RESUMO
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) transmission mostly occurs through the genital and intestinal mucosae. Although HIV-1 transmission has been extensively investigated, gaps remain in understanding the initial steps of HIV entry through the colonic mucosa. We previously showed that HIV can selectively trigger mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) to migrate within colonic epithelial cells to sample virions. Mucosal exposure to human seminal plasma (HSP), rich in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, may as well induce alterations of the colonic mucosa and recruit immune cells, hence, affecting pathogen sampling and transmission. Methods: Here, we studied the role of HSP on the paracellular intestinal permeability by analyzing the distribution of two proteins known to play a key role in controlling the intestinal barrier integrity, namely the tight junctions-associated junctional adhesion molecule (JAM-A) and the adherents junction associated protein E-cadherin (E-CAD), by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Also, we evaluated if HSP promotes the recruitment of MNP cells, specifically, the CD11c and CD64 positive MNPs, to the apical side of the human colonic mucosa. At this scope, HSP of HIV-infected and uninfected individuals with known fertility status was tested for cytokines, chemokines and growth factors concentration and used in an ex vivo polarized colonic tissue culture system to mimic as closely as possible the physiological process. Results: HSP showed statistically significant differences in cytokines and chemokines concentrations between the three groups of donors, i.e. HIV infected, or uninfected fertile or randomly identified. Nevertheless, we showed that in the ex vivo tissue culture HSP in general, neither affected the morphological structure of the colonic mucosa nor modulated the paracellular intestinal permeability. Interestingly, CD11c+ MNP cells migrated to the apical surface of the colonic epithelium regardless, if incubated with HIV-infected or -uninfected HSPs, while CD64+ MNP cells, did not change their distribution within the colonic mucosa. Discussion: In conclusion, even if HSP did not perturb the integrity of the human colonic mucosa, it affected the migration of a specific subset of MNPs that express CD11c towards the apical side of the colonic mucosa, which in turn may be involved in pathogen sampling.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Colo , Infecções por HIV , Mucosa Intestinal , Monócitos , Sêmen , Humanos , Caderinas/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Epitélio/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Moléculas de Adesão Juncional , Fagócitos/imunologia , Sêmen/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Antígeno CD11c/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/virologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Internalização do Vírus , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologiaRESUMO
High altitude hypoxia can lead to a spectrum of gastrointestinal problems. As the first line of host immune defense, innate immune response in the intestinal mucosa plays a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and protecting against intestinal injury at high altitude. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hypoxia on the colonic mucosal barrier and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated innate immune responses in the colon. The mice were exposed to a hypobaric chamber to simulate a 5,000 m plateau environment for 7 days, and the colonic mucosa changes were recorded. At the same time, the inflammation model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to explore the effects of hypoxia on the TLR4/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and its downstream inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ] in the colon. We found that hypoxic exposure caused weight loss and structural disturbance of the colonic mucosa in mice. Compared with the control group, the protein levels of TLR4 [fold change (FC) = 0.75 versus FC = 0.23], MyD88 (FC = 0.80 versus FC = 0.30), TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-ß (TRIF: FC = 0.89 versus FC = 0.38), and NF-κB p65 (FC = 0.75 versus FC = 0.24) in the colon of mice in the hypobaric hypoxia group were significantly decreased. LPS-induced upregulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling and its downstream inflammatory factors was inhibited by hypoxia. Specifically, compared with the LPS group, the protein levels of TLR4 (FC = 1.18, FC = 0.86), MyD88 (FC = 1.20, FC = 0.80), TRIF (FC = 1.20, FC = 0.86), and NF-κB p65 (FC = 1.29, FC = 0.62) and the mRNA levels of IL-1ß (FC = 7.38, FC = 5.06), IL-6 (FC = 16.06, FC = 9.22), and IFN-γ (FC = 2.01, FC = 1.16) were reduced in the hypobaric hypoxia plus LPS group. Our findings imply that hypoxia could lead to marked damage of the colonic mucosa and a reduction of TLR4-mediated colonic innate immune responses, potentially reducing host defense responses to colonic pathogens.
Assuntos
Hipóxia , Imunidade Inata , NF-kappa B , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/farmacologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Hipóxia/imunologia , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genéticaRESUMO
Intestinal barrier immunity is essential for controlling gut microbiota without eliciting harmful immune responses, while its defect contributes to the breakdown of intestinal homeostasis and colitis development. Chemerin, which is abundantly expressed in barrier tissues, has been demonstrated to regulate tissue inflammation via CMKLR1, its functional receptor. Several studies have reported the association between increased expression of chemerin-CMKLR1 and disease severity and immunotherapy resistance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, the pathophysiological role of endogenous chemerin-CMKLR1 signaling in intestinal homeostasis remains elusive. We herein demonstrated that deficiency of chemerin or intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific CMKLR1 conferred high susceptibility to microbiota-driven neutrophilic colon inflammation and subsequent tumorigenesis in mice following epithelial injury. Unexpectedly, we found that lack of chemerin-CMKLR1 signaling specifically reduced expression of lactoperoxidase (LPO), a peroxidase that is predominantly expressed in colonic ECs and utilizes H2O2 to oxidize thiocyanates to the antibiotic compound, thereby leading to the outgrowth and mucosal invasion of gram-negative bacteria and dysregulated CXCL1/2-mediated neutrophilia. Importantly, decreased LPO expression was causally linked to aggravated microbiota-driven colitis and associated tumorigenesis, as LPO supplementation could completely rescue such phenotypes in mice deficient in epithelial chemerin-CMKLR1 signaling. Moreover, epithelial chemerin-CMKLR1 signaling is necessary for early host defense against bacterial infection in an LPO-dependent manner. Collectively, our study reveals that the chemerin-CMKLR1/LPO axis represents an unrecognized immune mechanism that potentiates epithelial antimicrobial defense and restricts harmful colonic neutrophilia and suggests that LPO supplementation may be beneficial for microbiota dysbiosis in IBD patients with a defective innate antimicrobial mechanism.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Quimiocinas , Colite , Colo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Lactoperoxidase , Receptores de Quimiocinas , Animais , Carcinogênese/imunologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Colite/imunologia , Colite/microbiologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/microbiologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Lactoperoxidase/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores de Quimiocinas/genética , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent autoimmune disease, characterized by recurrence and remission of mucosal inflammation. Although the understanding of the pathogenesis of UC has been improved, effective therapeutic drugs are required for treating patients with UC. In current work, the mouse model of colitis was established. Trifolirhizin was demonstrated to improve symptom in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. The body weight of mice was elevated, whereas the disease activity index (DAI) was reduced. Moreover, trifolirhizin was involved in inhibition of inflammation and regulation of the balance of T helper 17 (Th 17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells in DSS-induced colitis mice. Further, the activation NLRP3 inflammasome was suppressed by trifolirhizin in DSS-induced colitis mice. Trifolirhizin was also identified to regulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) pathway. The trifolirhizin-mediated anti-inflammatory effect was inhibited by suppressing AMPK in DSS-induced UC mice. In summary, the research suggested that administration of trifolirhizin significantly improved the symptoms and the pathological damage in DSS-induced UC mice. Trifolirhizin regulated the balance of Th17/Treg cells and inflammation in the UC mice through inhibiting the TXNIP-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Inflamassomos , Inflamação , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Células Th17 , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte/farmacologia , Proteínas de Transporte/uso terapêutico , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glucosídeos/imunologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/imunologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacologia , Inflamassomos/antagonistas & inibidores , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/imunologia , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Tiorredoxinas/imunologia , Tiorredoxinas/farmacologia , Tiorredoxinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a progressive intestine inflammatory disease that is prone to recur. Herein, we utilize microarray technology and bioinformatics to reveal the underlying pathogenesis of UC and provide novel markers. Colonic biopsies were taken from eight UC patients and eight healthy controls. Three differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs) and 264 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using mRNA and miRNA microarray. Most DEGs were significantly associated with immune response and were markedly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Among the target genes of DEMIs, PHLPP2 overlapped with DEGs and the downregulation of PHLPP2 group was mainly involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PHLPP2 was downregulated in UC patients, which was validated in 5 GEO datasets and qRT-PCR. The ROC curve demonstrated that PHLPP2 has a perfect ability to distinguish UC patients from healthy controls. Moreover, PHLPP2 was low expression in patients with active UC. CIBERSORT algorithm indicated that the abundance of gamma delta T cells (P = 0.04), M0 macrophages (P = 0.01), and activated mast cells (P < 0.01) was significantly greater than that of the control group. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that PHLPP2 was positively correlated with the proportion of activated NK cells (rho = 0.62, P = 0.013) and Tregs (rho = 0.55, P = 0.03), but negatively correlated with those of activated mast cells (rho = -0.8, P < 0.01) and macrophages (rho = -0.73, P < 0.01). These results indicate that PHLPP2 is associated with immune cells in the pathogenesis of UC, as well as provide new prospects and future directions of investigation.
Assuntos
Biópsia , Colite Ulcerativa , Colo/patologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Colite Ulcerativa/genética , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colo/imunologia , Biologia Computacional , Regulação para Baixo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Humanos , Interleucina-17/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
Here, we report the appearance of natural killer B (NKB) cells within the colon during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of susceptible monkeys. Using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and flow cytometry, we show that NKB cells are unique cells with features and functions of both NK and B cells. NKB cells express receptors and ligands found on B cells that are important for (i) antigen presentation; (ii) activities associated with class switching, affinity maturation, and B-cell memory formation in secondary lymphoid follicles; and (iii) antigen recognition. The predominant immunoglobulins (Igs) expressed on NKB cells are IgA, although NKB cells can express surface IgM and IgG. There is dominant lambda expression over the kappa light chain characteristic of mucosal B cells. In addition to B-cell aspects, NKB cells express NK cell activation receptors and Fas ligand. We show in this study that NKB cells express perforin and granzymes and lyse cells in a lytic assay. In addition to NK cell cytolytic function, NKB cells also produce the inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Finally, we noted the increased capacity of NKB cells to proliferate compared to NK cells and CD8+ T cells from the SIV-infected colon. The increased proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production may be related to the relatively high expression levels of IL-15 receptor beta, IL-7 receptor, IL-18 receptor, and 41BB relative to the same receptors on CD8 and NK cells. The properties of NKB cells may point to their role in the enhanced inflammation observed in the SIV-infected gut. IMPORTANCE There is low-level but significant mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has long-term consequences for the infected host. This inflammation most likely originates from the immune response that appears as a consequence of HIV. Here, we show in an animal model of HIV that the chronically SIV-infected gut contains cytotoxic natural killer B cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and proliferate during infection.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Colo/citologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/virologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Receptores de Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologiaRESUMO
In the United States, most new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belong to the at-risk group of gay and bisexual men. Developing therapies to reverse viral latency and prevent spread is paramount for the HIV cure agenda. In gay and bisexual men, a major, yet poorly characterized, route of HIV entry is via transport across the colonic epithelial barrier. While colonic tears and paracellular transport contribute to infection, we hypothesize that HIV entry through the colonic mucosa proceeds via a process known as transcytosis, involving (i) virion binding to the apical surface of the colonic epithelium, (ii) viral endocytosis, (iii) transport of virions across the cell, and (iv) HIV release from the basolateral membrane. Using Caco-2 colonic epithelial cells plated as a polarized monolayer in transwells, we characterized the mechanism of HIV transport. After exposing the monolayer to HIV apically, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the viral genome present in the basolateral chamber revealed that transport is dose dependent, cooperative, and inefficient, with released virus first detectable at 12 h. Inefficiency may be associated with >50% decline in detectable intracellular virus that correlates temporally with increased association of the virion with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1+) endosomes. Microscopy revealed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled HIV within the confines of the epithelial monolayer, with no virus detectable between cells, suggesting that viral transport is transcellular. Treatment of the monolayer with endocytosis inhibitors, cholesterol reducing agents, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) to caveolin showed that viral endocytosis is mediated by caveolin-coated endosomes contained in lipid rafts. These results indicate that HIV transport across the intestinal epithelial barrier via transcytosis is a viable mechanism for viral spread and a potential therapeutic target. IMPORTANCE Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy in suppressing HIV replication and the emergence and effectiveness of PrEP-based prevention strategies, in 2018, 37,968 people in the United States received a new HIV diagnosis, accompanied by 15,820 deaths. While the annual number of new diagnoses decreased 7% from 2014 to 2018, 14% of people with HIV did not know they were infected. Gay and bisexual men accounted for 69% of all HIV diagnoses and 83% of diagnoses among males. Due to the scope of the HIV epidemic, determining and understanding precise routes of infection and the mechanisms of viral spread are paramount to ending the epidemic. Since transcellular transport of HIV across an intact colonic epithelial barrier is poorly understood, our overall goal is to characterize the molecular events involved in HIV transcytosis across the intestinal epithelial cell.
Assuntos
Colo , Endocitose , Infecções por HIV , HIV , Mucosa Intestinal , Células CACO-2 , Caveolinas/metabolismo , Colo/imunologia , Colo/virologia , Endossomos/metabolismo , HIV/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of cells involved in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. Although macrophages are densely distributed throughout the human intestine, our understanding of how gut macrophages maintain tissue homeostasis is limited. Here we show that colonic lamina propria macrophages (LpMs) and muscularis macrophages (MMs) consist of monocyte-like cells that differentiate into multiple transcriptionally distinct subsets. LpMs comprise subsets with proinflammatory properties and subsets with high antigen-presenting and phagocytic capacity. The latter are strategically positioned close to the surface epithelium. Most MMs differentiate along two trajectories: one that upregulates genes associated with immune activation and angiogenesis, and one that upregulates genes associated with neuronal homeostasis. Importantly, MMs are located adjacent to neurons and vessels. Cell-cell interaction and gene network analysis indicated that survival, migration, transcriptional reprogramming, and niche-specific localization of LpMs and MMs are controlled by an extensive interaction with tissue-resident cells and a few key transcription factors.
Assuntos
Colo/imunologia , Macrófagos/classificação , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Transcriptoma , Idoso , Comunicação Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Feminino , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologiaRESUMO
Chronic inflammation is often associated with the development of tissue fibrosis, but how mesenchymal cell responses dictate pathological fibrosis versus resolution and healing remains unclear. Defining stromal heterogeneity and identifying molecular circuits driving extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling stands to illuminate the relationship between inflammation, fibrosis, and healing. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of colon-derived stromal cells and identified distinct classes of fibroblasts with gene signatures that are differentially regulated by chronic inflammation, including IL-11-producing inflammatory fibroblasts. We further identify a transcriptional program associated with trans-differentiation of mucosa-associated fibroblasts and define a functional gene signature associated with matrix deposition and remodeling in the inflamed colon. Our analysis supports a critical role for the metalloprotease Adamdec1 at the interface between tissue remodeling and healing during colitis, demonstrating its requirement for colon epithelial integrity. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how inflammation perturbs stromal cell behaviors to drive fibroblastic responses controlling mucosal matrix remodeling and healing.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/imunologia , Proteínas ADAM/deficiência , Proteínas ADAM/genética , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/genética , Colite/patologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/imunologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibrose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação , Interleucina-11/genética , Interleucina-11/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Transcrição Gênica , Transcriptoma , Cicatrização/genética , Cicatrização/imunologiaRESUMO
Huangqin decoction (HQD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for ulcerative colitis. However, the pharmacology and molecular mechanism of HQD on ulcerative colitis is still unclear. Combined microarray analysis, network pharmacology, and molecular docking for revealing the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanism of HQD against ulcerative colitis. TCMSP, DrugBank, Swiss Target Prediction were utilized to search the active components and effective targets of HQD. Ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained by microarray data from the GEO database (GSE107499). Co-targets between HQD and ulcerative colitis are obtained by Draw Venn Diagram. PPI (Protein-protein interaction) network was constructed by the STRING database. To obtain the core target, topological analysis is exploited by Cytoscape 3.7.2. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis was performed to Metascape platform, and molecular docking through Autodock Vina 1.1.2 finished. 161 active components with 486 effective targets of HQD were screened. 1542 ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained with |Log2FC|> 1 and adjusted P-value < 0.05. The Venn analysis was contained 79 co-targets. Enrichment analysis showed that HQD played a role in TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, etc. IL6, TNF, IL1B, PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG with the highest degree from PPI network were successfully docked with 19 core components of HQD, respectively. According to ZINC15 database, quercetin (ZINC4175638), baicalein (ZINC3871633), and wogonin (ZINC899093) recognized as key compounds of HQD on ulcerative colitis. PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG are potential therapeutic targets of HQD. HQD can act on multiple targets through multi-pathway, to carry out its therapeutic role in ulcerative colitis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Biologia Computacional , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacologia , Farmacologia em Rede , Scutellaria baicalensis , Integração de Sistemas , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Flavanonas/isolamento & purificação , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/isolamento & purificação , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , PPAR gama/genética , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Quercetina/isolamento & purificação , Quercetina/farmacologia , Scutellaria baicalensis/química , Células Th17/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1), a kind of tyrosine kinase, is considered to be an oncogene in many cancers, and it is likely to become a potential target for cancer treatment. We found that the expression of the ACK1 gene in colon cancer was higher than that in normal tissues adjacent to cancer, and high expression of the ACK1 gene was associated with poor prognosis of patients. We assessed the prognosis of colon cancer based on ACK1-related genes and constructed a model that can predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients in colon cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We then explored the relationship between ACK1 and the immune microenvironment of colon cancer. The overexpression of ACK1 might hinder the function of antigen-presenting cells. The colon cancer prognosis prediction model we constructed has certain significance for clinicians to judge the prognosis of patients with colon cancer. The expression of the ACK1 gene might affect the infiltration level of a variety of immune cells and immunomodulators in the immune microenvironment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/mortalidade , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Inflamação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Tacrolimus is a common immunosuppressant used in solid organ transplant recipients. Although most patients develop diarrheal symptoms, data regarding patterns of injury in patients taking tacrolimus are limited. We performed this study to characterize tacrolimus-related features of colonic injury. We retrospectively identified colonic samples from 20 patients receiving tacrolimus monotherapy. Records were reviewed for symptoms, endoscopic findings, other medications, and infections. None of the patients had gastrointestinal infections or used other drugs known to cause colonic injury; none had received mycophenolate within 6 months of presentation. Cases were evaluated for the nature and distribution of inflammation and crypt abnormalities, including distortion, destruction, and apoptosis. Eighteen (90%) patients were solid organ transplant recipients. Seventeen (85%) had gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly diarrhea (75%). More than 50% had endoscopic colitis and 15% had ulcers and/or erosions. Most (90%) cases showed regenerative epithelial changes; apoptotic crypt cells were present in 55% and numerous in 10% of cases. Neutrophilic cryptitis was present in 60% of cases; 35% showed crypt destruction. Plasma cell-rich lamina propria inflammation and crypt distortion were observed in 40% and 25% of cases, respectively. There was no correlation between therapy duration and features of chronic injury. We conclude that tacrolimus can cause symptomatic colitis. Histologic abnormalities are often mild, featuring regenerative crypts and scattered apoptotic debris. However, 40% of symptomatic patients have chronic colitis, most likely reflecting drug-induced immune dysregulation. Pathologists should be aware of these associations because colitis often resolves with decreasing drug dosage rather than treatment directed toward inflammatory bowel disease.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Calcineurina/efeitos adversos , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Tacrolimo/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doença Crônica , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Colite/terapia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Colonoscopia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to increase worldwide. Multiple factors, including diet, loss of the intestinal barrier function, and imbalance of the immune system can cause IBD. A balanced diet is important for maintaining a healthy bowel and preventing IBD from occurring. The effects of probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri-fermented Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared by reacting whey protein with galactose on anti-inflammation and intestinal homeostasis were investigated in this study, which compared MPRs and probiotics separately. RESULTS: In an animal colitis model induced by 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), FWG administration alleviated colon length loss and maintained intestinal immune system homeostasis as reflected by down-regulated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α output, and metallopeptidase-9, and epithelial barrier balance as reflected by up-regulated occludin, E-cadherin, and zonula occludens-1 production in the colon. Furthermore, the expression of splenic cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 was up-regulated in the FWG-treated mice in a comparable amount to the control group to ensure the balance of immune responses. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the use of FWG protects the intestines from colitis caused by DSS and maintains immune balance. FWG increased antioxidant enzyme activity, increased intestinal permeability, and regulated the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the intestines and spleen. Continued intake of FWG can alleviate IBD symptoms through the preservation of mucosal immune responses, epithelial junction and homeostasis through the regulated splenic cytokines. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/administração & dosagem , Lactobacillus gasseri/metabolismo , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/imunologia , Colite/fisiopatologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/imunologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Galactose/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Junções Íntimas/genética , Junções Íntimas/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/metabolismoRESUMO
T helper cells, especially Th1 and Th17 cells, were reported to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the underlying factors regulating T cell functions in IBD progression remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we revealed that IL-17RD/Sef exacerbates DSS-induced colitis by regulating the balance of T cell subsets and their secretion of associated cytokines. We also observed that IL-17RD/Sef promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis and negatively correlates with survival in both mouse and colorectal cancer patients. Our results suggested that IL-17RD/Sef functions as a regulator of T cell subsets to promote the inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of IBD and colitis-associated colon cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/patologia , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/genética , Colite/mortalidade , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais , Análise de Sobrevida , Células Th1/patologia , Células Th17/patologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) homing reactions mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-ligand interactions play a central role in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis by restraining inappropriate immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the origin of Treg homing to the colon remains mysterious. Here, we report that the C10ORF99 peptide (also known as CPR15L and AP57), a cognate ligand of GPR15 that controls Treg homing to the colon, originates from a duplication of the flanking CDHR1 gene and is functionally paired with GPR15 in amniotes. Evolutionary analysis and experimental data indicate that the GPR15-C10ORF99 pair is functionally conserved to mediate colonic Treg homing in amniotes and their expression patterns are positively correlated with herbivore diet in the colon. With the first herbivorous diet in early amniotes, a new biological process (herbivorous diet short-chain fatty acid-C10ORF99/GPR15-induced Treg homing colon immune homeostasis) emerged, and we propose an evolutionary model whereby GPR15-C10ORF99 functional pairing has initiated the first colonic Treg homing reaction in amniotes. Our findings also highlight that GPCR-ligand pairing leads to physiological adaptation during vertebrate evolution.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos , Colo/citologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Animais , Colo/imunologia , Ligantes , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologiaRESUMO
Life stress may influence symptom onset and severity in certain gastrointestinal disorders in association with a dysregulated intestinal barrier. It has been widely accepted that stress triggers the hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, releasing corticosterone, which promotes intestinal permeability. In response, colonic inflammation alters mucosal immune homeostasis and destroys the colonic architecture, leading to severe intestinal diseases. Endogenous substance P (SP) does not inhibit the initial extent of the HPA axis response to restraint stress, but it reduces the duration of the stress, suggesting that SP plays an important role in the transition between acute and chronic stress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two groups of mice exposed to stress, including acute and chronic stress. The corticosterone was evaluated by ELISA, colon samples were obtained to detected polymorphonuclear cells by hematoxylin and eosin staining, goblet and mast cells were identified by immunocytochemistry and cytokineproducing CD4+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry assays, adhesion proteins in the colon epithelium by western blotting and serum SP levels by ELISA. The results demonstrated an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear, goblet and mast cells, a decrease in claudin1 expression and an elevation in Ecadherin expression during acute stress. Increased Ecadherin expression was also detected during chronic stress. Moreover, it was found that acute stress caused a shift towards a predominantly antiinflammatory immune response (T helper 2 cells), as shown by the increase in the percentage of CD4+/IL6+ and CD4+/IL4+ lymphocytes in the lamina propria and the increase in serum SP. In conclusion, this response promoted colonic protection during acute stress.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Colo/imunologia , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Mucosa/imunologia , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático Agudo/imunologia , Substância P/sangue , Animais , Caderinas/metabolismo , Claudina-1/metabolismo , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Corticosterona/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Inflamação , Masculino , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa/metabolismo , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático Agudo/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite immunosuppression is critical for reducing immune overactivation, existing immunosuppressive agents are largely restricted by low inhibition efficiencies and unpredictable off-target toxicities. Here, the use of the dopaminergic system is reported to suppress hyperactive immune responses in local inflamed tissues. A polydopamine nanoparticular immunosuppressant (PDNI) is synthesized to stimulate regulatory T (Treg) cells and directly inhibit T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Moreover, PDNI can inhibit the activation of dendritic cells to upregulate the ratio of Treg/Th17, which assists the reversion of inflammatory responses. The application of dopaminergic immunoregulation is further disclosed by combining with gut microbiota modulation for treating inflammations. The combination is implemented by coating living beneficial bacteria with PDNI. Following oral delivery, coated bacteria not only suppress the hyperactive immune responses but also positively modulate the gut microbiome in mice characterized with colitis. Strikingly, the combination demonstrates enhanced treatment efficacies in comparison with clinical aminosalicylic acid in two murine models of colitis. The use of the dopaminergic system opens a window to intervene immune responses and provides a versatile platform for the development of new therapeutics for treating inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Colite/imunologia , Colo/imunologia , Indóis/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Nanopartículas , PolímerosRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 120 has been implicated in regulating metabolic syndromes with anti-inflammatory function. However, the role of GPR120 in intestinal inflammation is unknown. Here, we investigated whether and how GPR120 regulates CD4+ T cell function to inhibit colitis development. METHODS: Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model, Citrobacter rodentium infection model, and CD4+ T cell adoptive transfer model were used to analyze the role of GPR120 in regulating colitis development. The effect of GPR120 on CD4+ T cell functions was analyzed by RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and Seahorse metabolic assays. Mice were administered GPR120 agonist for investigating the potential of GPR120 agonist in preventing and treating colitis. RESULTS: Deficiency of GPR120 in CD4+ T cells resulted in more severe colitis in mice upon dextran sodium sulfate insult and enteric infection. Transfer of GPR120-deficient CD4+CD45Rbhi T cells induced more severe colitis in Rag-/- mice with lower intestinal interleukin (IL) 10+CD4+ T cells. Treatment with the GPR120 agonist CpdA promoted CD4+ T cell production of IL10 by up-regulating Blimp1 and enhancing glycolysis, which was regulated by mTOR. GPR120 agonist-treated wild-type, but not IL10-deficient and Blimp1-deficient, T helper 1 cells induced less severe colitis. Furthermore, oral administration of GPR120 agonist protected mice from intestinal inflammation in both prevention and treatment schemes. Gpr120 expression was positively correlated with Il10 expression in the human colonic mucosa, including patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show the role of GPR120 in regulating intestinal CD4+ T cell production of IL10 to inhibit colitis development, which identifies GPR120 as a potential therapeutic target for treating inflammatory bowel diseases.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Colite/prevenção & controle , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Tiramina/análogos & derivados , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/transplante , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colite/imunologia , Colite/metabolismo , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Colo/imunologia , Colo/metabolismo , Doença de Crohn/imunologia , Doença de Crohn/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-10/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Tiramina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Owing to the high load of immunogenic frameshift neoantigens, tumors arising in individuals with Lynch syndrome (LS), the most common inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome, are characterized by a pronounced immune infiltration. However, the immune status of normal colorectal mucosa in LS is not well characterized. We assessed the immune infiltrate in tumor-distant normal colorectal mucosa from LS CRC patients, sporadic microsatellite-unstable (MSI) and microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC patients, and cancer-free LS carriers. METHODS: CD3-positive, FOXP3-positive, and CD8-positive T cells were quantified in, respectively, 219, 233, and 201 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal colonic mucosa tissue sections from CRC patients and cancer-free LS carriers and 26, 22, and 19 LS CRCs. CD3-positive T cells were also quantified in an independent cohort of 97 FFPE normal rectal mucosa tissue sections from LS carriers enrolled in the CAPP2 clinical trial. The expression of 770 immune-relevant genes was analyzed in a subset of samples with the use of the NanoString nCounter platform. RESULTS: LS normal mucosa specimens showed significantly elevated CD3-, FOXP3-, and CD8-positive T-cell densities compared with non-LS control specimens. Gene expression profiling and cluster analysis revealed distinct immune profiles in LS carrier mucosa with and without cancer manifestation. Long-term follow-up of LS carriers within the CAPP2 trial found a correlation between mucosal T-cell infiltrate and time to subsequent tumor occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: LS carriers show elevated mucosal T-cell infiltration even in the absence of cancer. The normal mucosa immune profile may be a temporary or permanent tumor risk modifier in LS carriers.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/imunologia , Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Reto/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Complexo CD3/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Carcinoma/genética , Carcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais Hereditárias sem Polipose/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Endonuclease PMS2 de Reparo de Erro de Pareamento/genética , Proteína 1 Homóloga a MutL/genética , Proteína 2 Homóloga a MutS/genética , Linfócitos T/patologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/patologia , Transcriptoma , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging treatment modality for ulcerative colitis (UC). Several randomized controlled trials have shown efficacy for FMT in the treatment of UC, but a better understanding of the transferable microbiota and their immune impact is needed to develop more efficient microbiome-based therapies for UC. METHODS: Metagenomic analysis and strain tracking was performed on 60 donor and recipient samples receiving FMT for active UC. Sorting and sequencing of immunoglobulin (Ig) A-coated microbiota (called IgA-seq) was used to define immune-reactive microbiota. Colonization of germ-free or genetically engineered mice with patient-derived strains was performed to determine the mechanism of microbial impact on intestinal immunity. RESULTS: Metagenomic analysis defined a core set of donor-derived transferable bacterial strains in UC subjects achieving clinical response, which predicted response in an independent trial of FMT for UC. IgA-seq of FMT recipient samples and gnotobiotic mice colonized with donor microbiota identified Odoribacter splanchnicus as a transferable strain shaping mucosal immunity, which correlated with clinical response and the induction of mucosal regulatory T cells. Colonization of mice with O splanchnicus led to an increase in Foxp3+/RORγt+ regulatory T cells, induction of interleukin (IL) 10, and production of short chain fatty acids, all of which were required for O splanchnicus to limit colitis in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides the first evidence of transferable, donor-derived strains that correlate with clinical response to FMT in UC and reveals O splanchnicus as a key component promoting both metabolic and immune cell protection from colitis. These mechanistic features will help enable strategies to enhance the efficacy of microbial therapy for UC. Clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT02516384.
