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1.
Fungal Biol Biotechnol ; 11(1): 21, 2024 Nov 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39574174

RESUMO

Biocontrol agents play a pivotal role in managing pests and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Recent advancements in genetic engineering can facilitate the development of entomopathogenic fungi with desired traits to enhance biocontrol efficacy. In this study, a CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein system was utilized to genetically improve the virulence of Beauveria bassiana, a broad-spectrum insect pathogen used in biocontrol of arthropod pests worldwide. CRISPR-Cas9-based disruption of the transcription factor-encoding gene Bbsmr1 led to derepression of the oosporein biosynthetic gene cluster resulting in overproduction of the red-pigmented dibenzoquinone oosporein involved in host immune evasion, thus increasing fungal virulence. Mutants defective for Bbsmr1 displayed a remarkable enhanced insecticidal activity by reducing lethal times and concentrations, while concomitantly presenting negligible or minor pleiotropic effects. In addition, these mutants displayed faster germination on the insect cuticle which correlated with higher density of free-floating blastospores in the hemolymph and accelerated mortality of the host. These findings emphasize the utility of genetic engineering in developing enhanced fungal biocontrol agents with customized phenotypic traits, and provide an efficient and versatile genetic transformation tool for application in other beneficial entomopathogenic fungi.


Fungal insecticides, while environmentally friendly, often suffer from slow action and require high doses with repeated applications to achieve effective pest control. To address these limitations, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to enhance the virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Specifically, we knocked out the Bbsmr1 gene, a transcriptional repressor that downregulates the biosynthesis of oosporein­a secondary metabolite crucial for inhibiting insect immunity and promoting fungal virulence. The resulting knockout strains exhibited significantly higher virulence compared to the wild type. Our approach demonstrates that CRISPR-Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and precise tool for editing the genome of B. bassiana, allowing for the customization of fungal biocontrol strains with desired traits such as enhanced virulence. This method holds great promise for developing more robust and effective mycoinsecticides, contributing to sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

2.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1451287, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39421640

RESUMO

Capsicum pepper is a rich source of phytochemical compounds such as capsaicinoids, phenols, flavonoids, and so forth. Due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential all of these compounds have been assessed and used for both human and plant health benefits. Herein, three fresh varieties of Capsicum annuum (Cacho de Cabra, Bell pepper, and Hungarian Wax varieties) and one fresh and ripe variety of C. baccatum (Cristal) were evaluated. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin and the phenolic content of Capsicum spp. extracts were characterised. The antifungal potential of capsaicinoids and antioxidant activities, and the ecotoxicity of each Capsicum spp. extract, using the model Galleria mellonella, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analyses showed that the Cristal and Hungarian Wax varieties presented the highest amount of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin; while Bell Pepper had the highest phenol content and antioxidant activity. Capsaicinoids' standards and Capsicum spp. extracts showed fungistatic activity against the fungal strains assessed. For the fungal strains assessed, the fungistatic activities of capsaicinoids' standards were higher than those observed in Capsicum spp. extracts. The Hungarian Wax extracts inhibited slightly the growth of Aspergillus niger MUM05.11 and Fusarium oxysporum MUM16.143. Similarly, A. niger, F. oxysporum, Rhizopus arrhizus MUM16.05 and Alternaria sp. UFRO17.178 had their growth retarded by the use of Cacho de Cabra and Cristal extracts. Noticeable changes were observed in the fungal strains' morphologies, such as the presence of fragile fungal structures, pigmentation loss, variation in the reproductive structures size and the conidia number. Capsicum extracts weaken the growth of fungi, indicating their fungistatic potential. Considering the fungistatic potential and non-ecotoxicity of these extracts, it is possible to suggest their use as a tool for pest management in the agri-food sector, controlling the growth and reproduction of fungi without posing a risk to non-target biodiversity.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Antioxidantes , Capsaicina , Capsicum , Fungos , Extratos Vegetais , Capsicum/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Animais , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química
3.
Antibiotics (Basel) ; 13(9)2024 Sep 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39335049

RESUMO

Acinetobacter baumannii emerged as one of the most important pathogens for the development of new antimicrobials due to the worldwide detection of isolates resistant to all commercial antibiotics, especially in nosocomial infections. Biofilm formation enhances A. baumannii survival by impairing antimicrobial action, being an important target for new antimicrobials. Fluopsin C (FlpC) is an organocupric secondary metabolite with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of FlpC in established biofilms of extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAb) and the effects of its combination with polymyxin B (PolB) on planktonic cells. XDRAb susceptibility profiles were determined by Vitek 2 Compact, disk diffusion, and broth microdilution. FlpC and PolB interaction was assessed using the microdilution checkerboard method and time-kill kinetics. Biofilms of XDRAb characterization and removal by FlpC exposure were assessed by biomass staining with crystal violet. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was used to determine the temporal removal of the biofilms using DAPI, and cell viability using live/dead staining. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FlpC on XDRAb was 3.5 µg mL-1. Combining FlpC + PolB culminated in an additive effect, increasing bacterial susceptibility to both antibiotics. FlpC-treated 24 h biofilms reached a major biomass removal of 92.40 ± 3.38% (isolate 230) using 7.0 µg mL-1 FlpC. Biomass removal occurred significantly over time through the dispersion of the extracellular matrix and decreasing cell number and viability. This is the first report of FlpC's activity on XDRAb and the compound showed a promissory response on planktonic and sessile cells, making it a candidate for the development of a new antimicrobial product.

4.
Braz J Microbiol ; 55(1): 87-100, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38099978

RESUMO

Sanghuangporus sanghuang is a medicinal macrofungus with antioxidant and antitumor activities, and it is enriched with secondary metabolites such as polysaccharides, terpenes, polyphenols, and styrylpyrone compounds. To explore the putative core genes and gene clusters involved in sanghuang biosynthesis, we sequenced and assembled a 40.5-Mb genome of S. sanghuang (SH1 strain). Using antiSMASH, local BLAST, and NCBI comparison, 12 terpene synthases (TPSs), 1 non-ribosomal peptide synthase, and five polyketide synthases (PKSs) were identified in SH1. Combining the transcriptome analysis with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight analysis, we determined that ShPKS1, one phenylalanine aminolyase (ShPAL), and one P450 monooxygenase (ShC4H1) were associated with hispidin biosynthesis. Structural domain comparison indicated that ShPKS2 and ShPKS3 are involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid and 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, respectively. Furthermore, comparative genomic analysis of SH1 with 14 other fungi from the Hymenochaetaceae family showed variation in the number of TPSs among different genomes, with Coniferiporia weirii exhibiting only 9 TPSs and Inonotus obliquus having 20. The number of TPSs also differed among the genomes of three strains of S. sanghuang, namely Kangneng (16), MS2 (9), and SH1 (12). The type and number of PKSs also varied among species and even strains, ranging from two PKSs in Pyrrhoderma noxium to five PKSs in S. sanghuang SH1. Among the three strains of S. sanghuang, both the structural domains and the number of PKSs in strains MS2 and SH1 were consistent, whereas strain Kangneng exhibited only four PKSs and lacked the PKS with the structural domain KS-AT-DH-KR-ACP. Additionally, Sanghuangporus species exhibited more similar PKSs to Inonotus, with higher gene similarity around five PKSs, while showing differences from those of other fungi in the same family, including Phellinus lamaoensis. This result supports the independent taxonomic significance of the genus Sanghuangporus to some extent.


Assuntos
Basidiomycota , Fungos , Policetídeo Sintases , Policetídeo Sintases/genética , Policetídeo Sintases/metabolismo , Fungos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes , Genômica
5.
Life (Basel) ; 13(10)2023 Oct 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37895418

RESUMO

This study analyzed the antifungal potential of 16 bacterial strains isolated from mangrove sediment. Bacterial selection was conducted in a solid medium. This was followed by the production and extraction of metabolites using ethyl acetate to evaluate chitinase production, antifungal activity, and toxicity toward Allium cepa and Tenebrio molitor. Bacterial strains B8, B11, and B13 produced the largest inhibition halos (>30 mm) toward Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani fungi. Strains B1, B3, B6, B8, B11, B13, B14, and B16 produced chitinases. In assays using liquid media, B8 and B13 produced the largest inhibition halos. Exposing the fungal inocula to metabolic extracts of strains B6, B8, B11, B13, B14, B15, and B16 caused micromorphological alterations in the inocula, culminating in the inhibition of R. solani sporulation and spore germination. Toxicity tests using Allium cepa and Tenebrio molitor revealed that the metabolites showed low toxicity. Six of the bacterial strains were molecularly identified to species levels, and a further two to genus level. These included Serratia marcescens (B8), which exhibited activity in all tests. Mangroves provide a useful resource for the isolation of microorganisms for biocontrol. Among the isolates, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus spp. showed the greatest potential to produce metabolites for use as biocontrol agents in agriculture.

6.
BMC Complement Med Ther ; 23(1): 374, 2023 Oct 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37872494

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Given the rising occurrence of antibiotic resistance due to the existence and ongoing development of resistant bacteria and phenotypes, the identification of new treatments and sources of antimicrobial agents is of utmost urgency. An important strategy for tackling bacterial resistance involves the utilization of drug combinations, and natural products derived from plants hold significant potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds that can act as effective adjuvants. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the antibacterial potential and the chemical composition of Miconia albicans, a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat various diseases. METHODS: Ethanolic extracts from leaves and stems of M. albicans were obtained and subsequently partitioned to give the corresponding hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanolic phases. All extracts and phases had their chemical constitution investigated by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS and GC-MS and were assessed for their antibiofilm and antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, their individual effects and synergistic potential in combination with antibiotics were examined against clinical strains of both S. aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. In addition, 10 isolated compounds were obtained from the leaves phases and used for confirmation of the chemical profiles and for antibacterial assays. RESULTS: Based on the chemical profile analysis, 32 compounds were successfully or tentatively identified, including gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, flavonol glycosides, triterpenes and pheophorbides. Extracts and phases obtained from the medicinal plant M. albicans demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with the commercial antibiotics ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, against multi-drug resistant bacteria S. aureus and A. baumannii, restoring their antibacterial efficacy. Extracts and phases also exhibited antibiofilm property against S. aureus. Three key compounds commonly found in the samples, namely gallic acid, quercitrin, and corosolic acid, did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity when assessed individually or in combination with antibiotics against clinical bacterial strains. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that M. albicans exhibits remarkable adjuvant potential for enhancing the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs against resistant bacteria.


Assuntos
Acinetobacter baumannii , Anti-Infecciosos , Melastomataceae , Plantas Medicinais , Staphylococcus aureus , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias
7.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 22(5): 636-648, sep. 2023. mapas, ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1561290

RESUMO

In the high Andean areas, the main economic activity is alpaca raising, which is affected by various infectious and parasitic diseases. Rural populations often resort to wild plants that have diverse properties and help control various diseases. The objective was to document the uses of wild plants in the control of alpaca diseases in the high Andean areas of the Puno and Arequipa regions. Fifty alpaca-breeding families were interviewed in five localities. Thirty-two species belonging to 16 families were reported, with the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families having the highest number of species. The most frequently treated pathologies were diarrhea, pneumonia, fever and enteric parasitosis. For diarrhea treatment, the most used plants were M. mollis, S. nutans and T. filifolia, for pneumonia were G. prostrata and G. viravira, for enteric parasitosis were B. tricuneata and L. daucifolia and for the elimination of ectoparasites (lice) was A. compacta. For all diseases, the treatment dose was higher in adults than in neonates and its application is in the rainy season. In acute disease conditions, rural families choice to drugs. Wild plants are a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of various diseases in alpacas.


En las zonas altoandinas la principal actividad económica es la crianza de alpacas, las mismas que son afectadas por diversas enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias. Las poblaciones rurales frecuentemente recurren a las plantas silvestres que tienen diversas propiedades y ayudan al control de diversas enfermedades. El objetivo fue documentar los usos de las plantas silvestres en el control de enfermedades de alpacas en las zonas altoandinas de la región Puno y Arequipa. Se entrevistó a 50 familias criadoras de alpacas en cinco localidades. Se reportaron 32 especies, pertenecientes a 16 familias, siendo la familia Asteraceae y Fabaceae con mayor número de especies. Las patologías que con mayor frecuencia se tratan fueron la diarrea, neumonía, fiebre y parasitosis entérica. Para el tratamiento de diarrea, las plantas más utilizadas fueron M. mollis, S. nutans y T. filifolia, para la nuemonía fueron G. prostrata y G. viravira, para parasitosis entérica fueron B. tricuneata y L. daucifolia y para la eliminación de ectoparásitos (piojos) fue A. compacta. Para todas las enfermedades, las dosis de tratamiento fueron superior en las adultas que en las crías y su aplicación es en la época de lluvias. En condiciones agudas de las enfermedades las familias rurales recurren a los fármacos. Las plantas silvestres, son una alternativa viable y sostenible para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades en alpacas.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/prevenção & controle , Plantas Medicinais , Camelídeos Americanos , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Doenças dos Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Peru , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Inquéritos e Questionários , Etnobotânica , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Medicina Tradicional
8.
Toxins (Basel) ; 15(5)2023 05 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37235378

RESUMO

This study reports the isolation and identification of the endophytic fungus Exserohilum rostratum through molecular and morphological analysis using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as the procurement of its secondary metabolite monocerin, an isocoumarin derivative. Considering the previously observed biological activities of monocerin, this study was performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that are widely used as an in vitro model for several different purposes. Important parameters, such as cell viability, senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, cellular proliferation by using 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE), apoptosis analysis with annexin, cellular morphology through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser confocal analysis were evaluated after exposing the cells to monocerin. After 24 h of exposure to monocerin at 1.25 mM, there was more than 80% of cell viability and a low percentage of cells in the early and late apoptosis and necrosis. Monocerin increased cell proliferation and did not induce cell senescence. Morphological analysis showed cellular integrity. The study demonstrates aspects of the mechanism of action of monocerin on endothelial cell proliferation, suggesting the possibility of its pharmaceutical application, such as in regenerative medicine.


Assuntos
Senescência Celular , Lactonas , Humanos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Células Cultivadas , Lactonas/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células
9.
Plants (Basel) ; 12(5)2023 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36903977

RESUMO

Pentacyclic triterpenes, including lupeol, α- amyrin, and ß-amyrin, present a large range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and gastroprotective properties. The phytochemistry of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) tissues has been widely described. Plant biotechnology offers an alternative for secondary metabolite production and several active plant ingredients are already synthesized through in vitro cultures. This study aimed to establish a suitable protocol for cell growth and to determine the accumulation of α-amyrin and lupeol in cell suspension cultures of T. officinale under different culture conditions. To this end, inoculum density (0.2% to 8% (w/v)), inoculum age (2- to 10-week-old), and carbon source concentration (1%, 2.3%, 3.2%, and 5.5% (w/v)) were investigated. Hypocotyl explants of T. officinale were used for callus induction. Age, size, and sucrose concentrations were statistically significant in cell growth (fresh and dry weight), cell quality (aggregation, differentiation, viability), and triterpenes yield. The best conditions for establishing a suspension culture were achieved by using a 6-week-old callus at 4% (w/v) and 1% (w/v) of sucrose concentration. Results indicate that 0.04 (±0.02) α-amyrin and 0.03 (±0.01) mg/g lupeol can be obtained in suspension culture under these starting conditions at the 8th week of culture. The results of the present study provide a backdrop for future studies in which an elicitor could be incorporated to increase the large-scale production of α-amyrin and lupeol from T. officinale.

10.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(6)2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36983003

RESUMO

The Phaffia rhodozyma UCD 67-385 genome harbors a 7873 bp cluster containing DDGS, OMT, and ATPG, encoding 2-desmethy-4-deoxygadusol synthase, O-methyl transferase, and ATP-grasp ligase, respectively, of the mycosporine glutaminol (MG) biosynthesis pathway. Homozygous deletion mutants of the entire cluster, single-gene mutants, and the Δddgs-/-;Δomt-/- and Δomt-/-;Δatpg-/- double-gene mutants did not produce mycosporines. However, Δatpg-/- accumulated the intermediate 4-deoxygadusol. Heterologous expression of the DDGS and OMT or DDGS, OMT, and ATPG cDNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae led to 4-deoxygadusol or MG production, respectively. Genetic integration of the complete cluster into the genome of the non-mycosporine-producing CBS 6938 wild-type strain resulted in a transgenic strain (CBS 6938_MYC) that produced MG and mycosporine glutaminol glucoside. These results indicate the function of DDGS, OMT, and ATPG in the mycosporine biosynthesis pathway. The transcription factor gene mutants Δmig1-/-, Δcyc8-/-, and Δopi1-/- showed upregulation, Δrox1-/- and Δskn7-/- showed downregulation, and Δtup6-/- and Δyap6-/- showed no effect on mycosporinogenesis in glucose-containing medium. Finally, comparative analysis of the cluster sequences in several P. rhodozyma strains and the four newly described species of the genus showed the phylogenetic relationship of the P. rhodozyma strains and their differentiation from the other species of the genus Phaffia.


Assuntos
Basidiomycota , Filogenia , Homozigoto , Deleção de Sequência , Basidiomycota/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae
11.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: e248063, 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1339340

RESUMO

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.


Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.


Assuntos
Lauraceae , Persea , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Frutas , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia
12.
Toxins, v. 15, n. 5, 344, maio. 2023
Artigo em Inglês | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IBPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: bud-4916

RESUMO

This study reports the isolation and identification of the endophytic fungus Exserohilum rostratum through molecular and morphological analysis using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as the procurement of its secondary metabolite monocerin, an isocoumarin derivative. Considering the previously observed biological activities of monocerin, this study was performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that are widely used as an in vitro model for several different purposes. Important parameters, such as cell viability, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, cellular proliferation by using 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE), apoptosis analysis with annexin, cellular morphology through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser confocal analysis were evaluated after exposing the cells to monocerin. After 24 h of exposure to monocerin at 1.25 mM, there was more than 80% of cell viability and a low percentage of cells in the early and late apoptosis and necrosis. Monocerin increased cell proliferation and did not induce cell senescence. Morphological analysis showed cellular integrity. The study demonstrates aspects of the mechanism of action of monocerin on endothelial cell proliferation, suggesting the possibility of its pharmaceutical application, such as in regenerative medicine.

13.
Braz J Biol, v. 83, e248063, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IBPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: bud-4749

RESUMO

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

14.
Braz. J. Biol., v. 83, e248063, 2023
Artigo em Inglês | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IBPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: bud-3943

RESUMO

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.


Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

15.
Braz. J. Biol. ; 83: 1-10, 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-765498

RESUMO

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.(AU)


Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.(AU)


Assuntos
Persea/química , Antibacterianos/análise , Citotoxinas/análise , Antineoplásicos/análise
16.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: 1-10, 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468921

RESUMO

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.


Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Antineoplásicos/análise , Citotoxinas/análise , Persea/química
17.
Braz. j. biol ; 832023.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469137

RESUMO

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.


Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

18.
Inflamm Res ; 71(12): 1489-1500, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36307652

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The current study aimed to summarize the evidence of compounds contained in plant species with the ability to block the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-II), through a scoping review. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus electronic databases were used for the systematic search and a manual search was performed RESULTS: Studies included were characterized as in silico. Among the 200 studies retrieved, 139 studies listed after the exclusion of duplicates and 74 were included for the full read. Among them, 32 studies were considered eligible for the qualitative synthesis. The most evaluated class of secondary metabolites was flavonoids with quercetin and curcumin as most actives substances and terpenes (isothymol, limonin, curcumenol, anabsinthin, and artemisinin). Other classes that were also evaluated were alkaloid, saponin, quinone, substances found in essential oils, and primary metabolites as the aminoacid L-tyrosine and the lipidic compound 2-monolinolenin. CONCLUSION: This review suggests the most active substance from each class of metabolites, which presented the strongest affinity to the ACE-II receptor, what contributes as a basis for choosing compounds and directing the further experimental and clinical investigation on the applications these compounds in biotechnological and health processes as in COVID-19 pandemic.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Humanos , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Pandemias , Flavonoides , Angiotensinas
19.
Fungal Biol ; 126(9): 547-555, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36008047

RESUMO

Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most consumed fruits globally. It is a relevant crop in Argentina and Spain, and one of the main fruits for export and industrialization in these countries. Quality control of apples, fundamentally in the postharvest stage, is critical to prevent fungal diseases. The blue mould, caused by Penicillium expansum, is responsible for great economic losses due to the deterioration of the fruit and mycotoxin production. Many studies have characterized this pathogen; however, little is known about the differences between populations from distant geographical origins. The objective of the present study was to characterize two P. expansum populations, from Argentina and Spain, through morphological, metabolomic and molecular approaches, and to evaluate the existence of differences related to their geographical source. A total of 103 isolates, 53 from Argentina and 50 from Spain were studied. Their morphological features were consistent with the species description. The secondary metabolite profiles revealed low chemical diversity. All 103 isolates shared the production of 13 compounds, namely andrastins, aurantioclavine, chaetoglobosins, communesins, expansolides, roquefortine C and patulin. Penostatins and citrinin were produced by 102 and 101 isolates, respectively. A region of the ß-tubulin gene was selected to analyse the diversity of the P. expansum isolates. No substantial differences were observed between isolates of different geographical origins through morphology, patulin accumulation, secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis. However, the analysis of polymorphisms revealed 29 haplotypes with a relative separation between isolates of both populations; 13 haplotypes contained Argentinean isolates, while Spanish isolates were separated into 16 haplotypes. The diversity indices of Shannon (H'=2.075; H'=2.402) and Simpson (SiD = 0.850; SiD = 0.895) for isolates from Argentina and Spain, respectively, indicated that the diversity of P. expansum is greater in Spain than in Argentina. This distribution could be explained both by the existence of haplotype exchange between both countries, with the ancestral haplotypes originating in Spain, and the subsequent adaptation to the environmental conditions or apples varieties grown in each region.


Assuntos
Malus , Patulina , Penicillium , Argentina , Frutas/microbiologia , Malus/microbiologia , Patulina/análise , Penicillium/genética , Penicillium/metabolismo , Filogenia , Espanha
20.
Ces med. vet. zootec ; 17(2): 36-62, mayo-ago. 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Português | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404091

RESUMO

Resumo Na flora amazônica, incontáveis plantas possuem compostos bioativos, que potencialmente podem ser utilizados como moduladores da fermentação ruminal. Apesar da importância, poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos para avaliar a utilização de plantas amazônicas como aditivos alimentares naturais na nutrição de ruminantes. Assim, objetiva-se apresentar um panorama dos dados científicos da literatura sobre os efeitos do uso dos extratos de açaí, copaíba, salva-do-marajó, pupunha e bacuri na fermentação ruminal e os seus potenciais de utilização na dieta de ruminantes. O açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), possui 16,08 mg/g de matéria seca de flavonoides, compostos com potente ação antimicrobiana. Estudos com suplementação do óleo de açaí tem mostrado efeitos modulatórios na fermentação ruminal e na produção de leite de ovelhas e vacas. Adicionalmente, a oleoresina de copaíba (Copaifera spp.) e a manteiga das sementes de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), possuem, respectivamente, 88% e 41% de terpenos; a composição fitoquímica do óleo de salva-do-marajó (Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth) ainda não está completamente caracterizada, mas esta fonte está majoritariamente composta por terpenos cânfora (33,62%), 1,8-cineol (19,76%) e α-pineno (15,24%), que apresentam atividade in vitro antimicrobiana, capaz de reduzir a produção total de gás em ambiente ruminal in vitro. A pupunha, fruto da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.), possui 355,95 mg/kg de carotenoides, com efeito antimicrobiano in vitro contra algumas cepas bacterianas. Os achados desta revisão demonstram as potencialidades dos extratos amazônicos na maximização da produção animal, em razão dos possíveis efeitos na modulação da fermentação ruminal, sendo encorajada a realização de estudos adicionais visando uma maior exploração deles. Embora, atualmente, não existam estudos associados aos efeitos do açaí, salva-do-marajó, pupunha e bacuri na fermentação ruminal, pressupõe-se que pela sua composição fitoquímica, poderiam ter um efeito semelhante aos ionóforos na produção de ruminantes.


Abstract In the Amazonian Forest, diverse plants have bioactive compounds, which can potentially be used as modulators of ruminal fermentation. Despite the importance, few studies have been developed to evaluate the use of extracts from Amazonian plants as natural feed additives in ruminant nutrition. Thus, the objective of this study is to present a brief overview of the scientific data in the literature regarding the effects of the use of extracts of açaí, copaíba, sage-do-marajó, peach palm, and bacuri on the ruminal fermentation and their potential for use in the diet of ruminants. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has 16.08 mg/g of dry matter of flavonoids, compounds with potent antimicrobial activity. Studies with açaí oil supplementation have shown modulatory effects on rumen fermentation and milk production in sheep and cows. Additionally, the copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera spp.) and the bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) seed butter have 88% and 41% of terpenes, respectively; the phytochemical composition of marajó sage oil (Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth) is not completely resolved, but this source is mostly composed of the terpenes, camphor (33.62%), 1,8-cineole (19.76%) and α-pinene (15.24%), which have in vitro antimicrobial effects against different bacterial strains. The findings of this review demonstrate the potential of Amazonian extracts in maximizing animal production, due to the possible effects on the modulation of ruminal fermentation, being encouraged to carry out additional studies aiming at a greater exploration of them. Although, there are no current studies associated with the effects of açaí, sage, peach palm, and bacuri on rumen fermentation, it is inferred that, due to their phytochemical composition, they may have a similar effect to ionophores on ruminant production.


Resumen En la selva amazónica, innumerables plantas poseen compuestos bioactivos, que potencialmente pueden ser utilizados como moduladores de la fermentación ruminal. A pesar de la importancia, han sido desarrollados pocos estudios evaluando el uso de extractos de plantas amazónicas como aditivos alimentarios naturales en la nutrición de rumiantes. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es presentar un breve panorama de los datos científicos en la literatura sobre los efectos del uso de extractos de açaí, copaíba, salvia-do-marajó, chontaduro y bacuri en la fermentación ruminal y su potencial de uso en la dieta de los rumiantes. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tiene 16,08 mg/g de materia seca de flavonoides, compuestos con potente acción antimicrobiana. Los estudios con suplementos de aceite de açaí han demostrado efectos moduladores sobre la fermentación ruminal y la producción de leche en ovejas y vacas. Adicionalmente, la oleorresina de copaiba (Copaifera spp.) y la mantequilla de semilla de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) poseen 88% y 41% de terpenos, respectivamente; la composición fitoquímica del aceite de salvia de marajó (Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth) no está completamente resuelta, sin embargo esta fuente está mayoritariamente compuesta de los terpenos alcanfor (33,62%), 1,8-cineol (19,76%) y α-pineno (15,24%), los cuales poseen efecto antimicrobiano in vitro frente a diferentes cepas bacterianas. Los hallazgos de esta revisión demuestran el potencial de los extractos amazónicos en la maximización de la producción animal, debido a sus posibles efectos sobre la modulación de la fermentación ruminal, siendo incentivados a realizar estudios adicionales con el objetivo de una mayor exploración de estos. Aunque actualmente no existen estudios asociados a los efectos del açaí, la salvia, el chontaduro y el bacuri en la fermentación ruminal, se supone que, por su composición fitoquímica, podrían tener un efecto similar a los ionóforos en la producción de rumiantes.

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