contrast, stevia was beneficial for the intestinal mucosa.

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Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is a rare variant of the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. It has an aggressive clinical course and a high rate of recurrence. EIMS primarily affects children and young adults. Hereby, we report this entity in a 4-month-old infant who presented with an abdominal mass. Imaging studies revealed a large hypodense mesentery-based lesion involving the right half and mid-region of the abdomen. The mass with an attached segment of the small bowel was excised in toto. Grossly, a large encapsulated tumor was identified arising from the mesentery of the small bowel. The histological examination showed a tumor consisting of epithelioid to spindle cells loosely arranged in a myxoid background with numerous blood vessels and lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells showed positivity for ALK1 (nuclear), desmin, SMA, CD68, and focal positivity for CD30. A final diagnosis of EIMS of the small intestine was rendered. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the youngest reported case in literature.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la enteritis eosinofílica transmural caracterizada por la presencia de infiltrado eosinofílico gastrointestinal, constituye una enfermedad rara de significado incierto y etiología desconocida. Objetivo: describir hallazgos histológicos que caracterizan la enteritis eosinofílica transmural. Presentación de caso: paciente masculino de 40 años, que fue llevado al quirófano con diagnóstico de tumor de intestino delgado al cual se le realizó una hemicolectomía derecha con resección de 12 cm de intestino delgado que incluyó apéndice y válvula íleocecal. Se encontró abundante infiltrado inflamatorio a predominio de eosinófilos desde la lámina propia hasta la serosa. Además de apéndice cecal con infiltrado eosinofílico que se extiende hasta la serosa y grasa adyacente con ocho formaciones ganglionares con hiperplasia linfoide sinusoidal. Conclusiones: a partir de las alteraciones presentes en el examen histológico de la muestra se concluyó que el paciente presentaba enterocolitis eosinofílica transmural. Se confirmó, además, la relevancia de este estudio para el diagnóstico positivo de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: transmural eosinophilic enteritis, is characterized by the presence of gastrointestinal eosinophilic infiltrate, it constitutes a rare entity of uncertain significance and unknown etiology. Objective: to describe the histological findings that characterizes transmural eosinophilic enteritis. Case presentation: a 40-year-old male patient, who was taken to the operating room with a diagnosis of small intestine tumor who underwent a right hemicolectomy with 12 cm resection of the small intestine that included the appendix and ileocecal valvule. Histologically it was found abundant inflammatory infiltrate predominantly of eosinophils from the lamina propria to the serous and adjacent fat with 8 ganglion formations with sinusoidal lymphoid hyperplasia. Conclusions: the alterations present in the histological examination of the sample allowed to conclude that the patient presented transmural eosinophilic enteritis, confirming the relevance of this study for the positive diagnosis of the disease.

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Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (NET-SI) are relatively rare neoplasms. If encountered, the most common location is the ileum. Symptoms are usually non-specific, delaying the tumors diagnosis. NET-SI are often small in size and can be challenging to recognize on imaging studies. However, they have a tendency to induce a pronounced fibrotic reaction in the mesentery, often accompanied by large calcified mesenteric adenopathies. In some cases, the fibrotic reaction can produce rare complications, such as intestinal obstruction or vascular congestion with occasional secondary ischemia. This case report presents a 79-year-old male with a partial small bowel obstruction caused by a fibrotic reaction and mesenteric adenopathies of a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the ileum. The patient also presented multiple peritoneal metastases at diagnosis. Characteristic imaging findings of the tumor, allowed an accurate and early diagnosis. Once the acute episode was resolved, the diagnosis was confirmed with an image guided biopsy.

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Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is a rare variant of the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. It has an aggressive clinical course and a high rate of recurrence. EIMS primarily affects children and young adults. Hereby, we report this entity in a 4-month-old infant who presented with an abdominal mass. Imaging studies revealed a large hypodense mesentery-based lesion involving the right half and mid-region of the abdomen. The mass with an attached segment of the small bowel was excised in toto. Grossly, a large encapsulated tumor was identified arising from the mesentery of the small bowel. The histological examination showed a tumor consisting of epithelioid to spindle cells loosely arranged in a myxoid background with numerous blood vessels and lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells showed positivity for ALK1 (nuclear), desmin, SMA, CD68, and focal positivity for CD30. A final diagnosis of EIMS of the small intestine was rendered. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the youngest reported case in literature.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: el cirujano general necesita conocer de las técnicas y procederes quirúrgicos frecuentes en cirugía del intestino delgado, los cirujanos de especialidades afines deben tener los conocimientos básicos necesarios. Este segmento del tubo digestivo es el sitio donde más aparece el ilio intestinal, no así el cáncer, sin embargo, los procederes quirúrgicos en malnutrición por exceso o defecto y las plastias, se incrementan en la actualidad. Objetivo: actualizar la técnica de los procederes quirúrgicos que no por conocidos pierden importancia. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sobre el tema a través de las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, además en bibliotecas institucionales. Se analizaron los resultados antes de redactar el manuscrito. Resultados: se conceptúan todos los procederes y se expone como extraer un cuerpo extraño del intestino insistiendo en los tipos de bezoar. Se alude a las enterorrafias, su técnica, materiales de sutura y agujas en las ostomías, se brinda información sobre yeyuno e ileostomía y en enteroanastomosis, como hacerlas y sus preceptos. Se revisa sobre enterectomías, enteroptiquia, enteroplastia se ilioentectropia. Conclusiones: todos los procederes se relacionan en forma detallada respondiendo a los objetivos que se propuso el autor.

ABSTRACT Background: the general surgeon needs to know about the techniques and frequent surgical procedure actions on the small intestine; other relation surgeons should have basic necessary knowledge. This segment of the digestive tract is the place where the intestinal Ilium appears most, but not the cancer; however, the procedures in malnutrition due to excess or defect and the plasties are currently increasing. Objective: to update this important surgical procedure technique. Methods: aspects of the subject in question are reviewed by conducting a search through the web site SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, as well as institutional libraries. The results were criticall y analyzed before writing the manuscript. Results: all procedures are conceptualized. It is exposed how to extract a foreign body from the intestine insisting on the types of bezoar. It refers to the enterorrafias, their technique, suture materials and needles; in ostomies, we provide information about jejunum and ileostomy and enteroanastomosis, how to do them and their precepts. It is reviewed on enterectomies, enteroptiquia, enteroplastias and ilioentectropia. Conclusions: all procedures are listed in detail corresponding to the objectives of the review.

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RESUMEN Las hernias internas son una causa poco frecuente de obstrucción del intestino delgado (representan menos del 5 %). La hernia pericecal ocupa alrededor de la décima parte de las hernias internas; mientras que, la hernia paracecal constituye una de sus cuatro variantes, las que a su vez, pueden ser congénitas o adquiridas. Se presentó un paciente masculino de 98 años de edad, operado por obstrucción intestinal debido a hernia paracecal, que requirió resección de intestino y anastomosis, con evolución favorable. En la búsqueda realizada en Cochrane no se encontró ningún otro caso publicado por autores cubanos. Se revisó la literatura al respecto y se insistió en la necesidad de tener presente dicho diagnóstico en el actuar diario del cirujano, ya que se comporta con una alta mortalidad sino se sospecha, debido a que cursa generalmente con compromiso vascular.

ABSTRACT Internal hernias are an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction (they represent less than 5%). The pericaecal hernia occupies about a tenth of the internal hernias while the paracaecal hernia is one of its four variants, which in turn can be congenital or acquired. We present a 98-year-old male patient operated on bowel obstruction due to paracaecal hernia, which required bowel resection and anastomosis, with favourable evolution. No other case published by Cuban authors was found when searching in Cochrane Library. Literature on this subject was also reviewed, insisting on the need for surgeons to bear this diagnosis in mind in their daily work, since it is manifested with a high mortality if it is not suspected, because it generally involves vascular compromise.

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The evaluation of inflammatory bowel activity in patients with Crohn's disease has traditionally been a challenge, mainly because of the difficulty in gaining endoscopic access to the small bowel. Historically, barium-based contrast studies were the only option for the evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. They were gradually replaced by cross-sectional imaging techniques, computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) now being the modalities of choice for such evaluations. Those two imaging methods have provided important information regarding intestinal wall involvement and extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, not only assessing lesion characteristics and complications but also quantifying inflammatory bowel activity. The objective of this article is to review the main technical aspects of CTE and MRE, together with their indications, contraindications, and limitations, as well as the CTE and MRE imaging characteristics of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease.

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Abstract The evaluation of inflammatory bowel activity in patients with Crohn's disease has traditionally been a challenge, mainly because of the difficulty in gaining endoscopic access to the small bowel. Historically, barium-based contrast studies were the only option for the evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. They were gradually replaced by cross-sectional imaging techniques, computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) now being the modalities of choice for such evaluations. Those two imaging methods have provided important information regarding intestinal wall involvement and extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, not only assessing lesion characteristics and complications but also quantifying inflammatory bowel activity. The objective of this article is to review the main technical aspects of CTE and MRE, together with their indications, contraindications, and limitations, as well as the CTE and MRE imaging characteristics of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease.

Resumo A avaliação da atividade inflamatória intestinal em pacientes com doença de Crohn tem sido tradicionalmente um desafio, principalmente pela dificuldade do acesso endoscópico ao intestino delgado. Por muito tempo os estudos baritados foram a única opção disponível, tendo sido progressivamente substituídos por novas técnicas de imagens seccionais, sendo hoje a enterografia por tomografia computadorizada (entero-TC) e por ressonância magnética (entero-RM) as modalidades de escolha para essa avaliação. Esses dois métodos de imagem acrescentam informações importantes quanto ao acometimento da parede intestinal e às manifestações extraintestinais relacionadas à doença de Crohn, avaliando não somente as características das lesões e as complicações, mas também quantificando a atividade inflamatória intestinal. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar os principais aspectos técnicos dos exames, as suas indicações, contraindicações, limitações e características de imagem da entero-TC e entero-RM na avaliação da atividade inflamatória da doença de Crohn.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and weight and height impairment in children and adolescents with gastroenterology diseases. Methods: Observational and retrospective study. All 162 patients aged less than 19 years old who underwent breath test in search of SIBO between 2011 and 2016 were studied. Breath test was collected after the intake of 10 grams of lactulose. The concentration of hydrogen and methane was measured for 180 minutes after the beginning of the test by 12i QuinTronMicroLyzer device. Results: SIBO was identified in 51 (31.5%) patients. There was no difference between the age of those with (mean=8.7y.o; 25th and 75th percentile: 4.6 and 11.3) and without (mean=7.9y.o 25th and 75th percentile: 4.8 and 12.2) SIBO (p=0.910). There was no association between gender and SIBO (male 26.3% vs. female 36.3%, p=1.00). A lower median of height-for-age Z score (mean=-1.32; 25th and 75th percentile: -2.12 and -0.08 vs. mean=-0.59; 25th and 75th percentile: -1.57 and 0.22; p=0.04) was demonstrated in children with SIBO when compared with children without it. There was no difference between the BMI-for-age Z score of patients with (mean=-0.48) and without SIBO (mean=-0.06) (p=0.106). The BMI of patients with SIBO (median=15.39) was lower than of those without it (median=16.06); however, the statistical analysis was not significant (p=0.052). The weight-for-age Z score was lower in patients with SIBO (mean=-0.96) than in those without SIBO (mean=-0.22) (p=0.02) Conclusions: Children and adolescents with SBIO associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have lower weight and height values.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a existência de associação entre sobrecrescimento bacteriano no intestino delgado (SBID) e comprometimento de peso e estatura em crianças e adolescentes com doenças do aparelho digestivo. Métodos: Estudo observacional e retrospectivo em ambulatório de gastroenterologia pediátrica. Foram incluídos todos os 162 pacientes com idade inferior a 19 anos que realizaram teste respiratório para pesquisa de SBID entre 2011 e 2016. O teste respiratório foi realizado após ingestão de dez gramas de lactulose. Foram determinadas as concentrações de hidrogênio e metano em aparelho 12i QuinTron MicroLyzer até 180 minutos após o início do teste respiratório. Resultados: SBID foi caracterizado em 51 (31,5%) dos 162 pacientes. Não houve diferença na idade das crianças com (mediana=8,7 anos; percentil 25-75: 4,6-11,3) e sem (mediana=7,9 anos; percentil 25-75: 4,8-12,2) SBID (p=0,910). Não se observou associação entre SBID e sexo (masculino 27,4% e feminino 36,6%; p=0,283). O escore Z da estatura-idade nos pacientes com SBID (mediana=-1,32; percentil 25-75: -2,12—0,08) foi menor (p=0,040) do que naqueles sem SBID (mediana=-0,59; percentil 25-75: -1,57-0,22). Na comparação do escore Z de índice de massa corpórea-idade não foi observada diferença entre os grupos com (média=-0,489±1,528) e sem (média=-0,067±1,532) SBID (p=0,106). Nos pacientes com menos de 10 anos de idade, o escore Z de peso-idade foi menor nos pacientes com SBID (média=-0,968±1,359) do que nos sem SBID (média=-0,223±1,584) (p=0,026). Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com SBID associado a doenças do trato gastrintestinal apresentam menores valores de peso e estatura.

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ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effects of sericin extracted from silkworm Bombyx mori cocoon on morphophysiological parameters in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diet. Methods Male C57Bl6 mice aged 9 weeks were allocated to one of two groups - Control and Obese, and fed a standard or high-fat diet for 10 weeks, respectively. Mice were then further subdivided into four groups with seven mice each, as follows: Control, Control-Sericin, Obese, and Obese-Sericin. The standard or high fat diet was given for 4 more weeks; sericin (1,000mg/kg body weight) was given orally to mice in the Control-Sericin and Obese-Sericin Groups during this period. Weight gain, food intake, fecal weight, fecal lipid content, gut motility and glucose tolerance were monitored. At the end of experimental period, plasma was collected for biochemical analysis. Samples of white adipose tissue, liver and jejunum were collected and processed for light microscopy analysis; liver fragments were used for lipid content determination. Results Obese mice experienced significantly greater weight gain and fat accumulation and had higher total cholesterol and glucose levels compared to controls. Retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipocyte hypertrophy, development of hepatic steatosis, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels and morphometric changes in the jejunal wall were observed. Conclusion Physiological changes induced by obesity were not fully reverted by sericin; however, sericin treatment restored jejunal morphometry and increased lipid excretion in feces in obese mice, suggesting potential anti-obesity effects.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os efeitos da sericina extraída de casulos de Bombyx mori na morfofisiologia de camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica. Métodos Camundongos machos C57Bl6, com 9 semanas de idade, foram distribuídos em Grupos Controle e Obeso, que receberam ração padrão para roedores ou dieta hiperlipídica por 10 semanas, respectivamente. Posteriormente, os animais foram redistribuídos em quatro grupos, com sete animais cada: Controle, Controle-Sericina, Obeso e Obeso-Sericina. Os animais permaneceram recebendo ração padrão ou hiperlipídica por 4 semanas, período no qual a sericina foi administrada oralmente na dose de 1.000mg/kg de massa corporal aos Grupos Controle-Sericina e Obeso-Sericina. Parâmetros fisiológicos, como ganho de peso, consumo alimentar, peso das fezes em análise de lipídios fecais, motilidade intestinal e tolerância à glicose foram monitorados. Ao término do experimento, o plasma foi coletado para dosagens bioquímicas e fragmentos de tecido adiposo branco; fígado e jejuno foram processados para análises histológicas, e amostras hepáticas foram usadas para determinação lipídica. Resultados Camundongos obesos apresentaram ganho de peso e acúmulo de gordura significativamente maior que os controles, aumento do colesterol total e glicemia. Houve hipertrofia dos adipócitos retroperitoneais e periepididimais, instalação de esteatose e aumento do colesterol e triglicerídeos hepáticos, bem como alteração morfométrica da parede jejunal. Conclusão O tratamento com sericina não reverteu todas as alterações fisiológicas promovidas pela obesidade, mas restaurou a morfometria jejunal e aumentou a quantidade de lipídios eliminados nas fezes dos camundongos obesos, apresentando-se como potencial tratamento para a obesidade.

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Abstract Purpose To investigate the effects of bradykinin on reperfusion injury in an experimental intestinal ischemia reperfusion model. Methods We used 32 Wistar-Albino rats. We composed 4 groups each containing 8 rats. Rats in sham group were sacrified at 100 minutes observation after laparotomy. Thirty minutes reperfusion was performed following 50 minutes ischaemia in control group after observing 20 minutes. Ischaemic preconditioning was performed in one group of the study. We performed the other study group pharmacologic preconditioning by infusional administration of 10 μg/kg/minute bradykinin intravenously. We sacrified all of the rats by taking blood samples to evaluate the lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after resection of jejunum for detecting tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Results Lactate and LDH levels were significantly higher in control and study groups than the sham group (P<0.001). There is no difference between the study groups statistically. (P>0.05). The results were the same for MPO levels. Although definitive cell damage was determinated in the control group by hystopatological evaluation, the damage in the study groups observed was lower in different levels. However, there was no significant difference between the study groups statistically (P>0.05). Conclusion Either ischeamic preconditioning or pharmacologic preconditioning made by bradykinin reduced the ischemia reperfusion injury at jejunum.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in identifying terminal ileitis in patients with Crohn's disease. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 38 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease who underwent magnetic resonance enterography with DWI in a 3.0 T scanner. The patients were divided into two groups, on the basis of colonoscopy and biopsy findings: active inflammation; and inactive disease. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were determined, as were the magnetic resonance index of activity (MaRIA) and the Clermont score. Results: Of the 38 patients evaluated, 18 (47%) had active inflammation. The patients with active inflammation showed greater restricted diffusion, more pronounced mucosal edema, greater wall thickening, a higher MaRIA, and a higher Clermont score than did those with inactive disease. The level of interobserver agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient) was excellent for the MaRIA and the Clermont score, whereas it was substantial for the ADC values. For identifying colonoscopy-proven inflammation, the best ADC cut-off point was 2.1 × 10−3 mm2/s, which had a sensitivity of 88.8% and a specificity of 95.0%, whereas DWI presented an overall accuracy of 89.4%, with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 90.0%. Conclusion: Visual analysis of the DWI sequence has good accuracy in detecting terminal ileitis in patients with Crohn's disease. In addition, low ADC values have good sensitivity for detecting colonoscopy-proven inflammation.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a acurácia da ressonância magnética com difusão na identificação de sinais de inflamação ileal distal em pacientes com doença de Crohn. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com 38 pacientes consecutivos com doença de Crohn que foram submetidos a enterografia por ressonância magnética. Os pacientes foram alocados em duas categorias, utilizando a positividade na endoscopia e na biópsia como referência: doença ativa ou não ativa. Foram determinados os valores do coeficiente de difusão aparente (ADC), assim como o magnetic resonance index of activity (MaRIA) e o escore Clermont. Resultados: Dezoito pacientes (47%) apresentaram doença inflamatória ativa. Os pacientes com inflamação ativa tiveram maior restrição na difusão, edema de mucosa, espessamento de parede, MaRIA e escore Clermont quando comparados aos pacientes sem inflamação. A correlação de concordância interobservador foi excelente para o MaRIA e para o escore Clermont e considerável para o ADC. Os melhores pontos de corte no estudo para identificação de inflamação pela colonoscopia para o ADC foi 2,1 × 10-3 mm2/s, com sensibilidade de 88,8% e especificidade de 95,0%. A imagem ponderada em difusão apresentou acurácia de 89,4%, sensibilidade de 88,9% e especificidade de 90,0% em relação à identificação de inflamação na colonoscopia. Conclusão: A análise visual das sequências de difusão possui boa acurácia na detecção de inflamação ileal distal em pacientes com doença de Crohn. Valores baixos de ADC possuem boa sensibilidade na detecção de inflamação na colonoscopia.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: la afección intestinal es signo clave del cuadro de inmunodeficiencia. Suele presentarse un desorden de malabsorción y diarrea, con hiperplasia nodular linfoide intestinal. La importancia del estudio de esta enfermedad radica en que debe ser detectada en etapas precoces pues estos pacientes son más susceptibles a presentar neoplasias de intestino delgado. Objetivo: presentar el caso de un escolar con diarreas crónicas, desnutrición proteico energética e inmunodeficiencia como manifestaciones de hiperplasia nodular linfoide de intestino delgado. Presentación del caso: paciente de nueve años, masculino, con historia de diarreas crónicas y desnutrición. Por esta sintomatología es remitido a consulta de Gastroenterología. Conclusiones: se debe sospechar la hiperplasia nodular linfoide de intestino delgado en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome de malabsorción intestinal. Se observó mejoría clínica de las manifestaciones digestivas, del estado de inmunidad y recuperación nutricional.

ABSTRACT Background: the intestinal affection is key sign of the immunodeficiency. It usually presents a mal-absorption disorder and diarrhea, with intestinal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. The importance of the study of this entity resides in that it should be detected in precocious stages because these patients are more susceptible to present neoplasias of small bowel. Objective: to present the case of a student with chronic diarrheas, energy protein malnutrition and immunodeficiency like manifestations of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of small intestine. Case report: patient of nine years, masculine, with history of chronic diarrheas and malnutrition. For these clinical symptoms he is remitted to Gastroenterology consultation. Conclusions: the nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of small bowel should be suspected in pediatric patients with syndrome of intestinal mal-absorption. Clinical improvement of the digestive manifestations, of the state of immunity, and nutritional recovery was observed.

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Las duplicaciones del tracto gastrointestinal son anomalías congénitas que comprenden lesiones quísticas o tubulares halladas en cualquier segmento del tracto digestivo. Están en el borde mesentérico del segmento comprometido con el que comparten irrigación, son de rara ocurrencia y de etiología embriológica múltiple. Requieren de tres factores para el diagnóstico: estar rodeadas de músculo liso, tener una pared común e involucrar mucosa del sitio de origen. Las duplicaciones múltiples se presentan en el 15% de las duplicaciones y se asocian con malformaciones esqueléticas, del tracto digestivo y genitourinario. Se presenta el caso de una paciente pediátrica con una rara duplicación múltiple del tracto digestivo que incluye duplicación gástrica y duodenal con tejido pancreático ectópico, que representó un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico.

Intestinal duplications are congenital anomalies representing cystic or tubular lesions that can be found in any segment of the digestive tract. They are in the mesenteric border of the compromised segment with which they share irrigation. They are of rare occurrence and of multiple embryological etiology. The three essential factors for diagnosis include being surrounded by smooth muscle, sharing a common wall, and having mucous from the place of origin. Multiple duplications occur in 15% of duplications and are frequently associated with skeletal, digestive, and genitourinary tract malformations. We present the case of a pediatric patient with a rare multiple duplication of the digestive tract that includes gastric and duodenal duplication with pancreatic ectopic tissue, which represented a challenge for diagnosis and therapeutic management.

As duplicações do trato gastrointestinal são anomalias congénitas que compreendem lesões quísticas ou tubulares encontradas em qualquer segmento do trato digestivo. Estão no borde mesentérico do segmento comprometido com o que compartilham irrigação, são de rara ocorrência e de etiologia embriológica múltipla. Requerem de três fatores para o diagnóstico: estar rodeadas de músculo liso, ter uma parede comum e envolver mucosa do lugar de origem. As duplicações múltiplas se apresentam em 15% das duplicações e se associam com malformações esqueléticas, do trato digestivo e geniturinário. Se apresenta o caso de uma paciente pediátrica com uma rara duplicação múltipla do trato digestivo que inclui duplicação gástrica e duodenal com tecido pancreático ectópico, que representou um reto diagnóstico e terapêutico.

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Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el uso de la enteroscopia asistida por balón simple para el diagnóstico y manejo de la patología del intestino delgado en pacientes con anatomía normal y alterada por cirugía en la Clínica Anglo Americana. Material y método: El presente es un estudio descriptivo - retrospectivo que incluye a todos los pacientes que acudieron a la Unidad de Intestino Delgado de la Clínica Anglo Americana, para realizarse una enteroscopia asistida por balón durante el periodo comprendido entre diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se realizaron 80 procedimientos de enteroscopia asistida por balón simple, 49 fueron realizados por via anterógrada y 31 por vía retrógrada. La edad promedio fue 60,78 años (20 a 88 años). 48 pacientes (60%) eran varones. El tiempo de inserción media fue 80 minutos para la vía anterógrada (55 - 141 minutos) y 110 minutos para la vía retrógrada (55 -180 minutos). La principal indicación para realizar la enteroscopia por balón simple fue hemorragia digestiva oscura, 45 casos (56,25%). Se realizaron 6 estudios de enteroscopias asistida por balón en pacientes con anatomía alterada (7,5%). Setenta de los ochenta procedimientos (87,5%) fueron realizados con sedación administrada por enfermería supervisada por gastroenterólogo en base a midazolam, petidina y propofol, no se presentó ninguna complicación respiratoria o hemodinámica. Los diagnósticos obtenidos más frecuentes por enteroscopia fueron: angiodisplasias de intestino delgado (20%), úlceras yeyuno ileales (17,5%) y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado (7,5%). La complicación que se presentó con más frecuencia posterior a la enteroscopia fue el íleo paralítico, 2 casos, y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento. Conclusiones: La hemorragia digestiva oscura fue la principal indicación para realizar una enteroscopia asistida por balón simple. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron angiodisplasias, úlceras yeyuno ileales y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado. La complicación más frecuente fue el íleo paralítico y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento.

Objetive: To describe our experience with single balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel disease in British American Hospital, Lima - Perú. Material and methods: Descriptive and prospective study. We include all patients that come to perform a single balloon enteroscopy in small bowel unit of British American Hospital within December 2012 to December 2018. Results: We performed 80 procedures of single balloon enteroscopy, 49 were done by oral approach, 31 by rectal approach. Mean age were 60.78 years-old (20 - 88 years). 48 patients (60%) were male. The mean insertion time for oral approach was 80 minutes (55-141 minutes), and for rectal approach was 110 minutes (55-180 minutes). The main indication for single balloon enteroscopy was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. 6 enteroscopies were performed in patients with altered surgical anatomy (7.5%). 70 of 80 procedures (87.5%) were performed with gastroenterology-administered sedation, using midazolam, pethidine and propofol, without any respiratory or hemodinamic complication. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure. Conclusion: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was the main indication for single balloon enteroscopy. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure