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1.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 30334, 2024 12 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39639096

RESUMO

Dung serves as a critical resource for diverse organisms, including dung-inhabiting fungi, which play a key role in nutrient cycling. In this study, we examined the decomposition rates and half-lives of dung from ruminant and monogastric herbivores in a microcosm experiment, assessing the impact of autoclaving (fungal exclusion) on decomposition dynamics. Over six months, autoclaved dung decomposed more slowly, retaining greater biomass and highlighting the fungi's role in matter cycling. Decomposition followed a Gaussian linear model, with constants k ranging from 0.02 to 0.03 and half-lives of 19-23 days. Nutrient mineralization varied significantly between the start and end of the experiment, underscoring the contribution of the fungi to nutrient release. Our findings emphasize the ecological importance of dung-inhabiting fungi and suggest areas for future research on factors influencing dung decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.


Assuntos
Fezes , Fungos , Fezes/microbiologia , Fungos/metabolismo , Animais , Biomassa , Ecossistema , Nutrientes/análise , Nutrientes/metabolismo
2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(23)2024 Nov 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39684453

RESUMO

Fungal infections pose a growing public health threat, creating an urgent clinical need for new antifungals. Natural products (NPs) from organisms in extreme environments are a promising source for novel drugs. Streptomyces albidoflavus CBMAI 1855 exhibited significant potential in this regard. This study aimed to (1) assess the antifungal spectrum of the CBMAI 1855 extract against key human pathogens, (2) elicit NP production through co-cultivation with fungi, correlating the metabolites with the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and (3) perform in silico toxicity predictions of the identified compounds to analyze their suitability for drug development. The crude extract of CBMAI 1855 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The metabolomic analysis identified antifungal NPs such as antimycin A, fungimycin, surugamides, 9-(4-aminophenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-9-oxo-nonoic acid, and ikarugamycin, with the latter two predicted to be the most suitable for drug development. Genome mining revealed three cryptic BGCs potentially encoding novel antifungals. These BGCs warrant a detailed investigation to elucidate their metabolic products and harness their potential. CBMAI 1855 is a prolific producer of multiple antifungal agents, offering a valuable source for drug discovery. This study highlights the importance of exploring microbial interactions to uncover therapeutics against fungal infections, with a detailed exploration of cryptic BGCs offering a pathway to novel antifungal compounds.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Família Multigênica , Streptomyces , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/química , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/genética
3.
PLoS One ; 19(12): e0312624, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39636874

RESUMO

The fungi present in the breeding waters of mosquitoes have been scarcely investigated. This work explored the diversity of cultivable fungi present in the breeding sites of the South American malaria vector mosquito Anopheles darlingi. Water samples were collected from four sites located in the municipalities of Coari and São Gabriel da Cachoeira and four different culture media were used for the isolation of fungi. Two-hundred-and-six fungal strains were isolated and morphologically similar fungi were grouped into 30 morphotypes. Their taxonomic identities were assigned by macro and microscopic observations and sequencing of rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). Representatives of 26 morphotypes were identified at the genus level, one only at the family level, and three were not identified. The identified morphotypes belong to the phyla, Ascomycota (80.6%), Basidiomycota (11.7%), and Mucoromycota (2.4%), distributed in five classes, ten orders, 25 families, and 26 genera. This study fills a considerable knowledge gap about the fungi present in the breeding sites of An. darlingi mosquitoes.


Assuntos
Anopheles , Fungos , Larva , Animais , Anopheles/microbiologia , Anopheles/genética , Brasil , Larva/microbiologia , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Filogenia , Mosquitos Vetores/microbiologia
4.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 30933, 2024 12 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39730636

RESUMO

To investigate the structural and functional similarities of microbial communities in burnt-sweetness alcoholized tobacco as a function of distance from the equator and their effects on tobacco quality, we sampled alcoholized tobacco from Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China and from Brazil and Zimbabwe, which are also burnt-sweetness-type tobacco producing regions, and performed high-throughput sequencing of tobacco bacterial and fungal communities along with an analysis of the main chemical constituents of the tobacco to analyze differences in the quality of the tobacco and similarities in the structure of the microbial communities. The total nitrogen, nicotine and starch contents of Chenzhou tobacco were greater than those of Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco, and the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco were greater than those of the Chenzhou tobacco (P < 0.05). The alpha diversity indices of the bacterial communities in Chenzhou tobacco were lower than those in the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco, and the alpha diversity indices of the fungal communities in Chenzhou tobacco were greater than those in the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco (P < 0.05). In the ecological networks, bacterial-fungal interactions in the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco were more complex than those in the Chenzhou tobacco, and the microbial ecological networks of the burnt-sweetness-type tobacco from three different regions were dominated by competitive relationships. The microbial community composition of Chenzhou tobacco was similar to that of Brazilian tobacco at the bacterial genus and fungal phylum level, with Sphingomonas being a significantly enriched genus in Brazilian tobacco and a key genus in the Chenzhou network that is able to participate in the degradation of polyphenols and aromatic compounds. Functional microbes related to aromatic compounds and cellulose degradation were significantly more abundant in the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco than in Chenzhou tobacco, and the related degradation of tobacco substances was responsible for the better quality of the Brazilian and Zimbabwean tobacco. In conclusion, there are similarities in the structure, composition and functional flora of microbial communities in tobacco from Chenzhou and Brazil because these regions have similar latitudinal distributions. This study provides theoretical support for selecting cultivation regions for the burnt-sweetness-type alcoholized tobacco and for the alcoholization of tobacco leaves.


Assuntos
Bactérias , Fungos , Microbiota , Nicotiana , Nicotiana/microbiologia , Brasil , Zimbábue , China , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Nicotina/análise , Nicotina/metabolismo
5.
Front Biosci (Elite Ed) ; 16(4): 39, 2024 Dec 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39736009

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Actinobacteria are major producers of antibacterial and antifungal metabolites and are growing their search for substances of biotechnological interest, especially for use in agriculture, among other applications. The Amazon is potentially rich in actinobacteria; however, almost no research studies exist. Thus, we present a study of the occurrence and antifungal potential of actinobacteria from the rhizosphere of Inga edulis, a native South American plant and one that is economically useful in the whole of the Amazon. METHODS: Among the 64 actinobacteria strains isolated from the rhizosphere of three Inga edulis plants, 20 strains were selected and submitted to dual-culture assays against five important phytopathogenic fungi and morphological and 16S rRNA gene analyses. Two strains, LaBMicrA B270 and B280, were also studied for production curves of metabolic extracts and antifungal activities, including their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against phytopathogenic fungi. RESULTS: Among the 20 strains, 90% were identified as Streptomyces and 10% as Kitasatospora. All the strains showed antagonisms against two or more of five phytopathogens: Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum guaranicola, Colletotrichum sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., and Sclerotium coffeicola. Streptomyces spp. strains LaBMicrA B270 and B280 were active against phytopathogens of the guarana plant (Paullinia cupana). Furthermore, AcOEt/2-propanol 9:1 extract from the 10-day strain LaBMicrA B280 cultured medium presented activity against all the phytopathogens tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed various actinomycetes in three rhizospheres of I. edulis in the Amazon and the high potential of metabolic extracts from some of these bacterial strains against phytopathogenic fungi that destroy numerous crops.


Assuntos
Actinobacteria , Antifúngicos , Biodiversidade , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Rizosfera , Actinobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Actinobacteria/genética , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia do Solo , Brasil , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Fungos/isolamento & purificação
6.
Fungal Biol ; 128(8 Pt B): 2381-2389, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39653485

RESUMO

The disaccharide trehalose plays a crucial role in multiple facets of the stress biology of yeasts and fungi. Here, we evaluate the properties, cellular and ecophysiological roles, metabolism, and stress-protection mechanisms of trehalose. We integrate disparate sources of knowledge across these topics, and bring new information about the mechanisms by which trehalose stabilises biomacromolecules and how trehalose metabolism is regulated thus giving rise to its diverse roles in fungi including stress protector, carbohydrate reserve, and regulatory/signaling molecule. We also present new findings about the effect of trehalose on microbial adaptation, complexity and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of microbial populations, and implications for industrial processes that apply fungi. Based on the elucidation of the structures of enzymes involved in trehalose synthesis, their catalytic mechanisms, and the regulation of trehalose synthesis, we discuss prospects for the development of more-efficient fungicides. Current humanitarian crises, such as overpopulation, global warming, malnutrition, immunocompromised conditions, and usage of immunosuppressant drugs, are making the incidence of human pathogens increases. Furthermore, fungal infections can be difficult to treat due to the conserved biochemistry between human and fungi cells. Serendipitously, however, trehalose is not synthesised by mammals, which makes trehalose synthesis an interesting target for the development of new therapies.


Assuntos
Fungos , Trealose , Trealose/metabolismo , Trealose/farmacologia , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/metabolismo , Humanos , Estresse Fisiológico , Aptidão Genética
7.
PLoS One ; 19(12): e0315690, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39715188

RESUMO

Filamentous fungi are an emergent cause of severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Timely and accurate identification is crucial to initiate appropriate therapy. Traditional identification methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and operator-dependent. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is a rapid and easy-to-perform identification method. The effectiveness of a commercial MALDI-TOF MS platform to identify filamentous fungi in a clinical laboratory was evaluated. The study included 67 fungal isolates from 35 species/species complexes, which were identified and confirmed in mycology reference laboratories; 32 derived from clinical samples, 34 from strain collections and one was an ATCC strain. The study used the VITEK® MS system (v3.2.0 database), after sample extraction by VITEK® MS Mould Kit. Results were classified as "correct species", "correct species complex", "correct genus"and "no identification". VITEK® MS correctly identified 91.0% of isolates (58.2% to species, 29.9% to species complex, and 1.5% to genus level only). In 82%, the result matched the species/species complex identified by reference methods. No misidentifications were observed. The kit was rapid and easy to use. In conclusion, the VITEK® MS system showed a high capability to accurately identify filamentous fungi in a clinical laboratory.


Assuntos
Fungos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/classificação , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Humanos , Chile , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/diagnóstico , Laboratórios
8.
PLoS One ; 19(12): e0312842, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39666620

RESUMO

A bacterial (16S rRNA) and fungal (ITS rRNA) taxonomic characterization was carried out using metabarcoding along an altitudinal gradient in the western range of the Valle del Cauca, Colombia. This study encompassed Tropical Dry Forests, Andean, and Páramo ecosystems in Laguna de Sonso (900 m.a.s.l), Yotoco (1,800 m.a.s.l), Bosque del Duende (2,400 m.a.s.l), and Páramo del Duende (3,200 m.a.s.l). The physicochemical analyses revealed soils with high organic matter (>10%), non-compacted, extremely acidic pH levels (4.4) at higher altitudes, and slightly to moderately acidic pH in lower areas (5.5-6.1). 59 plant families were identified, with Araceae, Lauraceae, and Fabaceae being the most abundant. The most abundant bacterial taxonomic assignments were Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria phyla, while for fungi, it was Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Alpha diversity analysis showed high community diversity, whereas beta diversity reflected composition differences among locations and their heterogeneity. The most abundant functional predictions for bacteria were chemoheterotrophic activity and nitrogen cycle involvement. At the same time, for fungi, it was ecological guilds related to pathogenic activity in both animals and plants, endophytes, and epiphytic saprotrophs. The PLS-PM analysis revealed an indirect influence of altitude on microbial abundance and diversity.


Assuntos
Altitude , Ecossistema , Fungos , Microbiologia do Solo , Colômbia , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Solo/química , Biodiversidade , Filogenia
9.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 29035, 2024 11 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39580566

RESUMO

In recent years, the role of microbial communities in agricultural systems has received increasing attention, particularly concerning their impact on plant health and productivity. However, the influence of host plant genetic factors on the microbial composition of coffee plants remains largely unexplored. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation into how genotype affects the microbial communities present in the rhizosphere and fruits of Coffea canephora. Conducted on a commercial coffee farm in Brazil, we analyzed six genotypes of C. canephora var. Conilon. Soil and fruit samples were collected from which microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced, targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16 S rDNA and the ITS1 region for fungi. A total of 12,239,769 reads were generated from the 16 S rDNA and ITS1 regions. The PCoA revealed distinct patterns of beta diversity, with genotype 153 exhibiting significant isolation in soil bacterial communities. The dominant bacterial orders included Rhizobiales and Rhodobacterales, while the fungal community comprised diverse taxa from Saccharomycetales and Hypocreales. LEfSe analysis identified key metagenomic biomarkers, highlighting genotype Baiano 4 for its richness in fruit-associated taxa, whereas genotype 153 exhibited lower diversity in both soil and fruit samples. This work enhances our understanding of the microbiomes associated with different coffee genotypes, providing evidence of how host genetic variation influences microbial community composition. Our findings indicate that specific microbial taxa are enriched in the fruits and soil of various genotypes. Future research should focus on identifying these microorganisms and elucidating their specific functions within the rhizosphere and coffee fruits.


Assuntos
Coffea , Frutas , Genótipo , Microbiota , Rizosfera , Microbiologia do Solo , Coffea/microbiologia , Coffea/genética , Frutas/microbiologia , Microbiota/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Solo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética
10.
RNA Biol ; 21(1): 37-51, 2024 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39589334

RESUMO

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells that play vital roles in intercellular communication by transporting diverse biologically active molecules, including RNA molecules, including mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and other regulatory RNAs. These RNA types are protected within the lipid bilayer of EVs, ensuring their stability and enabling long-distance cellular interactions. Notably, EVs play roles in infection, where pathogens and host cells use EV-mediated RNA transfer to influence immune responses and disease outcomes. For example, bacterial EVs play a crucial role in infection by modulating host immune responses and facilitating pathogen invasion. This review explores the complex interactions between EV-associated RNA and host-pathogen dynamics in bacteria, parasites, and fungi, aiming to uncover molecular mechanisms in infectious diseases and potential therapeutic targets.


Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Animais , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , RNA/genética , Infecções/metabolismo , Comunicação Celular , Fungos/genética , Fungos/metabolismo
11.
PLoS One ; 19(11): e0314492, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39591478

RESUMO

Many countries widely use pesticides to increase crop productivity in agriculture. However, their excessive and indiscriminate use contaminates soil and other environments and affects edaphic microbial communities. We aimed to examine how the pesticides carbofuran and picloram affect the structure and functionality of soil microbiota using cultivation-independent methods. Total DNA was extracted from microcosms (treated or not with pesticides) for amplification and metabarcoding sequencing for bacteria (16S gene) and fungi (28S gene) using Illumina-MiSeq platform. Data analysis resulted in 6,772,547 valid reads from the sequencing, including 3,450,815 amplicon sequences from the V3-V4 regions of the 16S gene and 3,321,732 sequences from the 28S gene. A total of 118 archaea, 6,931 bacteria, and 1,673 fungi taxonomic operating units were annotated with 97% identity in 24 soil samples. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeaota, and Ascomycota. The pesticides reduced the diversity and richness and altered the composition of soil microbial communities and the ecological interactions among them. Picloram exerted the strongest influence. Metabarcoding data analysis from soil microorganisms identified metabolic functions involved in resistance and degradation of contaminants, such as glutathione S-transferase. The results provided evidence that carbofuran and picloram shaped the soil microbial community. Future investigations are required to unravel the mechanisms by which soil microorganisms degrade pesticides.


Assuntos
Carbofurano , Microbiota , Praguicidas , Microbiologia do Solo , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiota/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/classificação , Biodiversidade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Solo/química , Archaea/genética , Archaea/efeitos dos fármacos , Archaea/isolamento & purificação , Archaea/classificação , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade
12.
J Environ Sci Health B ; 59(11): 737-747, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39482897

RESUMO

In northern Tamaulipas, México, the contamination of corn by toxigenic fungi reduces grain production and quality. Corn contaminated by mycotoxins puts humans and livestock at risk. Continuous monitoring of the sanitary quality of grain at harvest and in storage will define preventive and corrective strategies for contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In this work, we identified toxigenic fungi associated with corn grown and stored in northern Tamaulipas, identified and quantified aflatoxins and their relationships with the physicochemical characteristics of the grain, and identified the main genes responsible for aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Fungal incidence was evaluated in vitro, aflatoxin production was evaluated via HPLC, and physicochemical traits were evaluated via spectrophotometry. Three genera were identified: Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium; the latter had the highest incidence in both 2011 and 2012. The incidence was higher in 2012 (82.3%) than in 2011 (4.5%), and storage did not affect the incidence. Associations among fungal incidences and physicochemical traits were significant and intermediate in both years. AFB1 production was negatively associated with hectoliter weight, and total fungal incidence was positively related to the incidence of Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus and negatively related to the flotation index. AFB1 was detected in 13.18% of the samples, with values ranging from 3.4881.33 ppb upon receipt and from 4.3245.92 ppb after storage. Two samples exceeded the allowed limits for Mexico (20 ppb). The aflD and aflQ genes were detected in 52.1 and 56.3%, respectively, of the A. flavus isolates.


Assuntos
Aflatoxinas , Contaminação de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Zea mays , Zea mays/microbiologia , Zea mays/química , México , Aflatoxinas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/metabolismo , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Aspergillus/genética , Penicillium/metabolismo , Penicillium/genética
13.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol ; 100(12)2024 Nov 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39568064

RESUMO

Drylands' poly-extreme conditions limit edaphic microbial diversity and functionality. Furthermore, climate change exacerbates soil desiccation and salinity in most drylands. To better understand the potential effects of these changes on dryland microbial communities, we evaluated their taxonomic and functional diversities in two Southern African dryland soils with contrasting aridity and salinity. Fungal community structure was significantly influenced by aridity and salinity, while Bacteria and Archaea only by salinity. Deterministic homogeneous selection was significantly more important for bacterial and archaeal communities' assembly in hyperarid and saline soils when compared to those from arid soils. This suggests that niche partitioning drives bacterial and archaeal communities' assembly under the most extreme conditions. Conversely, stochastic dispersal limitations drove the assembly of fungal communities. Hyperarid and saline soil communities exhibited similar potential functional capacities, demonstrating a disconnect between microbial structure and function. Structure variations could be functionally compensated by different taxa with similar functions, as implied by the high levels of functional redundancy. Consequently, while environmental selective pressures shape the dryland microbial community assembly and structures, they do not influence their potential functionality. This suggests that they are functionally stable and that they could be functional even under harsher conditions, such as those expected with climate change.


Assuntos
Archaea , Bactérias , Fungos , Microbiota , Salinidade , Microbiologia do Solo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Archaea/genética , Archaea/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Mudança Climática , Clima Desértico , Solo/química , Ambientes Extremos , África Austral , Biodiversidade
14.
Physiol Plant ; 176(6): e14589, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39563063

RESUMO

Despite their genetic adaptation to local conditions, plants often achieve ecological success through symbiotic associations with fungal endophytes. However, the habitat-specific functionality of these interactions and their potential to drive plant adaptation to new environments remain uncertain. In this study, we tested this using the vascular flora of the Antarctic tundra (Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica), an extreme environment where fungal endophytes are known for playing important ecological roles. After characterizing the root-associated fungal endophyte communities of both species in two distinct Antarctic terrestrial habitats-hill and coast-we experimentally assessed the contribution of fungal endophytes to plant adaptation in each habitat. The field reciprocal transplant experiment involved removing endophytes from a set of plants and crossing symbiotic status (with and without endophytes) with habitat for both species, aiming to assess plant performance and fitness. The diversity of root fungal endophytes was similar between habitats and mainly explained by plant species, although habitat-specific endophyte community structures were identified in D. antarctica. Endophytes significantly influenced C. quitensis homeostatic regulation, including oxidative stress and osmotic control, as well as plant fitness in both environments. By contrast, the effect of endophytes on D. antarctica was particularly evident in coastal sites, suggesting an endophyte-mediated improvement in local adaptation. Altogether, our results suggest that the two Antarctic vascular plant species follow different strategies in recruiting and developing functional symbiosis with root-associated fungal communities. While C. quitensis is more generalist, D. antarctica establishes specific interactions with habitat-specific microbial symbionts, predominantly in the most stressful environmental context.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Ecossistema , Endófitos , Simbiose , Endófitos/fisiologia , Simbiose/fisiologia , Regiões Antárticas , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Fungos/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia
15.
J Nat Prod ; 87(12): 2892-2906, 2024 Dec 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39545605

RESUMO

Solanapyrones are metabolites bearing a 3,4-dehydrodecalin moiety isolated from cultures of different fungi that are associated with plant diseases. Research on solanapyrones resulted in the first report of a Diels-Alderase enzyme implicated in natural product biosynthesis related to the formation of the 3,4-dehydrodecalin core. In addition, several total syntheses of solanapyrones have been reported, which are also connected with the formation of the characteristic cycloaddition-derived 3,4-dehydrodecalin moiety. This Review provides the first comprehensive overview on the chemistry, biosynthesis, and biological activities of solanapyrones under the theme of synthetic and biosynthetic research progress on cycloaddition-derived secondary metabolites.


Assuntos
Reação de Cicloadição , Fungos , Policetídeos , Policetídeos/química , Policetídeos/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Pironas/química , Pironas/farmacologia
16.
Science ; 386(6717): 105-110, 2024 Oct 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39361762

RESUMO

Fungus-farming ants cultivate multiple lineages of fungi for food, but, because fungal cultivar relationships are largely unresolved, the history of fungus-ant coevolution remains poorly known. We designed probes targeting >2000 gene regions to generate a dated evolutionary tree for 475 fungi and combined it with a similarly generated tree for 276 ants. We found that fungus-ant agriculture originated ~66 million years ago when the end-of-Cretaceous asteroid impact temporarily interrupted photosynthesis, causing global mass extinctions but favoring the proliferation of fungi. Subsequently, ~27 million years ago, one ancestral fungal cultivar population became domesticated, i.e., obligately mutualistic, when seasonally dry habitats expanded in South America, likely isolating the cultivar population from its free-living, wet forest-dwelling conspecifics. By revealing these and other major transitions in fungus-ant coevolution, our results clarify the historical processes that shaped a model system for nonhuman agriculture.


Assuntos
Formigas , Coevolução Biológica , Fungos , Simbiose , Animais , Agricultura , Formigas/microbiologia , Formigas/genética , Domesticação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fotossíntese , Filogenia , América do Sul
17.
PLoS One ; 19(10): e0311716, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39392840

RESUMO

The Cerrado is home to a diversity of traditional communities, among which indigenous and quilombola peoples stand out. The Karajá are one of the ethnic groups in this biome, with a rich history and culture that goes back centuries. They mainly inhabit the regions of the Araguaia and Javaés rivers, occupying lands in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins. Considering the importance of studies on ethnomycological knowledge in indigenous communities for preserving culture and the environment, especially in relation to fungi, our objective was to investigate the ethnomycological relationships of the Karajá indigenous people who inhabit Bananal Island, located in Tocantins. Data were collected from applying a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with 140 people who compose the Macaúba (39%), Fontoura (31%) and Santa Isabel do Morro (30%) communities; they had an average age of 33.9 years, and 62% are male. We observed that the Karajá people recognize the fungi of the environment in which they live, showing a clearer perception of typical morphological groups, such as mushrooms and bracket fungi (wood ears). Although fungi are not used as a component of their diet, the Karajá recognize that some species may have this potential. Furthermore, they use fungi as adornments and decorations in festivities in a playful way, and occasionally for medicinal purposes. Therefore, we can state that this ethnic group does not have a total aversion to fungi, being considered partially mycophilic. This study is a pioneer among Cerrado indigenous people, and reinforces the need to expand research to other communities in different regions in order to expand ethnomycological knowledge among different ethnicities. These investigations could contribute to both an appreciation and conservation of the traditions and knowledge of original Brazilian people, as well as the biodiversity in which they are inserted.


Assuntos
Povos Indígenas , Humanos , Brasil , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Povos Indígenas/psicologia , Fungos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Conhecimento , Inquéritos e Questionários , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Ilhas , Adulto Jovem
18.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1451287, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39421640

RESUMO

Capsicum pepper is a rich source of phytochemical compounds such as capsaicinoids, phenols, flavonoids, and so forth. Due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential all of these compounds have been assessed and used for both human and plant health benefits. Herein, three fresh varieties of Capsicum annuum (Cacho de Cabra, Bell pepper, and Hungarian Wax varieties) and one fresh and ripe variety of C. baccatum (Cristal) were evaluated. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin and the phenolic content of Capsicum spp. extracts were characterised. The antifungal potential of capsaicinoids and antioxidant activities, and the ecotoxicity of each Capsicum spp. extract, using the model Galleria mellonella, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analyses showed that the Cristal and Hungarian Wax varieties presented the highest amount of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin; while Bell Pepper had the highest phenol content and antioxidant activity. Capsaicinoids' standards and Capsicum spp. extracts showed fungistatic activity against the fungal strains assessed. For the fungal strains assessed, the fungistatic activities of capsaicinoids' standards were higher than those observed in Capsicum spp. extracts. The Hungarian Wax extracts inhibited slightly the growth of Aspergillus niger MUM05.11 and Fusarium oxysporum MUM16.143. Similarly, A. niger, F. oxysporum, Rhizopus arrhizus MUM16.05 and Alternaria sp. UFRO17.178 had their growth retarded by the use of Cacho de Cabra and Cristal extracts. Noticeable changes were observed in the fungal strains' morphologies, such as the presence of fragile fungal structures, pigmentation loss, variation in the reproductive structures size and the conidia number. Capsicum extracts weaken the growth of fungi, indicating their fungistatic potential. Considering the fungistatic potential and non-ecotoxicity of these extracts, it is possible to suggest their use as a tool for pest management in the agri-food sector, controlling the growth and reproduction of fungi without posing a risk to non-target biodiversity.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Antioxidantes , Capsaicina , Capsicum , Fungos , Extratos Vegetais , Capsicum/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Animais , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química
19.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(19)2024 Oct 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39409179

RESUMO

Fungi are diverse organisms with various characteristics and functions. Some play a role in recycling essential elements, such as nitrogen and carbon, while others are utilized in the food and drink production industry. Some others are known to cause diseases in various organisms, including humans. Fungal pathogens cause superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic infections. Consequently, many scientists have focused on studying the factors contributing to the development of human diseases. Therefore, multiple approaches have been assessed to examine the biology of these intriguing organisms. The genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) have demonstrated many advantages to microbial metabolism studies and the ability to propose novel therapeutic alternatives. Despite significant advancements, much remains to be elucidated regarding the use of this tool for investigating fungal metabolism. This review aims to compile the data provided by the published GEMs of human fungal pathogens. It gives specific examples of the most significant contributions made by these models, examines the advantages and difficulties associated with using such models, and explores the novel approaches suggested to enhance and refine their development.


Assuntos
Fungos , Genoma Fúngico , Fungos/metabolismo , Fungos/genética , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/metabolismo
20.
Future Med Chem ; 16(20): 2169-2188, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39474787

RESUMO

Eugenol, a natural compound found in essential oils such as clove oil, has been extensively studied for its diverse biological activities including the therapeutic potential against microbial and parasitic infections. This review provides an overview of the synthetic strategies (shown in Supplementary Material) employed to develop bioactive derivatives and analogues derived from eugenol and related compounds (e.g., dihydroeugenol and isoeugenol), focusing on biological activity of more than 100 bioactive eugenol derivatives against bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoal pathogens. Through a comprehensive survey of literature, this paper shows the impact of structural modifications of these phenylpropanoids on antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity. Key findings highlight promising candidates for further development in antimicrobial drug discovery, suggesting directions for future research in the pursuit of effective therapeutic agents.


[Box: see text].


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Antiparasitários , Óleo de Cravo , Eugenol , Eugenol/farmacologia , Eugenol/química , Eugenol/análogos & derivados , Eugenol/síntese química , Óleo de Cravo/farmacologia , Óleo de Cravo/química , Óleo de Cravo/síntese química , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/química , Antiparasitários/síntese química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/síntese química , Humanos , Animais , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
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