Maximizing Implant Stability in the Face of Glenoid Bone Stock Deficiency.

As the incidence of shoulder arthroplasty continues to rise, encountering significant glenoid bone loss in the primary and revision setting is becoming a common occurrence. To effectively treat these difficult scenarios, surgeons must understand the common patterns of glenoid bone loss and be aware of the various techniques available for treatment. Understanding bone loss requires careful pre-operative evaluation with appropriate imaging and pre-operative planning software. Treatment algorithms consist of primary anatomic and reverse arthroplasty as well as the use of allograft or autograft bone grafting, augmented glenoid components, specialized surgical techniques, or custom implant designs. Ultimately, good outcomes are able to be obtained with various techniques when applied to the appropriate clinical situation.

Design of a reverse shoulder implant to measure shoulder stiffness during implant component positioning.

To avoid dislocation of the shoulder joint after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, it is important to achieve sufficient shoulder stability when placing the implant components during surgery. One parameter for assessing shoulder stability can be shoulder stiffness. The aim of this research was to develop a temporary reverse shoulder implant prototype that would allow intraoperative measurement of shoulder stiffness while varying the position of the implant components. Joint angle and torque measurement techniques were developed to determine shoulder stiffness. Hall sensors were used to measure the joint angles by converting the magnetic flux densities into angles. The accuracy of the joint angle measurements was tested using a test bench. Torques were determined by using thin-film pressure sensors. Various mechanical mechanisms for variable positioning of the implant components were integrated into the prototype. The results of the joint angle measurements showed measurement errors of less than 5° in a deflection range of ±15° adduction/abduction combined with ±45° flexion/extension. The proposed design provides a first approach for intra-operative assessment of shoulder stiffness. The findings can be used as a technological basis for further developments.

A survey and biomechanical analysis of the feasibility of the thumb test for determining the cancellous bone quality for stemless shoulder prosthesis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the thumb test for assessing the cancellous bone quality at the resection plane of the proximal humerus on determining the application of a stemless shoulder prosthesis remains unclear. This study was conducted to survey the current utilization of the thumb test among surgeons and to investigate biomechanical features of the thumb test. METHOD: A survey among shoulder surgeons who had experience with stemless prostheses was conducted to investigate the current utilization of preoperative assessments and intraoperative thumb test when applying stemless prosthesis. Biomechanical experiments for the thumb test using artificial bone models were performed to assess the compression force, contact pressure and area. According to the preliminary survey, three compression techniques were assessed: compression perpendicular to the surface with thumb pad (P-pad technique) or tip of the thumb (P-tip technique), or compression in the vertical direction simulating compression along the longitudinal axis of the humeral shaft with tip-pad of the thumb (H-axis technique). The contact area was separated into three subregions (proximal, middle and distal) to assess the distribution of contact pressure. RESULTS: Among 38 surgeons, 66% utilized the thumb test intraoperatively. The P-pad technique was more frequently applied than the P-tip or H-axis techniques (80%, 4% and 16%, respectively). Although with wide variation among the examiners, biomechanical assessments revealed the P-pad technique showed larger contact area and less compression force than the P-tip technique. The P-pad technique provided no significant localized differences in the mean contact pressure on the compressed plane, whereas the P-tip and H-axis techniques showed significant differences among subregions. CONCLUSION: This survey demonstrated relatively frequent application of the thumb test on applying the stemless shoulder prosthesis. Biomechanical assessment revealed the thumb test can hinder objective reproducibility among examiners; therefore, further investigations to identify feasible assessments of the bone quality is required.

An Attempt to Assess the Indications for Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Based on Biomechanical Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Starting from the 1950s, shoulder arthroplasty has been developing, one consequence of which has been the concept of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Initially, it was supposed to be used only in patients with irreversible rotator cuff damage, but it quickly gained more and more indications for use. The aim of the present study was to assess biomechanical, objective indications for RSA in patients with shoulder osteoarthritis (OA) based on an inertial measurement system with electromyography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 patients were qualified to this prospective study, 10 each in a control and experimental group. The study was conducted between August 2020 and October 2021. The experimental group consisted of 9 women and 1 man aged 55 to 85 years old, with osteoarthritis of the shoulder associated with rotator cuff damage. The study utilised the myoMotion inertial sensor system (Noraxon, USA) synchronized with the surface electromyography system Myotrace 400 (Noraxon, USA). RESULTS: Movement phase diagrams were used to assess the movement patterns. To examine the movement pattern in the shoulder, three motor tests can be proposed: flexion-extension, flexion in the scapular plane and abduction-adduction. The observation of trends for the operated limb showed the highest absolute improvement in the group with the greatest impairment of the movement pattern in the initial test. However, on final evaluation, these results were still twice as low as those obtained in the group with the least impairment. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Early qualification of patients with shoulder OA for RSA could mean a greater likelihood of functional and quality-of-life improvement. 2. Movement patterns after RSA may improve, but will probably not return to physiological values.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty in obstetric brachial plexus injury: our experience with shoulder motion analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) is a weakening or paralysis of the upper arm caused by brachial plexus injury followed by a muscle paralysis with severe repercussions on the movement of the shoulder joint following a progressive glenohumeral joint deformity. This case series analyzes the clinical and radiological outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in OBPI patients with a follow-up of 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: OBPI patients with secondary end-stage glenohumeral arthritis were enrolled in the study and they were treated with RSA. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes [Range of Motion (ROM), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS)] were evaluated. A novel Shoulder motion analysis was carried out to investigate specific movement patterns of scapulothoracic movements in these patients. This study is a prospective cohort study. RESULTS: Four Patients (M: F = 1:3) were enrolled in the study, the mean age was 49.3 years (+ 2.75), the mean OSS (Oxford Shoulder Score) decreased from 48.8 (± 2.5) preoperatively to 18.30 (± 2.78), the mean VAS (Visual Analog Scale) decreased from 7.25 (± 0.5) to 1.7 (± 0.3) in the follow up (∆% relative pain reduction:- 76.5%), Shoulder ROM obtained an improvement (p < 0.05) except for abduction and external rotation. The average follow-up time was 26.3 months (+- 4.5). Shoulder motion analysis showed a complete loss of the scapular tilting above 90 degrees of flexion compared to the typical one of standard RSA with a pattern shifted towards scapular retraction (engaging trapezius and rhomboid muscles) to compensate the loss of the posterior tilting. CONCLUSIONS: RSA in OBPI patients demonstrated a significant improvement of pain symptoms and a moderate improvement in daily activities, anyway with a more appreciable quality of life over time even if the marked hypotrophy especially of the posterior shoulder muscles showed some limits in maintaining suspension of the upper limb and a minor external rotation, with an internal rotation attitude during the movements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Case series.

Risk Factors Associated With Prolonged Opioid Use After Revision Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine which preoperative factors are associated with prolonged opioid use after revision total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). METHODS: The M157Ortho PearlDiver database was used to identify patients undergoing revision TSA between 2010 and 2021. Opioid use for longer than 1 month after surgery was defined as prolonged opioid use. Postoperative opioid use from 1 to 3 months was independently assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between preoperative patient-related risk factors (age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, sex, depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, opioid use between 12 months to 1 week of surgery, tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, previous myocardial infarction, and chronic ischemic heart disease) with prolonged postoperative opioid use. Odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each risk factor. RESULTS: A total 14,887 patients (mean age = 67.1 years) were included. Most of the patients were female (53.3%), and a large proportion were opioid familiar (44.1%). Three months after revision TSA, older age (OR = 0.96, CI 0.96 to 0.97) and male sex (OR = 0.90, CI 0.81 to 0.99) were associated with a decreased risk of prolonged postoperative opioid usage. Patients with preexisting depression (OR = 1.21, CI 1.08 to 1.35), substance use disorder (OR = 1.47, CI 1.29 to 1.68), opioid use (OR = 16.25, CI 14.27 to 18.57), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (OR = 1.24, CI 1.07 to 1.42) were at an increased risk of prolonged postoperative opioid use. DISCUSSION: Older age and male sex were associated with a decreased risk of prolonged opioid use after revision TSA. Depression, substance use disorder, opioid familiarity, and COPD were associated with prolonged opioid use after revision TSA.

Risk factors for rehospitalization within 90 days in patients with total joint replacement: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors influencing the readmission within 90 days following total joint replacement (TJR) are complex and heterogeneous, and few systematic reviews to date have focused on this issue. METHODS: Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched from the inception dates to December 2022. Relevant, published studies were identified using the following keywords: risk factors, rehospitalization, total hip replacement, total knee replacement, total shoulder replacement, and total joint replacement. All relevant data were collected from the studies that meet the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS: Of 68,336 patients who underwent TJR, 1,269,415 (5.4%) were readmitted within 90 days. High American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class (OR, 1.502; 95%CI:1.405-1.605; P < .001), heart failure (OR,1.494; 95%CI: 1.235-1.754; P < .001), diabetes (OR, 1.246; 95%CI:1.128-1.377; P < .001), liver disease (OR, 1.339; 95%CI:1.237-1.450; P < .001), drinking (OR, 1.114; 95%CI:1.041-1.192; P = .002), depression (OR, 1.294; 95%CI:1.223-1.396; P < .001), urinary tract infection (OR, 5.879; 95%CI: 5.119-6.753; P < .001), and deep vein thrombosis (OR, 10.007; 95%CI: 8.787-11.396; P < .001) showed statistically positive correlation with increased 90-day readmissions after TJR, but high blood pressure, smoking, and pneumonia had no significant association with readmission risk. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review and meta-analysis will aid clinicians as they seek to understand the risk factors for 90-day readmission following TJR. Clinicians should consider the identified key risk factors associated with unplanned readmissions and develop strategies to risk-stratify patients and provide dedicated interventions to reduce the rates of readmission and enhance the recovery process.

The impact of long-term aspirin use on the patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Although aspirin is increasingly utilized to reduce the event of severe perioperative complications, the effect of long-term aspirin use (L-AU) on perioperative complications in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty (SA) has not been well studied. The goal of the present study is to identify the influence of L-AU on perioperative complications in individuals undergoing SA. METHODS: We selected data from the National Inpatient Sample database between 2010 and 2019, to identify adult patients with SA. Patients were subsequently categorized into L-AU and whole non-L-AU cohorts according to the presence of aspirin use. The demographic and comorbidity characteristics were matched using propensity score matching (PSM). The Pearson chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank test and logistic regression were utilized to assess the association of L-AU with perioperative complications. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2019, a total of 162,418 SA patients satisfied the inclusion criteria, with 22,659 (13.95%) using aspirin on a long-term basis. The vast majority of the patients with pre-existing L-AU were aged 65-74 years, female, White and had Medicare insurance. L-AU before surgery was linked to increased risks of perioperative complications, such as blood transfusion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.339), genitourinary disease (aOR: 1.349), acute renal failure (aOR: 1.292), acute myocardial infarction (aOR: 1.494), higher total charge (L-AU vs. the whole non-L-AU vs. matched non-L-AU: $66,727.15 vs. $59,697.08 vs. $59,926.32), and prolonged hospitalization stay (LOS) (aOR: 0.837). However, L-AU was considered a protective factor of acute cerebrovascular disease (aOR: 0.722) and stroke (aOR: 0.725). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is based on the largest open-access all-payer inpatient database, revealing a noteworthy finding of aspirin's protective and adverse impact on different postoperative complications in the US population, such as acute cardiovascular disease, and stroke, etc. Further studies assessing the optimum preoperative aspirin duration and dosage to meet the best benefit quantity for patients with planned joint arthroplasties are suggested.

The role of sonication in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in total shoulder arthroplasty.

An increased sensitivity of sonication compared to periprosthetic tissue cultures in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of hip and knee arthroplasty has been reported. The goal of this study was to determine if there is also an added value of implant sonication in the diagnosis of PJI in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent removal of their TSA combined with sonication of the implant for suspicion of PJI between April 2009 and August 2017 was performed. The diagnosis of PJI was based on the major criteria described by Parvizi. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and diagnostic accuracy for sonication cultures in comparison with periprosthetic tissue cultures. Data from 41 patients were analysed. Standard synovial fluid cultures combined with intraoperative periprosthetic tissue cultures had a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 95% and total accuracy of 95%. Sonication cultures had a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 68% and total accuracy of 80%. Six patients had negative standard cultures but positive sonication cultures. In patients with only one positive standard culture, the pathogen of the sonication culture corresponded to the pathogen of the positive soft tissue culture. We found a possible added value of sonication of TSA in the diagnosis of PJI in conjunction with standard intraoperative cultures. In some patients with suspicion of low-grade TSA infection, sonication could identify a possible causal microorganism despite negative standard cultures.

Effect of using a small baseplate on the radiological and clinical outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in Asian patients.

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) using small and standard baseplates in Asian patients, and to investigate the impact of a mismatch in the sizes of the glenoid and the baseplate on the outcomes. Methods: This was retrospective analysis of 50 and 33 RSAs using a standard (33.8 mm, ST group) and a small (29.5 mm, SM group) baseplate of the Equinoxe reverse shoulder system, which were undertaken between January 2017 and March 2021. Radiological evaluations included the size of the glenoid, the ß-angle, the inclination of the glenoid component, inferior overhang, scapular notching, the location of the central cage in the baseplate within the vault and the mismatch in size between the glenoid and baseplate. Clinical evaluations included the range of motion (ROM) and functional scores. In subgroup analysis, comparisons were performed between those in whom the vault of the glenoid was perforated (VP group) and those in whom it was not perforated (VNP group). Results: Perforation of the vault of the glenoid (p = 0.018) and size mismatch in height (p < 0.001) and width (p = 0.013) were significantly more frequent in the ST group than in the SM group. There was no significant difference in the clinical scores and ROM in the two groups, two years postoperatively (all p > 0.05). In subgroup analysis, the VP group had significantly less inferior overhang (p = 0.009), more scapular notching (p = 0.018), and more size mismatch in height (p < 0.001) and width (p = 0.025) than the VNP group. Conclusion: In Asian patients with a small glenoid, using a 29.5 mm small baseplate at the time of RSA was more effective in reducing size mismatch between the glenoid and the baseplate, decreasing the incidence of perforation of the glenoid vault, and achieving optimal positioning of the baseplate compared with the use of a 33.8 mm standard baseplate. However, longer follow-up is required to assess the impact of these findings on the clinical outcomes.

Incidence and risk factors of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications following total shoulder arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty is devastating and costly. The purpose was to determine the incidence and risk of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty utilizing a large-scale sample database. METHODS: A retrospective database analysis was performed based on Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2014. Patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty were included. Patient demographics, hospital characteristics, length of stay, economic indicators, in-hospital mortality, comorbidities, and peri-operative complications were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 34,198 cases were capture from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. There were 343 cases of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty and the overall incidence was 1%, with a more than 2.5-fold decrease from 2010 to 2014. Dislocation was the most common category among prosthesis-related complications (0.1%). The occurrence of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications was associated with significantly more total charges and slightly longer length of stay while less usage of Medicare. Risk factors of prosthesis-related complications were identified including younger age (<64 years), female, the native American, hospital in the South, alcohol abuse, depression, uncomplicated diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, fluid and electrolyte disorders, metastatic cancer, neurological disorders, and renal failure. Interestingly, advanced age (≥65 years) and proprietary hospital were found as protective factors. Furthermore, prosthesis-related complications were associated with aseptic necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, Parkinson's disease, prior shoulder arthroscopy, and blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: It is of benefit to study risk factors of prosthesis-related complications following total shoulder arthroplasty to ensure the appropriate management and optimize consequences although a relatively low incidence was identified.

Outpatient Versus Inpatient Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Matched Cohort Analysis of Postoperative Complications, Surgical Outcomes, and Reimbursements.

INTRODUCTION: There has been a trend toward performing arthroplasty in the ambulatory setting. The primary purpose of this study was to compare outpatient and inpatient total shoulder arthroplasties (TSAs) for postoperative medical complications, healthcare utilization outcomes, and surgical outcomes. METHODS: Patients who underwent outpatient TSA or inpatient TSA with a minimum 5-year follow-up were identified in the PearlDiver database. These cohorts were propensity-matched based on age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, smoking status, and obesity (body mass index > 30). All outcomes were analyzed using chi square and Student t-tests where appropriate. RESULTS: Outpatient TSA patients had markedly lower rates of various 90-day medical complications. Outpatient TSA patients had lower risk of aseptic loosening at 2 years postoperation and lower risk of periprosthetic joint infection at 5 years postoperation relative to inpatient TSA patients. Outpatient TSA reimbursements were markedly lower than inpatient TSA reimbursements at the 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year postoperative intervals. CONCLUSION: This study found patients undergoing outpatient TSA to be at lowers odds for both postoperative medical and surgical complications compared with those undergoing inpatient TSA. Despite increased risk of postoperative healthcare utilization for readmissions and emergency department visits, outpatient TSA was markedly less expensive at every postoperative time point assessed.

Eficacia del ácido tranexámico tópico en la artroplastia invertida de hombro / The efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Introducción: El ácido tranexámico (ATX) tópico ha demostrado disminuir de forma significativa el sangrado en artroplastia de cadera y rodilla. A pesar de que en la artroplastia de hombro la mayoría de trabajos han demostrado su eficacia por vía intravenosa, la eficacia y dosis por vía tópica aún no está determinada. El objetivo fue comprobar si 1,5g de ATX en bajo volumen (30mL) administrado de manera tópica disminuiría el sangrado tras la artroplastia invertida de hombro (AIH). Material y métodos: Se revisaron de manera retrospectiva 177 pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de AIH por artropatía y fractura. Se recogieron datos de ΔHb y ΔHto a las 24h, débito del drenaje (mL), estancia media y complicaciones. Resultados: Los pacientes que recibieron ATX presentaron menor débito del drenaje tanto en artroplastia electiva (AIHE) (104 vs. 195mL, p=0,004) como por fractura (AIHF) (47 vs. 79mL, p=0,01). Aunque fue ligeramente menor en el grupo de ATX, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el sangrado sistémico (AIHE ΔHb 1,67 vs. 1,90mg/dL, AIHF 2,61 vs. 2,7mg/dL, p=0,79), estancia media (AIHE 2,0 vs. 2,3 días, p=0,34; 2,3 vs. 2,5, p=0,56) o necesidad de transfusión (0% en AIHE; AIHF 5% vs. 7%, p=0,66). Los pacientes intervenidos por fractura presentaron mayor tasa de complicaciones que aquellos que lo hicieron por artropatía (7% vs. 15,6%, p=0,04). No se observaron complicaciones asociadas al uso de ATX. Conclusión: La administración tópica de 1,5g de ATX reduce el sangrado de manera significativa en el sitio quirúrgico sin observarse complicaciones asociadas. La disminución del hematoma posquirúrgico permitiría evitar el uso sistemático de drenajes posquirúrgicos.(AU)

Introduction: Topical tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to decrease blood loss in knee and hip arthroplasty. Despite there is evidence about its effectiveness when administered intravenous, its effectiveness and optimal dose when used topically has not been established. We hypothesized that the use of 1.5g (30mL) of topical TXA could decrease the amount of blood loss in patients after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Material and methods: One hundred and seventy-seven patients receiving a RSTA for arthropathy or fracture were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative-to-postoperative change in hemoglobin (ΔHb) and hematocrit (ΔHct) level drain volume output, length of stay and complications were evaluated for each patient. Results: Patients receiving TXA has significant less drain output in both for arthropathy (ARSA) (104 vs. 195mL, p=0.004) and fracture (FRSA) (47 vs. 79mL, p=0.01). Systemic blood loss was slightly lower in TXA group, but this was not statistically significant (ARSA, ΔHb 1.67 vs. 1.90mg/dL, FRSA 2.61 vs. 2.7mg/dL, p=0.79). This was also observed in hospital length of stay (ARSA 2.0 vs. 2.3 days, p=0.34; 2.3 vs. 2.5, p=0.56) and need of transfusion (0% AIHE; AIHF 5% vs. 7%, p=0.66). Patients operated for a fracture had a higher rate of complications (7% vs. 15.6%, p=0.04). There were no adverse events related to TXA administration. Conclusion: Topical use of 1.5g of TXA decreases blood loss, especially on the surgical site without associated complications. Thus, hematoma decrease could avoid the systematic use of postoperative drains after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.(AU)

[Translated article] The efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in reverse shoulder arthroplasty / Eficacia del ácido tranexámico tópico en la artroplastia invertida de hombro

Introducción: El ácido tranexámico (ATX) tópico ha demostrado disminuir de forma significativa el sangrado en artroplastia de cadera y rodilla. A pesar de que en la artroplastia de hombro la mayoría de trabajos han demostrado su eficacia por vía intravenosa, la eficacia y dosis por vía tópica aún no está determinada. El objetivo fue comprobar si 1,5g de ATX en bajo volumen (30mL) administrado de manera tópica disminuiría el sangrado tras la artroplastia invertida de hombro (AIH). Material y métodos: Se revisaron de manera retrospectiva 177 pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de AIH por artropatía y fractura. Se recogieron datos de ΔHb y ΔHto a las 24h, débito del drenaje (mL), estancia media y complicaciones. Resultados: Los pacientes que recibieron ATX presentaron menor débito del drenaje tanto en artroplastia electiva (AIHE) (104 vs. 195mL, p=0,004) como por fractura (AIHF) (47 vs. 79mL, p=0,01). Aunque fue ligeramente menor en el grupo de ATX, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el sangrado sistémico (AIHE ΔHb 1,67 vs. 1,90mg/dL, AIHF 2,61 vs. 2,7mg/dL, p=0,79), estancia media (AIHE 2,0 vs. 2,3 días, p=0,34; 2,3 vs. 2,5, p=0,56) o necesidad de transfusión (0% en AIHE; AIHF 5% vs. 7%, p=0,66). Los pacientes intervenidos por fractura presentaron mayor tasa de complicaciones que aquellos que lo hicieron por artropatía (7% vs. 15,6%, p=0,04). No se observaron complicaciones asociadas al uso de ATX. Conclusión: La administración tópica de 1,5g de ATX reduce el sangrado de manera significativa en el sitio quirúrgico sin observarse complicaciones asociadas. La disminución del hematoma posquirúrgico permitiría evitar el uso sistemático de drenajes posquirúrgicos.(AU)

Introduction: Topical tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to decrease blood loss in knee and hip arthroplasty. Despite there is evidence about its effectiveness when administered intravenous, its effectiveness and optimal dose when used topically has not been established. We hypothesized that the use of 1.5g (30mL) of topical TXA could decrease the amount of blood loss in patients after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Material and methods: One hundred and seventy-seven patients receiving a RSTA for arthropathy or fracture were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative-to-postoperative change in hemoglobin (ΔHb) and hematocrit (ΔHct) level drain volume output, length of stay and complications were evaluated for each patient. Results: Patients receiving TXA has significant less drain output in both for arthropathy (ARSA) (104 vs. 195mL, p=0.004) and fracture (FRSA) (47 vs. 79mL, p=0.01). Systemic blood loss was slightly lower in TXA group, but this was not statistically significant (ARSA, ΔHb 1.67 vs. 1.90mg/dL, FRSA 2.61 vs. 2.7mg/dL, p=0.79). This was also observed in hospital length of stay (ARSA 2.0 vs. 2.3 days, p=0.34; 2.3 vs. 2.5, p=0.56) and need of transfusion (0% AIHE; AIHF 5% vs. 7%, p=0.66). Patients operated for a fracture had a higher rate of complications (7% vs. 15.6%, p=0.04). There were no adverse events related to TXA administration. Conclusion: Topical use of 1.5g of TXA decreases blood loss, especially on the surgical site without associated complications. Thus, hematoma decrease could avoid the systematic use of postoperative drains after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.(AU)

Shoulder replacement surgery's rising demand, inequality of provision, and variation in outcomes: cohort study using Hospital Episode Statistics for England.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to forecast future patient demand for shoulder replacement surgery in England and investigate any geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in service provision and patient outcomes. METHODS: For this cohort study, all elective shoulder replacements carried out by NHS hospitals and NHS-funded care in England from 1999 to 2020 were identified using Hospital Episode Statistics data. Eligible patients were aged 18 years and older. Shoulder replacements for malignancy or acute trauma were excluded. Population estimates and projections were obtained from the Office for National Statistics. Standardised incidence rates and the risks of serious adverse events (SAEs) and revision surgery were calculated and stratified by geographical region, socioeconomic deprivation, sex, and age band. Hospital costs for each admission were calculated using Healthcare Resource Group codes and NHS Reference Costs based on the National Reimbursement System. Projected rates and hospital costs were predicted until the year 2050 for two scenarios of future growth. RESULTS: A total of 77,613 elective primary and 5847 revision shoulder replacements were available for analysis. Between 1999 and 2020, the standardised incidence of primary shoulder replacements in England quadrupled from 2.6 to 10.4 per 100,000 population, increasing predominantly in patients aged over 65 years. As many as 1 in 6 patients needed to travel to a different region for their surgery indicating inequality of service provision. A temporal increase in SAEs was observed: the 30-day risk increased from 1.3 to 4.8% and the 90-day risk increased from 2.4 to 6.0%. Patients from the more deprived socioeconomic groups appeared to have a higher risk of SAEs and revision surgery. Shoulder replacements are forecast to increase by up to 234% by 2050 in England, reaching 20,912 procedures per year with an associated annual cost to hospitals of £235 million. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports a rising incidence of shoulder replacements, regional disparities in service provision, and an overall increasing risk of SAEs, especially in more deprived socioeconomic groups. These findings highlight the need for better healthcare planning to match local population demand, while more research is needed to understand and prevent the increase observed in SAEs.

Implant breakage after shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review of data from worldwide arthroplasty registries and clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Implant breakage after shoulder arthroplasty is a rare complication after aseptic loosening, infection or persistent pain, resulting in malfunction of the components requiring revision surgery. This correlates with a high burden for the patient and increasing costs. Specific data of complication rates and implant breakage are available in detailed arthroplasty registries, but due to the rare occurrence and possibly underestimated value rarely described in published studies. The aim of this systematic review was to point out the frequency of implant breakage after shoulder arthroplasty. We hypothesized that worldwide arthroplasty registry datasets record higher rates of implant breakage than clinical trials. METHODS: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database were utilized for this systematic review using the items "(implant fracture/complication/breakage) OR (glenoid/baseplate complication/breakage) AND (shoulder arthroplasty)" according to the PRISMA guidelines on July 3rd, 2023. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted according to the Cochrane standards. Case reports and experimental studies were excluded to reduce bias. The breakage rate per 100,000 observed component years was used to compare data from national arthroplasty registries and clinical trials, published in peer-reviewed journals. Relevant types of shoulder prosthetics were analyzed and differences in implant breakage were considered. RESULTS: Data of 5 registries and 15 studies were included. Rates of implant breakage after shoulder arthroplasty were reported with 0.06-0.86% in registries versus 0.01-6.65% in clinical studies. The breakage rate per 100,000 observed component years was 10 in clinical studies and 9 in registries. There was a revision rate of 0.09% for registry data and 0.1% for clinical studies within a 10-year period. The most frequently affected component in connection with implant fracture was the glenoid insert. CONCLUSION: Clinical studies revealed a similar incidence of implant failure compared to data of worldwide arthroplasty registries. These complications arise mainly due to breakage of screws and glenospheres and there seems to be a direct correlation to loosening. Periprosthetic joint infection might be associated with loosening of the prosthesis and subsequent material breakage. We believe that this analysis can help physicians to advise patients on potential risks after shoulder arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Comparison of Outcomes After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients With Proximal Humerus Fractures Versus Rotator Cuff Arthropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Indications for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) has expanded to encompass complex proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) in recent years. The purpose of this study was to report and assess whether PHF patients treated with rTSA could achieve similar functional outcomes and short-term survivorship to patients who underwent rTSA for rotator cuff arthropathy (RTCA). METHODS: All consecutive patients with a preoperative diagnosis of PHF or RTCA, 18 years or older, treated with rTSA at a single academic institution between 2018 and 2020 with a minimum 2-year follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Primary outcomes were survivorship defined as revision surgery or implant failure analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and functional outcomes, which included Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, and range of motion (ROM) were compared at multiple follow-up time points up to 2 years. Secondary outcomes were patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical data, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients were included: 21 patients (44%) were diagnosed with PHF and 27 patients (56%) had RTCA. The Kaplan-Meier survival rate estimates at 3 years were 90.5% in the PHF group and 85.2% in the RTCA group. No differences in revision surgery rates between the two groups (P = 0.68) or survivorship (P = 0.63) were found. ROM was significantly lower at subsequent follow-up time points in multiple planes (P < 0.05). A greater proportion of patients in the PHF group received cement for humeral implant fixation compared with the RTCA group (48% versus 7%, P = 0.002). The mean length of hospital stay was longer in PHF patients compared with RTCA patients (2.9 ± 3.8 days versus 1.6 ± 1.8 days, P = 0.13), and a significantly lower proportion of PHF patients were discharged home (67% versus 96%, P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The rTSA implant survivorship at 3 years for both PHF and RTCA patients show comparable results. At the 2-year follow-up, RTCA patients treated with rTSA were found to have better ROM compared with PHF patients.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Missed Short-term Follow-up After Primary Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: The importance of consistent postoperative follow-up has been established for collecting patient-reported outcomes and surveilling for potential complications. Despite this, the prevalence of and risk factors for missed short-term follow-up after elective shoulder arthroplasty remain limited. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty cases with a minimum of 12-month follow-up performed by a single, fellowship-trained shoulder surgeon was undertaken from January 2015 to December 2021. Demographic patient and surgical data, including age, sex, marital status, self-identified race, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery and/or contralateral arthroplasty, distance from home to clinic, smoking status, and hospital length of stay, were collected. The follow-up at 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months and beyond was determined. Patient-related and surgical predictors for missing the 12-month and 24-month follow-up were identified. RESULTS: There were 295 cases included (168 aTSA and 127 reverse total shoulder arthroplasty), of whom 199 (67%) were women. Of the total cases, 261 (86%) were eligible for 24-month follow-up. Patients undergoing aTSA, those of younger age, those of male sex, and those who missed their 6-week and 6-month follow-up were significantly more likely to miss the 12-month follow-up visit. Following multivariable analysis, a missed 6-month follow-up (OR 10.10, 95% CI 5.32 to 19.16, P < 0.001) was associated with 12-month visit nonattendance, and increasing age (per year) (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99, P = 0.011) was associated with improved 12-month follow-up. Not having a surgical complication within 6 months postoperatively, not undergoing ipsilateral revision arthroplasty, and missing the 1-week and 12-month follow-up were significantly associated with missing the 24-month follow-up. After multivariable analysis, missing the 1-week (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.12 to 8.41, P = 0.029) and 12-month (OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.11 to 6.99, P < 0.001) follow-ups was associated with missing the 24-month visit, whereas having a postoperative complication was associated with increased attendance at 24 months (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.99, P = 0.047). DISCUSSION: Strategies for preventing missed short-term follow-up should be focused on ensuring that patients undergoing TSA attend the 6-month and 12-month visit, particularly among younger patients and those with an uneventful postoperative course.

Developing a machine learning algorithm to predict the probability of aseptic loosening of the glenoid component after anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty: protocol for a retrospective, multicentre study.

INTRODUCTION: Despite technological advancements in recent years, glenoid component loosening remains a common complication after anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA) and is one of the main causes of revision surgery. Increasing emphasis is placed on the prevention of glenoid component failure. Previous studies have successfully predicted range of motion, patient-reported outcomes and short-term complications after ATSA using machine learning methods, but an accurate predictive model for (glenoid component) revision is currently lacking. This study aims to use a large international database to accurately predict aseptic loosening of the glenoid component after ATSA using machine learning algorithms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: For this multicentre, retrospective study, individual patient data will be compiled from previously published studies reporting revision of ATSA. A systematic literature search will be performed in Medline (PubMed) identifying all studies reporting outcomes of ATSA. Authors will be contacted and invited to participate in the Machine Learning Consortium by sharing their anonymised databases. All databases reporting revisions after ATSA will be included, and individual patients with a follow-up less than 2 years or a fracture as the indication for ATSA will be excluded. First, features (predictive variables) will be identified using a random forest feature selection. The resulting features from the compiled database will be used to train various machine learning algorithms (stochastic gradient boosting, random forest, support vector machine, neural network and elastic-net penalised logistic regression). The developed and validated algorithms will be evaluated across discrimination (c-statistic), calibration, the Brier score and the decision curve analysis. The best-performing algorithm will be used to create an open-access online prediction tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Data will be collected adhering to the WHO regulation on data sharing. An Institutional Review Board review is not applicable. The study results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.