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1.
Viruses ; 16(9)2024 Aug 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39339865

RESUMO

Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) belongs to the genus Aveparvovirus and is implicated in enteric diseases like runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) in poultry. In RSS, chicken health is affected by diarrhea, depression, and increased mortality, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to characterize the ChPV genomes detected in chickens with RSS through a metagenomic approach and compare the molecular and evolutionary characteristics within the Aveparvovirus galliform1 species. The intestinal content of broiler flocks affected with RSS was submitted to viral metagenomics. The assembled prevalent genomes were identified as ChPV after sequence and phylogenetic analysis, which consistently clustered separately from Turkey Parvovirus (TuPV). The strain USP-574-A presented signs of genomic recombination. The selective pressure analysis indicated that most of the coding genes in A. galliform1 are evolving under diversifying (negative) selection. Protein modeling of ChPV and TuPV viral capsids identified high conservancy over the VP2 region. The prediction of epitopes identified several co-localized antigenic peptides from ChPV and TuPV, especially for T-cell epitopes, highlighting the immunological significance of these sites. However, most of these peptides presented host-specific variability, obeying an adaptive scenario. The results of this study show the evolutionary path of ChPV and TuPV, which are influenced by diversifying events such as genomic recombination and selective pressure, as well as by adaptation processes, and their subsequent immunological impact.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Evolução Molecular , Genoma Viral , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Metagenômica , Parvovirinae/genética , Parvovirinae/classificação , Parvovirus/genética , Parvovirus/classificação
2.
Viruses ; 16(9)2024 Sep 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39339939

RESUMO

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing significant economic losses. While the virus's genetic structure is well understood, the specific strains circulating in Bolivia have remained uncharacterized until now. This study aimed to identify and characterize new IBV strains in Bolivia. Tissue samples from broilers exhibiting clinical signs of Infectious Bronchitis were screened to detect IBV using real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Positive samples with low cycle threshold (Ct) values were selected for sequencing the full S1 gene. Of the 12 samples analyzed, 10 were determined to be positive for IBV. However, only four samples yielded sufficient genetic material for sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed the presence of GI-1 and GI-23 lineages, both belonging to genotype I (GI). The GI-1 lineage showed >99% sequence identity to the H120 and Massachusetts vaccine strains, suggesting a close relationship. In contrast, the GI-23 lineage clustered with other IBV strains, showing a distinct subclade that is genetically distant from Brazilian strains. No evidence of recombination was found. Furthermore, amino acid substitution analysis identified specific mutations in the S1 subunit, particularly in the hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3. These mutations could potentially alter the virus's antigenicity, leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. The findings of this study highlight the importance of continued and broad genomic surveillance of circulating IBV strains and the need to improve vaccination strategies in Bolivia.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Infecções por Coronavirus , Genótipo , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/classificação , Galinhas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética
4.
Avian Pathol ; 53(5): 430-438, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38742448

RESUMO

The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a significant pathogen affecting the poultry industry worldwide. Its epidemiological history has been marked by the emergence of strains with different antigenic, pathogenic, and genetic features, some of which have shown notable spread potential. The A2dB1b genotype, also known as novel variant, has become widespread and gained increased relevance in IBDV epidemiology. This genotype was described in China in the 2010s and rapidly spread in Asia and Africa. The present study describes the circulation of the A2dB1b genotype in Argentina. Applying a next-generation sequencing approach, we obtained the complete coding sequence of 18 Argentine viruses. The high level of genomic homogeneity observed amongst these viruses, their monophyletic clustering in both partial and complete segments A and B derived phylogenies, and their close relatedness to some Chinese strains suggest that a unique transcontinental spread event from China to Argentina occurred recently. The apparent success of the A2dB1b genotype spreading throughout Asia, Africa, and South America may partially be due to specific amino acid characteristics. Novel residues in the hypervariable region of VP2 may help A2dB1b IBDVs evade the protection elicited by the applied commercial vaccines. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous characterization of field samples and evaluation of the control measures currently applied to fight against this specific IBDV genotype.


Assuntos
Infecções por Birnaviridae , Galinhas , Genoma Viral , Genótipo , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa/genética , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Birnaviridae/virologia , Infecções por Birnaviridae/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Galinhas/virologia , China/epidemiologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/veterinária , Genômica , População do Leste Asiático
5.
Avian Pathol ; 53(5): 408-418, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38662518

RESUMO

Runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) is an enteric viral disease in commercial poultry that directly affects gut health; however, its influence on gut microbiota remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the compositional changes in the bacterial community of the ileum of 7-day-old broiler chicks naturally affected or not affected by RSS, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Twenty-one samples were obtained from the ileal contents and mucosa of 11 chicks with RSS and 10 healthy chicks, raised in a dark house system located on a farm in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results revealed overall changes in the gut microbiota of the chicks with RSS, including a decrease in microbial richness and diversity. In particular, there was a decrease in Lactobacillus and an increase in Candidatus Arthromitus and Clostridium sensu stricto 1. These results indicate a relationship between viral infection and the gut microbial composition, which can cause gut dysbiosis and may influence inflammation in this organ.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RSS causes dysbiosis of the gut microbiota of the ilea of chicks.A difference was found in gut microbiota between chicks with or without RSS.Candidatus Arthromitus was predominant in chicks with RSS.Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was strictly associated with chicks with RSS.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Metagenômica , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Galinhas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Disbiose/veterinária , Disbiose/microbiologia , Íleo/microbiologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/veterinária , Transtornos do Crescimento/veterinária , Transtornos do Crescimento/microbiologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética
6.
Rev. bras. ciênc. avic ; 25(4): eRBCA-2023-1799, 2023. tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1512549

RESUMO

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes a serious illness with global circulation. While there is extensive data available on the virus's existence and transmission in commercial chickens in Saudi Arabia, there is a lack of such information regarding guineafowls. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate possible IBV infection among guineafowls in the Al-Hassa Governorate of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from several unvaccinated flocks of guinea fowls without respiratory clinical symptoms in November and December 2022, totaling 350 samples. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples, and a conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect IBV. The results revealed varying amounts of IBV in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs at different points in time, suggesting that IBV may be widely distributed among guineafowls without exhibiting any symptoms. These findings indicate that guineafowls could act as reservoirs, influencing the ecology and epidemiology of the disease. Notably, this study reports the first occurrence of IBV in the province of Al-Ahsa, highlighting that guineafowls have been naturally exposed to the virus. To support the development of effective vaccination techniques and control measures for the disease in Saudi Arabia, the recommendation for future research endeavors is conducting ongoing surveillance, viral isolation, sequencing, phylogenetic tree analysis, and serotype characterization of IBV in guineafowls.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Galinhas/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Arábia Saudita , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/patogenicidade
7.
Acta sci., Anim. sci ; 44: e54894, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1370440

RESUMO

Amantadine and rimantadine are used for prevention and treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The rates of resistant IAVs have been increasing globally. However, amino acid substitutions in the M2 transmembrane channel lead to amantadine resistance. The residues of 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 are marker of amantadine resistance in IAVs. In this study, 15 pooled tracheal samples collected from 15 chicken farms with severe respiratory sign and mortality in 2016-2018. After identification of influenza A and H9 subtype, the 1027 bp fragment of M gene was sequenced for molecular evaluation of amantadine resistance in AIV strains. Results showed 12 out of 15 pooled samples were positive for IAV and H9 subtype. Based on M2 gene analysis, 8 out of 12 (66.66%) were resistance to amantadine. Four out of 8 (50%) showed S31N substitution (serine to asparagine) and four out of 8 (50%) have V27A substitution (valine to alanine). There was no dual amantadine resistance mutation in any specimens. In conclusion, the emergence of amantadine resistance variants of AIV in Iran, can raise concerns about controlling of the seasonal and the future pandemic influenza. Therefore, greater caution is needed in the use of adamantanes.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Amantadina , Galinhas/virologia , Análise de Sequência , Influenza Aviária
8.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 42: e07037, 2022. ilus, mapas, tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1437016

RESUMO

The effectiveness of vectored recombinant vaccines to control infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens from a region (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil) with ~10 million layers was evaluated under field conditions from 2014-2018. During this period, only recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) or fowl poxvirus (rFPV) vaccines that express antigens of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Gallid herpesvirus-1; GaHV-1) were used. Layer chickens (n=1,283), from eight different egg-producing companies, were individually sampled and examined (active surveillance), and in instances when government poultry health veterinarians were notified due to respiratory disease (passive surveillance). Clinical, macroscopic, and histopathology examinations were performed to diagnose ILT as well as molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of the GaHV-1 DNA from the trachea and trigeminal ganglia (TG). The layer hens sampled and examined belonged to flocks and farms that used different vaccination protocols (non-vaccinated, single dose vaccination, and prime/ boost vaccination). This is the first long-term field study of the effectiveness of ILT vectored vaccines in a high-density multiple age layer hen region. Using various diagnostic methods, the occurrence of GaHV-1 infection and ILT clinical disease in layer hens vaccinated with vectored recombinant vaccines in one quarantined region of Brazil were investigated. The number of ILTV positive chickens by PCR and ILT clinical disease cases was lower in farms when all chickens were vaccinated with at least one vaccine. However, the difference in the detection rates of GaHV-1 infection was significant only when compared farms with prime/ boost and farms using single dose of HTV-LT.


A efetividade das vacinas recombinantes vetorizadas para o controle da laringotraqueíte infecciosa (LTI) nas aves de uma região (Minas Gerais, Brasil) com aproximadamente 10 milhões de poedeiras foi avaliada em condições de campo, no período de 2014 a 2018. Durante este período, somente as vacinas recombinantes "turkey herpesvirus" (rHVT) ou "fowl poxvirus" (rFPV), que expressam antígenos do vírus da laringotraqueíte (Gallid herpesvirus-1; GaHV-1) foram utilizadas. Galinhas poedeiras (n=1.283), de oito diferentes granjas produtoras de ovos, foram individualmente amostradas e examinadas por monitoramento ativo e, na ocorrência de notificação de doença respiratória aos veterinários do serviço oficial, por monitoramento passivo. Exames clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos foram realizados para o diagnóstico de LTI, bem como técnicas moleculares para a detecção e caracterização do DNA de GaHV-1 da traqueia e gânglio trigêmeo. As galinhas poedeiras pertenciam a lotes e granjas que usavam diferentes protocolos de vacinação (não vacinadas, uma dose ou tipo de vacina e duas doses ou tipos de vacina). Este é o primeiro longo estudo a campo sobre a efetividade das vacinas vetorizadas em uma região com população elevada de poedeiras de múltiplas idades. Utilizando vários métodos de diagnóstico, a ocorrência da infecção por GaHV-1 e a LTI clínica em poedeiras de uma região interditada do Brasil foi investigada. O número de galinhas positivas para o vírus GaHV-1 e para casos clínicos de LTI nas granjas foi menor quando todas as aves estavam vacinadas com, pelo menos, um tipo ou dose de vacina. Entretanto, a diferença na taxa de detecção da infecção por GaHV-1 foi significativa somente quando a comparação foi realizada entre granjas com aves vacinadas com duas doses e aves de granjas vacinadas com uma única dose de HVT-LT.


Assuntos
Animais , Vacinas Virais/análise , Galinhas/virologia , Análise de Sequência/veterinária , Herpesvirus Galináceo 1/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária
9.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 42: e06733, 2022. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1375996

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-vaccinal reaction to two lentogenic vaccine strains of Newcatle disease virus (NDV) and a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vaccine expressing the fusion glycoprotein of NDV in broiler chickens through histomorphometric and histopathologic analyses of the trachea. The experiment involved 245 chicks housed in randomized blocks with three different enclosures under controlled conditions of temperature, light and ventilation. Each enclosure represented a vaccine strain and was divided into groups according to the administration route. Each block also had its own control group composed of unvaccinated birds. The vaccine strains PHY.LMV.42 (PL42) and La Sota (LS) were selected according to the Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI) and the rHVT-NDV Serotype 3 strain (ST3) was selected for representing non-NDV infection. At two, four, seven, 14 and 21 days post vaccination, fragments from the middle third of the trachea were collected and submitted to routine histological processing. For the histomorphometric analysis, the slides were photographed, and the thickness of the tracheal mucosa was measured. Statistical analysis involved two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test with a 5% significance level. For the histopathological evaluation, lesions were described as to the degree of intensity and distribution. At four and 14 days post vaccination with the LS strain administered by the ocular route, the means of thickening of the tracheal mucosa (20.85±7.31µm and 26.97±5.50µm, respectively) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than for all other strains, which was related to the severe histopathological lesions found in this group, characterized by hyperemia, hyperplasia of the mucous glands, moderate deciliation and multifocal lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. At 21 days, broiler chickens vaccinated with the ST3 strain showed more discrete lesions and less thickening of the tracheal mucosa (23.23±7.62µm; p<0.05) in comparison with other studied strains. The lesions found in this group were only hemorrhage, deciliation and mild focal lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. The results of the histomorphometry and histopathology of the trachea indicated that vaccination with rHVT-NDV Serotype 3 strain induced lower degree post-vaccine tracheal lesions compared to other vaccine strains analyzed in this study.


Objetivou-se avaliar a reação pós-vacinal de duas estirpes lentogênicas do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) e uma vacina recombinante de herpesvirus de perus (rHVT) que expressa a glicoproteína de fusão de VDN em frangos de corte por meio da histomorfometria e histopatologia da traqueia. Foram utilizados 245 pintos alojados em blocos ao acaso, sendo três galpões distintos em condições controladas de temperatura, luz e ventilação. Cada galpão representou uma cepa vacinal, onde foram divididos por grupos de acordo com a via de administração. Todos os blocos possuíam um grupo controle composto por aves não vacinadas. As cepas vacinais PHY.LMV.42 (PL42) e La Sota (LS) utilizadas foram selecionadas de acordo com o Índice de Patogenicidade Intracerebral (IPIC) e a cepa Sorotipo 3 (ST3), da vacina rHVT-VDN foi selecionada por não representar infecção do VDN. Aos dois, quarto, sete, 14 e 21 dias pós-vacinação, fragmentos do terço médio da traqueia foram coletados e posteriormente processados conforme rotina histológica. Para análise histomorfométrica da mucosa traqueal, as lâminas foram fotografadas e realizadas as mensurações da espessura da mucosa traqueal sendo aplicado teste de análise de variância a dois critérios (ANOVA) e utilizando o post-hoc de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Para a avaliação histopatológica foram observadas a presença de lesões microscópicas e estas foram descritas quanto ao grau de intensidade e distribuição. Aos quatro e quatorze dias pós-vacinação com a cepa LS administrada por via ocular, as médias do espessamento da mucosa traqueal (20,85±7,31µm e 26,97±5,50µm, respectivamente) foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) quando comparada a todas as demais cepas utilizadas, isto se deve às severas lesões histopatológicas encontrados neste grupo, caracterizadas por hiperemia, hiperplasia das glândulas mucosas, deciliação moderada e infiltrado inflamatório linfohistiocitário multifocal moderado. Já aos 21 dias as aves vacinadas com a cepa ST3 apresentaram lesões mais discretas e menor espessamento da mucosa da traqueia (23,23±7,62µm; p<0,05) em comparação às demais cepas estudadas. As lesões encontradas neste grupo foram apenas hemorragia, deciliação e infiltrado inflamatório linfocitário focal discreto. Os resultados da histomorfometria e da histopatologia da traqueia indicou que a vacinação com a rHVT-NDV, cepa Sorotipo 3 induziu menor grau de lesões pós-vacinais na traqueia comparada a outras cepas vacinais analisadas nesse estudo.


Assuntos
Animais , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Traqueia/patologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/imunologia , Vacinas/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/virologia , Doença de Newcastle/imunologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversos
10.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 50(supl.1): Pub. 819, 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1401523

RESUMO

Background: Marek's disease (MD) is a transmissible disease in chickens caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). The infection is characterized by lymphocyte cellular infiltrates in peripheral nerves and other organs and tissues, including the skin; which can lead to dysfunction causing progressive asymmetric paresis and complete spastic paralysis of body extremities. Dermatitis and cardiac myositis caused by GaHV-2 in free-range chickens has rarely been described in Brazil. This reports the occurrence of the disease with a confirmatory molecular diagnosis in free-range poultry showing signs of dermatitis, poor performance, and cachexia and no mortality in the semi-arid Potiguar region. Cases: Twenty roosters of the Shamo lineage, among a brood of 42 birds, had a history of progressive weight loss and skin lesions. Two birds with poor body condition, erythema, and scaling of the skin in the head and cervical regions were sent for clinical care. All birds were between 12 and 18 months of age and were vaccinated against Newcastle disease and Fowlpox with only a few receiving vaccines against MD and Gumboro disease. According to the owner's report, some birds were previously kept outdoors, and when they were transferred to a small shed with little air circulation, they began to develop clinical signs after approximately 15 days. The first signs of the disease were also reported to have appeared 2.5 months before clinical care and, in the meantime, several treatments were instituted without success. Owing to the general condition of the animals and inconclusive clinical suspicion, the birds were subjected to euthanasia and necropsy. Tissue samples were collected for histopathological and polymerase chain reaction analyses to search for the GaHV-2 DNA meq gene. The main clinicopathological findings were erythema (47%, 20/42) and desquamation of skin and mild, prominent white multifocal areas in the heart. Histopathology revealed infiltration of pleomorphic lymphoblastic cells in the skin, heart, and sciatic nerve. The amplification of the L-meq and meq oncoprotein genes in these organs and in the liver, confirmed the infection by GaHV-2, consistent with that of a field strain. Discussion: MD was confirmed based on the macroscopic and histological lesions, and with the detection of GaHV-2 DNA in the affected tissues. The unusual clinical presentation represented an initial challenge for diagnosis. The clinical history was important to lead to the suspicion of MD, as roosters initiated clinical signs 15 days after they were transferred to a small shed with poor air circulation. This probably favored the high viral concentration and disease transmission among susceptible birds in the brood because the feather follicle is the primary site of viral replication for transmission; and desquamation of infected epithelial cells favor airborne horizontal transmission to susceptible chickens. The roosters had not been vaccinated against MD, which probably favored the infection, as vaccination is known to be a fundamental approach for MD control for effective growth of the poultry industry. Clinical findings and lesions, together with viral molecular detection, were fundamental for the diagnosis, a premise for the application of adequate prevention and control measures for the disease in breeding. This is the first report of MD with a confirmatory molecular diagnosis in northeastern Brazil.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Galinhas/virologia , Doença de Marek/diagnóstico , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2/isolamento & purificação , Proto-Oncogenes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Dermatite/veterinária , Miosite/veterinária
11.
Virology ; 552: 1-9, 2021 01 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33032031

RESUMO

A viral metagenomics study was conducted in beef, pork, and chicken sold in supermarkets from Southern Brazil. From chicken, six distinct gyroviruses (GyV) were detected, including GyV3 and GyV6, which for the first time were detected in samples from avian species, plus a novel smacovirus species and two highly divergent circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses. From pork, genomes of numerous anelloviruses, porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) and 6 (PPV6), two new genomoviruses and two new CRESS-DNA viruses were found. Finally, two new CRESS-DNA genomes were recovered from beef. Although none of these viruses have history of transmission to humans, the findings reported here reveal that such agents are inevitably consumed in diets that include these types of meat.


Assuntos
Galinhas/virologia , Metagenômica , Carne de Porco/virologia , Carne Vermelha/virologia , Vírus/classificação , Anelloviridae/classificação , Anelloviridae/genética , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Viral , Gyrovirus/classificação , Gyrovirus/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Parvovirus Suíno/classificação , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Supermercados , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificação
12.
Rev. bras. ciênc. avic ; 23(3): eRBCA, 2021. tab, graf, map
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1490869

RESUMO

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and virus prevalence of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus in non-vaccinated broiler farms of dense poultry-populated districts, Lahore and Sheikhupura of Punjab-Pakistan. A convenient sampling method was adopted for collection of blood (n=500) and oropharyngeal swab (n=500) samples from 25 broiler farms of each district for hemagglutination inhibition assay and RT-PCR test, respectively. Proportional estimates were calculated using R software and overall seroprevalence of H9 was estimated at 36.3% (95% CI 33.3-39), with no significant difference (p>0.05) between Lahore (37.2 %, 95% CI=31.2-39.59) and Sheikhupura (35.4%, 95% CI= 29.64-39.76). RT-PCR identified 2% (4/200) pool level viral prevalence. None of the farms from Lahore districts were RT-PCR positive for H9. Simple logistic regression followed by multivariable analysis, identified the presence of foot bath/dipping area at the entrance (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.52-0.93) and availability of rubber shoes for visitors (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.48) as protective factors. History of respiratory signs (OR=1.51, 95%=CI 1.12-2.04), history of sudden death in past flocks (OR=3.26, 95% CI=2.41-4.41), and birds previously infected with avian influenza virus (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1-1.76) were significant risk factors. Negligence in preventive measures at farms level was associated with the spread of H9 infection between the farms. To control future outbreaks, biosecurity and continuous monitoring of non-vaccinated flocks are suggested.


Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Galinhas/virologia , Influenza Aviária/classificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
13.
R. bras. Ci. avíc. ; 23(3): eRBCA-2020-1392, 2021. tab, graf, mapas
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-31204

RESUMO

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and virus prevalence of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus in non-vaccinated broiler farms of dense poultry-populated districts, Lahore and Sheikhupura of Punjab-Pakistan. A convenient sampling method was adopted for collection of blood (n=500) and oropharyngeal swab (n=500) samples from 25 broiler farms of each district for hemagglutination inhibition assay and RT-PCR test, respectively. Proportional estimates were calculated using R software and overall seroprevalence of H9 was estimated at 36.3% (95% CI 33.3-39), with no significant difference (p>0.05) between Lahore (37.2 %, 95% CI=31.2-39.59) and Sheikhupura (35.4%, 95% CI= 29.64-39.76). RT-PCR identified 2% (4/200) pool level viral prevalence. None of the farms from Lahore districts were RT-PCR positive for H9. Simple logistic regression followed by multivariable analysis, identified the presence of foot bath/dipping area at the entrance (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.52-0.93) and availability of rubber shoes for visitors (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.48) as protective factors. History of respiratory signs (OR=1.51, 95%=CI 1.12-2.04), history of sudden death in past flocks (OR=3.26, 95% CI=2.41-4.41), and birds previously infected with avian influenza virus (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1-1.76) were significant risk factors. Negligence in preventive measures at farms level was associated with the spread of H9 infection between the farms. To control future outbreaks, biosecurity and continuous monitoring of non-vaccinated flocks are suggested.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Galinhas/virologia , Influenza Aviária/classificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
14.
PLoS One ; 15(12): e0242354, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33259478

RESUMO

Mexico is one of the world's major poultry producing countries. Two significant challenges currently facing the poultry industry are the responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials, and the potential occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks. For example, repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3 have occurred in poultry since its first detection in Mexico in 2012. Both of these challenges can be addressed through good husbandry practices and the application of on-farm biosecurity measures. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the biosecurity measures practiced across different types of poultry farms in Mexico, and (ii) to collect information regarding antimicrobial usage. A cross-sectional study was carried out through on-farm interviews on 43 poultry farms. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to characterize the farms based on their pattern of biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage. Three clusters of farms were identified using an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. In each cluster, a specific farm type was predominant. The biosecurity measures that significantly differentiated the visited farms, thus allowing their clusterization, were: the use of personal protective equipment (e.g. face masks, hair caps, and eye protection), the requirement for a hygiene protocol before and after entering the farm, the use of exclusive working clothes by staff and visitors, footbath presence at the barn entrance, and the mortality disposal strategy. The more stringent the biosecurity measures on farms within a cluster, the fewer the farms that used antimicrobials. Farms with more biosecurity breaches used antimicrobials considered critically important for public health. These findings could be helpful to understand how to guide strategies to reinforce compliance with biosecurity practices identified as critical according to the farm type. We conclude by providing certain recommendations to improve on-farm biosecurity measures.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Aves Domésticas , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Fazendas , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N3/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N3/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/virologia , México/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia
15.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(4): 1339-1345, July-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-30242

RESUMO

Free-range chickens may ingest oocysts of T. gondii present in the environment and consequently harbor virulent strains of this parasite in different tissues, without any clinical signs. Isolation of T. gondii through bioassays on mice and cats from naturally infected chicken tissues has been described in several countries, demonstrating the importance of free-range chickens in the transmission of this parasite. The aim of this study was the genotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates obtained from naturally infected free-range chickens in a rural area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brain and heart tissue from 12 chickens seropositive for T. gondii were processed using peptic digestion technique for parasite isolation. From 12 samples subjected to mouse bioassay, nine isolates were obtained. RFLP-PCR genotypic characterization was performed using 11 genetic markers: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genetic characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of five atypical genotypes according to ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 and # 163). Our results showed a wide genetic diversity of T. gondii in free-range chickens in this region.(AU)


Galinhas criadas ao ar livre podem ingerir oocistos de T. gondii presentes no ambiente e, com isso, albergar cepas virulentas desse parasita em diferentes tecidos, sem sinais clínicos. O isolamento de T. gondii por meio de bioensaios em camundongos e gatos, a partir de tecidos de galinhas naturalmente infectadas, tem sido descrito em vários países. Isso demonstra a importância das galinhas caipiras na epidemiologia desse parasita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genotipicamente isolados de T. gondii obtidos de galinhas caipiras naturalmente infectadas em uma área rural do município de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fragmentos de cérebro e de coração, de 12 galinhas soropositivas para T. gondii, foram processados pela técnica de digestão péptica para isolamento do parasita. Das 12 amostras submetidas a bioensaio com camundongos, nove isolados foram obtidos. A caracterização genotípica por RFLP-PCR foi realizada utilizando-se 11 marcadores genéticos: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 e Apico e revelou a presença de cinco genótipos atípicos de acordo com o ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 e # 163). Os resultados mostraram uma ampla diversidade genética de T. gondii em galinhas caipiras nessa região.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Toxoplasma , Bioensaio/veterinária , Galinhas/virologia , Toxoplasmose Animal , Técnicas de Genotipagem/veterinária , Zona Rural , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária
16.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(4): 1339-1345, July-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1131509

RESUMO

Free-range chickens may ingest oocysts of T. gondii present in the environment and consequently harbor virulent strains of this parasite in different tissues, without any clinical signs. Isolation of T. gondii through bioassays on mice and cats from naturally infected chicken tissues has been described in several countries, demonstrating the importance of free-range chickens in the transmission of this parasite. The aim of this study was the genotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates obtained from naturally infected free-range chickens in a rural area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brain and heart tissue from 12 chickens seropositive for T. gondii were processed using peptic digestion technique for parasite isolation. From 12 samples subjected to mouse bioassay, nine isolates were obtained. RFLP-PCR genotypic characterization was performed using 11 genetic markers: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genetic characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of five atypical genotypes according to ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 and # 163). Our results showed a wide genetic diversity of T. gondii in free-range chickens in this region.(AU)


Galinhas criadas ao ar livre podem ingerir oocistos de T. gondii presentes no ambiente e, com isso, albergar cepas virulentas desse parasita em diferentes tecidos, sem sinais clínicos. O isolamento de T. gondii por meio de bioensaios em camundongos e gatos, a partir de tecidos de galinhas naturalmente infectadas, tem sido descrito em vários países. Isso demonstra a importância das galinhas caipiras na epidemiologia desse parasita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genotipicamente isolados de T. gondii obtidos de galinhas caipiras naturalmente infectadas em uma área rural do município de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fragmentos de cérebro e de coração, de 12 galinhas soropositivas para T. gondii, foram processados pela técnica de digestão péptica para isolamento do parasita. Das 12 amostras submetidas a bioensaio com camundongos, nove isolados foram obtidos. A caracterização genotípica por RFLP-PCR foi realizada utilizando-se 11 marcadores genéticos: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 e Apico e revelou a presença de cinco genótipos atípicos de acordo com o ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 e # 163). Os resultados mostraram uma ampla diversidade genética de T. gondii em galinhas caipiras nessa região.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Toxoplasma , Bioensaio/veterinária , Galinhas/virologia , Toxoplasmose Animal , Técnicas de Genotipagem/veterinária , Zona Rural , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária
17.
Braz. j. vet. pathol ; 13(2): 510-518, July 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469758

RESUMO

The poultry industry in Egypt is still threatened by Newcastle disease despite intensive vaccination programs. Bothvaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks have experienced Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII outbreakswithin the last few years. This study was performed to investigate the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in differentorgans of broiler chickens. Fifty, 1-day-old chicks were divided into 2 equal groups with 25 animals in each group. Group 1served as the non-infected (negative control) group, while group 2 was infected by intranasal inoculation of 0.1 mlcontaining 106 EID50 of NDV genotype VII. Three chicks were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5, and 10 days postinfection (dpi). Tissue sections from the nasal conchae, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain were collected forhistopathology and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was also performed on the tracheal samples.The infected group showed severe respiratory signs and had greenish-colored diarrhea. Mortalities were 6, 4, 6, and 2 chicksat 5, 6, 7, and 9 dpi, respectively. Grossly, congestion of the mucosa of the trachea and larynx was recorded at 5 dpi.Histopathological examination of different organs revealed tracheitis, pneumonia, laryngitis, nephritis, brain perivascularcuffing, and neuronal degeneration. NDV antigen was detected by IHC in all examined organs except the brain. Strong viralantigen expression by IHC was observed at 5 and 7 dpi in most of the studied organs. Viral antigen expression was alsodetected in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, cilia, surface epithelium, and goblet cells of the nasal conchae, larynx, andtrachea in addition to the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and in the epithelium lining the renal tubules.


Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/patogenicidade , Egito/epidemiologia
18.
Braz. J. Vet. Pathol. ; 13(2): 510-518, July 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-28422

RESUMO

The poultry industry in Egypt is still threatened by Newcastle disease despite intensive vaccination programs. Bothvaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks have experienced Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII outbreakswithin the last few years. This study was performed to investigate the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in differentorgans of broiler chickens. Fifty, 1-day-old chicks were divided into 2 equal groups with 25 animals in each group. Group 1served as the non-infected (negative control) group, while group 2 was infected by intranasal inoculation of 0.1 mlcontaining 106 EID50 of NDV genotype VII. Three chicks were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5, and 10 days postinfection (dpi). Tissue sections from the nasal conchae, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain were collected forhistopathology and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was also performed on the tracheal samples.The infected group showed severe respiratory signs and had greenish-colored diarrhea. Mortalities were 6, 4, 6, and 2 chicksat 5, 6, 7, and 9 dpi, respectively. Grossly, congestion of the mucosa of the trachea and larynx was recorded at 5 dpi.Histopathological examination of different organs revealed tracheitis, pneumonia, laryngitis, nephritis, brain perivascularcuffing, and neuronal degeneration. NDV antigen was detected by IHC in all examined organs except the brain. Strong viralantigen expression by IHC was observed at 5 and 7 dpi in most of the studied organs. Viral antigen expression was alsodetected in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, cilia, surface epithelium, and goblet cells of the nasal conchae, larynx, andtrachea in addition to the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and in the epithelium lining the renal tubules.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/patogenicidade , Egito/epidemiologia
19.
Virus Res ; 286: 198063, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32574681

RESUMO

Compared with mammalian ANP32A, most avian-coded ANP32A contains a 33 amino acids insertion (ch-ANP32A-33) or a 29 amino acids insertion (ch-ANP32A-29), which can rescue the mammalian-restricted avian influenza virus polymerase activity, with ch-ANP32A-33 exhibiting a more potent phenotype. The alternative splicing of 3' splice sites (SSs) of chicken ANP32A intron 4 generates full-length ch-ANP32A-33 and truncated ch-ANP32A-29. In this study, we found a splicing regulatory cis-element that affected the alternative splicing of 3' SSs by block-scanning mutagenesis. RNA affinity purification and mass spectrometry showed that the SRSF10 bound to the splicing cis-element and the binding was further identified and confirmed by RIP experiment. Overexpression of SRSF10 changed the ratio of the two chicken ANP32A transcripts with the increased ch-ANP32A-29 and the decreased ch-ANP32A-33. The knockdown of both of the ch-ANP32A-33 and ch-ANP32A-29 was harmful to avian influenza virus polymerase activity in DF-1 cells, but the restoration and increasement of only ch-ANP32A-29 could not completely rescue the activity of avian influenza virus polymerase. Overexpression of SRSF10 negatively affected the polymerase activity and replication of avian influenza virus, and the expression of ch-ANP32A-33 could partially recover the decrease of polymerase activity of avian influenza virus. By contrast, SRSF10 had weak inhibition on the polymerase activity of mammalian adapted influenza virus and had no effect on the replication of mammalian adapted influenza virus. Taken together, we demonstrated that SRSF10 acts as a negative regulator in polymerase activity and replication of avian influenza virus by binding to the splicing cis-element to regulate the alternative splicing of chicken ANP32A intron 4 for the reduced ch-ANP32A-33 and increased ch-ANP32A-29.


Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Fatores de Processamento de Serina-Arginina/genética , Replicação Viral , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Galinhas/virologia , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/enzimologia , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Aviária/virologia
20.
Braz J Microbiol ; 51(1): 385-394, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31768926

RESUMO

Despite intensive vaccination, endemicity of Avian paramyxoviruses-1 (APMV-1) is a significant problem in developing countries in Africa, Middle East, and Asia. Given the importance of APMV-1 in poultry and multiple non-poultry avian species, it is important to continue surveillance programs, routine monitoring and characterization of field isolates in the region where viruses are endemic. The purpose of this study was to pathotyped and genetically characterized 21 APMV-1s isolated from multiple avian species reared in different regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Phylogenetic analysis based on complete fusion (F) gene sequences showed that 17 APMV-1 isolates obtained from commercial poultry and backyard birds belonged to sub-genotype VIIi. Though, one pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolate was clustered in sub-genotype VIg and three in recently designated new sub-genotype VIm of genotype VI. The pigeon-origin isolates had the following two motifs 113-RKKR↓F-117 and 113-RQRR↓F-117, while all other isolates had the polybasic amino acid sequence 113-RQKR↓F-117 at the F-cleavage site, which is characteristic of virulent APMV-1 strains. These results are consistent with the five viruses that had intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPIs) of between 1.50 and 1.73, corresponding to a velogenic pathotype. The APMV-1s isolated from commercial poultry and backyard birds in this study showed low nucleotide distance (0.3-0.9%) and genetically closely related (> 97%) to viruses repeatedly isolated (2011-2017) from multiple avian species in other states of Pakistan. Strengthened surveillance programs in both commercial poultry and backyard flocks are needed to better assess the commercial-backyard bird interface and form a basis for evidence-based measures to limit and prevent APMV-1 transmission.


Assuntos
Aves/virologia , Doença de Newcastle/transmissão , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/transmissão , Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Columbidae/virologia , Genes Virais , Variação Genética , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/patogenicidade , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Virulência
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