Las pioneras valencianas de la Psicología de las adicciones: legado académico y profesional / Valencian pioneers of the Psychology of addictions: academic and professional legacy

El siguiente artículo aspira a poner en valor y visibilizar la trayectoria de cinco mujeres valencianas referentes en el campo de la Psicología de las adicciones, prestando una atención especial a sus itinerarios vitales y trayectorias profesionales, así como documentando sus principales contribuciones al área con el objetivo de dar a conocer y reivindicar su legado. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa a partir de entrevista semiestructurada de relato biográfico. Las protagonistas destacan que el desarrollo de las Autonomías permitió un mejor abordaje del tratamiento y la prevención de las adicciones con la organización y creación de recursos asistenciales y preventivos especializados; y potenció sobremanera la investigación sobre las bases neurobiológicas de la adicción. Autodidactas, nunca han dejado de formarse en la materia y reciclarse continuamente. Creen que hay que reforzar los contenidos en educación para la salud y reclaman más recursos humanos y económicos para la investigación, el tratamiento, la prevención y la inserción social. Consideran que en la actualidad habría que incidir en la prevención del uso abusivo de las nuevas tecnologías e Internet y el cannabis entre los más jóvenes, así como en la detección de las mujeres consumidoras solitarias de alcohol que tardan en acudir a los tratamientos. (AU)

The following article aims to showcase the trajectory of five leading Valencian women in the field of Psychology of addictions thus conferring visibility to them while paying special attention to their life stories and careers, documenting their main contributions to the area with the aim of claiming their legacy. Qualitative methodology was used based on a semi-structured biographical narrative. The protagonists emphasize that the development of the regional autonomies in Spain paved the way for a better approach to the treatment and prevention of addictions with the organization and creation of specialized care and preventive resources, and greatly enhanced research on the neurobiological bases of addiction. Self-taught, they have never stopped studying the subject and learning about it, and are continually recycling themselves. They believe that health education content must be strengthened and they demand more human and financial resources for research, treatment, prevention and social integration. They consider that at present it would be necessary to influence the prevention of the abusive use of new technologies, the Internet and cannabis among young people, as well as to detect female alcohol consumers who are late in coming to treatment. (AU)

Valencian pioneers of the Psychology of addictions: academic and professional legacy / Las pioneras valencianas de la Psicología de las adicciones: legado académico y profesional

The following article aims to showcase the trajectory of five leading Valencian women in the field of Psychology of addictions thus conferring visibility to them while paying special attention to their life stories and careers, documenting their main contributions to the area with the aim of claiming their legacy. Qualitative methodology was used based on a semi-structured biographical narrative. The protagonists emphasize that the development of the regional autonomies in Spain paved the way for a better approach to the treatment and prevention of addictions with the organization and creation of specialized care and preventive resources, and greatly enhanced research on the neurobiological bases of addiction. Self-taught, they have never stopped studying the subject and learning about it, and are continually recycling themselves. They believe that health education content must be strengthened and they demand more human and financial resources for research, treatment, prevention and social integration. They consider that at present it would be necessary to influence the prevention of the abusive use of new technologies, the Internet and cannabis among young people, as well as to detect female alcohol consumers who are late in coming to treatment. (AU)

El siguiente artículo aspira a poner en valor y visibilizar la trayectoria de cinco mujeres valencianas referentes en el campo de la Psicología de las adicciones, prestando una atención especial a sus itinerarios vitales y trayectorias profesionales, así como documentando sus principales contribuciones al área con el objetivo de dar a conocer y reivindicar su legado. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa a partir de entrevista semiestructurada de relato biográfico. Las protagonistas destacan que el desarrollo de las Autonomías permitió un mejor abordaje del tratamiento y la prevención de las adicciones con la organización y creación de recursos asistenciales y preventivos especializados; y potenció sobremanera la investigación sobre las bases neurobiológicas de la adicción. Autodidactas, nunca han dejado de formarse en la materia y reciclarse continuamente. Creen que hay que reforzar los contenidos en educación para la salud y reclaman más recursos humanos y económicos para la investigación, el tratamiento, la prevención y la inserción social. Consideran que en la actualidad habría que incidir en la prevención del uso abusivo de las nuevas tecnologías e Internet y el cannabis entre los más jóvenes, así como en la detección de las mujeres consumidoras solitarias de alcohol que tardan en acudir a los tratamientos. (AU)

Histories of Medieval Plague in Renaissance Italy.

During the sixteenth century, Italian scholars revised their conception of the field of history so that its purposes went beyond providing political and morally edifying narratives. These scholars contended that history must also account for culture and nature in an encyclopedic fashion. In the same years, numerous newly available texts from antiquity, the Byzantine empire, and the Middle Ages provided insight into the character of earlier outbreaks of plague. Italian physicians, embracing new visions of the field of history, the culture of humanism, and an inductivist epistemology, used these texts to argue that there were continuities among ancient, medieval, and Renaissance epidemics. They catalogued plague and formed historical categories based on severity and perceived origins, leading to the rejection of the conclusions of fourteenth-century western Europeans who viewed the plague of 1347-1353 as unprecedented. These erudite physicians saw medieval plague to be one example of the extreme epidemics that have regularly occurred throughout history.

[Heinrich Wieleitner (1874-1931) and The Birth of Modern Mathematics-Science Communication and the Historiography of Mathematics in the Weimar Culture]. / Heinrich Wieleitner (1874­1931) und Die Geburt der modernen Mathematik ­ Wissenschaftskommunikation und Mathematikgeschichtsschreibung in der Weimarer Zeit.

By taking the work and life of the historian of mathematics Heinrich Wieleitner as an example, this study aims to highlight the many interrelations between the historiography of mathematics, mathematics education, and science communication in mathematics.By integrating aspects of the history of media, this case study also explores mathematical public relations work in the 20th century and draws attention to the important persons, institutions and contents. The focus is on the Weimar period, in which the self-understanding of mathematics was challenged in different ways by far-reaching cultural debates. The article demonstrates that as a consequence of a changing media landscape, Weimar culture turned out to be a suitable environment for the successful self-presentation of mathematics.

Emil Kraepelin as a historian of psychiatry - one hundred years on.

This article reviews Emil Kraepelin's address 'Hundert Jahre Psychiatrie', at the opening of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie in 1917, and published as an essay in 1918. Kraepelin's publication represents a part of his late work: his commitment as a historian of psychiatry. He composed a classic narrative of psychiatric progress, which includes an outlook on desirable future developments in therapy and prevention. The present article considers the essay's socio-historical context as well as its structure and content. The focus lies on its time of origin around the end of World War I, its sources in relation to the state of the art of historiography at that time and the history of its reception, including the English-language edition of 1962.

Psychotherapy's identity crisis: opening reflections on the historiographies of psychotherapies.

This article introduces the work of the transcultural histories of psychotherapies network. Reflecting on the comparative lack of work here, it traces psychotherapies' identity crisis, focussing on nodal points such as the rise of the term, failed attempts to unify the field from Forel to Jung, and the rise of outcome studies. Finally, it situates histories of psychotherapies within the context of adjacent fields: the relation of the history of psychotherapy to the history of science, to Freud studies, to the history of religion and religious studies, to intellectual history, to the history of psychiatry, to the history of medicine, and its place within cultural history.

Happenstance and regulatory culture: the evolution of innovative community mental health services in Oxfordshire in the late twentieth century.

This paper uses co-produced historical material to explore the evolution of two innovative mental healthcare institutions that emerged in Oxfordshire in the 1960s. We highlight how the trajectories of both institutions were driven by chance events occurring within social environments, rather than emerging out of evidence or policy initiatives. Both institutions found a role for spontaneity and an openness to chance in the way they worked. We argue that this kind of institutional history would be unlikely today; the paper develops and uses the concept of regulatory culture to explain why. We suggest that the role of regulatory culture has been neglected in the history of psychiatry.

The degree course in psychology in Rome in the history of Italian psychology.

Italian academic psychology found its first location in the Anthropological Museum of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Rome, where in 1890 a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology was established. In 1905, the first three Chairs of Experimental Psychology at the Universities of Turin, Rome, and Naples were created. These were followed in the subsequent years by others, until 1930, in other academic institutions. After many years and a long period of crisis linked to the fascist regime, only after the World War II (WWII), with the rebirth of the country, did psychology gradually rebuild its status as a scientific discipline. Within this framework of the renewal of society and university studies, in 1971, two degree courses were instituted in Rome and Padua. Based on research in central and local academic archives and on an analysis of the secondary literature, the gestation phase of the 4-year degree course in Psychology, the progressive establishment of the Psychology Departments, and the 5-year reform of the courses up to the birth of the first Faculty of Psychology at an Italian university are reconstructed. The aim of this article is to propose a well-founded discontinuist historiographical reading of the process of sedimentation of psychological experimentation that, after being born in the Faculty of Sciences and later transferring to the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, also led to important developments in the Faculty of Education, with the recognition of an autonomous academic space of scientific discipline with a degree course, departments and finally the Faculty of Psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Conexões entre dois mundos. Prática médica, artes de curar e os saberes locais angolanos nos textos europeus ao longo do século XVIII / Connections between two worlds. Medical practice, healing arts and the local angolan knowledge in european texts throughout the 18th century

As conexões entre a África e o Brasil são tema recorrente na historiografia, principalmente, aquela relacionada com as questões sociais, econômicas, logísticas e políticas que envolviam o tráfico de escravos entre ambos os continentes. Um dos aspectos de maior interesse para os pesquisadores da história das ciências é, nesse sentido, a questão da saúde dos povos escravizados. Neste aspecto, a história da Medicina e dos conhecimentos médicos e farmacêuticos retratam um cenário no qual os contributos dos conhecimentos de origem africana tem vindo a ser verificados. Neste artigo, pretendo reconhecer as práticas médicas aplicadas em território angolano através de uma série de tratados médicos escritos por europeus que praticaram medicina em Angola, mais precisamente em Luanda, pretendendo responder às seguintes questões: Qual é o peso do conhecimento das populações locais na formação dos tratados médicos angolanos? Havia circulação de conhecimentos médicos entre Angola e Brasil?.(AU)

The connections between Africa and Brazil are a recurring theme in historiography, especially that related to social, economic, logistical and political issues involving the slave trade between the two continents. One of the most interesting aspects for researchers in the history of science is, in this sense, the question of the health of enslaved peoples. In this respect, the history of medicine and medical and pharmaceutical knowledge portray a scenario in which the contributions of knowledge of African origin have been verified. In this article, I intend to recognise the medical practices applied in Angolan territory through a series of medical treaties written by Europeans who practised medicine in Angola, more precisely in Luanda, in order to answer the following questions: What is the weight of the local population’s knowledge in the formation of Angolan medical treaties? Was there a circulation of medical knowledge between Angola and Brazil?.(AU)

Introduction: Science and connoisseurship in the European Enlightenment.

A major theme of the European Enlightenment was the rationalization of value, the use of reason to determine the value of things, from diamonds to civilizations. This view of the Enlightenment is well-established in the human sciences. It is ripe for extension to the natural sciences, given the rich recent literature on affect, evaluation, and subjectivity in early modern science. Meanwhile, in art history, the new history of connoisseurship provides a model for the historical study of the evaluation of material things. Historians of natural history have already noted the connections between science, Enlightenment, and connoisseurship. The time has come to extend their insights to other areas of Enlightenment science. This means recognizing the breadth of connoisseurship - the social, linguistic, and disciplinary diversity of the practice - as understood in Europe in the eighteenth century and the latter part of the seventeenth century. An outline of the three papers in this special section gives an indication of how this historiographical project might be carried out.

Precision Medicine: Historiography of Life Sciences and the Geneticization of the Clinics.

In 2013, Hans Jörg Rheinberger proposed that Mendelian genetics and molecular biology were "scientific ideologies," that is, for him they are systems of thought whose objects are hyperbolic; they are not, or not yet, in the realm of and not, or not yet, under the control of that system. This article proposes that precision medicine today is a scientific ideology and analyses the implications of this statement for historians of biology, genetics, and medicine.

Of Some Paradoxes in the Historiography of Molecular Biology.

Just when molecular biology is arguably delivering on some of its long-promised medical applications-think mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibody drugs, PCR testing, and gene therapies-the history of molecular biology has lost much of its shine. What not too long ago seemed like a burgeoning field of research with endless possibilities, is now often reduced to the "central dogma" that saw its apotheosis in the effort to sequence the human genome but has since unraveled. The essay will discuss several possible answers to this apparent paradox.

The Electrophoretic Revolution in the 1960s: Historical Epistemology Meets the Global History of Science and Technology.

This paper uses zone electrophoresis, one of the most frequently used tools in molecular biology, to explore two ideas derived from Hans-Jörg Rheinberger's reflections on experiments. First, the constraining role played by technical objects-instrumentation and material conditions-in the production of knowledge or epistemic things. Second, the production of interconnected experimental systems by such technical objects, which results in the unexpected entanglement of research fields and experimental cultures. By the beginning of the 1960s, the inception of zone electrophoresis in laboratories around the world transformed-some say, revolutionized-the study of proteins. Even today, electrophoresis continues to open research venues and questions in biomedicine, molecular biology, human genetics, and in the field of molecular evolution. In my essay, I seek to look at the interconnected lives of zone electrophoresis and address the broader social, and even global context, in which this apparently humble technique became a salient tool in the production of biological knowledge. In so doing, I aim to take the past and present of the history and historiography of experimental systems to the future, where experiments and technologies are interrogated as they are used in different geographies and contexts, including contexts of poverty.

The Politics of Sources Meets the Practices of the Librarian: An Interview with Esther Chen.

[I] want to single out one phenomenon that could be called the 'politics of sources'. It points to the extent to which the histories that both scientists and historians can write are artifacts of the available sources. The Rockefeller Foundation not only opened its archives very early on for historical work but also invested a lot in making the archives readily available for historical exploration. During the 1980s, many young historians took advantage of this opportunity. Thus, in a relatively early phase of the professional historiography of molecular biology, one could have gained the impression that the development of the new biology as a whole was a bio-politically directed enterprise of the Rockefeller Foundation sustained by the vision that social processes could ultimately be controlled by biological processes.

"How Many Individuals Consider Themselves to Be Cell Biologists but Are Informed by the Journal That Their Work Is Not Cell Biology".

What can we gain from co-analyzing experimental cultures, regionalization, and disciplinary phenomena of late twentieth century life sciences under our historiographic looking glass? This essay investigates the potential of such a strategy for the case of cell biology after 1960. By merging perspectives from historical epistemology inspired by the work of Hans-Jörg Rheinberger with a focus on boundary work in the realm of scientific publishing, community building, and disciplinary norms, a set of understudied scientific practices is exposed. These practices, historically subsumed under the label descriptive, have been as central in cell biology as hypothesis-driven research aiming at mechanistic explanations of cellular function. Against the background of an increasing molecular-mechanistic imperative in cell biology since the late 1960s, knowledge from descriptive practices was often judged as having low value but was nonetheless frequently cited and considered essential. Investigating the underlying epistemic practices and their interactions with disciplinary gatekeeping phenomena (as policed by journals and learned societies) provides historiographic access to the plurality of experimental cultures of cell biology, scattered into many interdisciplinary research fields-with some of them only partially engaged with mechanistic questions.

[Charlatan healer and messiah from Campos: the case of Professor Mozart, 1924-1939]. / O curandeiro charlatão e o messias de Campos: o caso do Professor Mozart, 1924-1939.

In 1924, a new figure appeared on the pages of Brazilian newspapers: "Professor Mozart." In the 1920s and 1930s, Mozart Dias Teixeira practiced healing in several Brazilian cities, sparking controversy among certain segments of society. A threefold analysis of the case is presented: describing the man himself and the debate surrounding his healing methods; showing how the controversies inspired the production and circulation of art among the population; and discussing the issues of charlatanism and professional and religious freedom. The study intends to contribute to the historiography on spiritism, occultism, and psychic sciences in Brazil.

Em 1924, um personagem despontou na imprensa brasileira: o "Professor Mozart". Seu nome era Mozart Dias Teixeira e, durante as décadas de 1920 e 1930, ele praticou curas em diversas cidades do país, provocando controvérsias entre setores da sociedade. O artigo analisa o caso, dividindo-se em três eixos: introduz o personagem e o debate sobre os seus métodos de cura, mostra como as polêmicas inspiraram produções artísticas que transitaram no seio da população e, por fim, discute a questão do charlatanismo e o problema da liberdade profissional e de culto. O estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à historiografia do espiritismo, do ocultismo e das ciências psíquicas no Brasil.

Introduction: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies.

The study of science popularization in dictatorships, such as Franco's regime, offers a useful window through which to review definitions of controversial categories such as "popular science" and the "public sphere." It also adds a new analytical perspective to the historiography of dictatorships and their totalitarian nature. Moreover, studying science popularization in these regimes provides new tools for a critical analysis of key contemporary concepts such as nationalism, internationalism, democracy, and technocracy.

Why Chuño Matters: Rethinking the History of Technology in Latin America.

This article examines the over-attention historians pay to innovation and high technology compared to local production through a brief review of the historiography of technology in twentieth-century Latin America. Following Svante Lindqvist's approach to "technological landscapes," it argues that the current history of technology in the region favors change over continuity, thus perpetuating a modernist and industrial perspective of technological dynamics. Based on a case study of chuño (frozendehydrated potatoes) production and consumption on the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia, this article shows how historians could incorporate local and long-standing knowledge and use into the history-of-technology canon.

Of stirps and chromosomes: Generality through detail.

One claim found in the received historiography of the biometrical school (comprised primarily of Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and W. F. R. Weldon) is that one of the biometricians' great flaws was their inability to look past their population-focused, statistical, gradualist understanding of evolutionary change - which led, in part, to their ignoring developments in cellular biology around 1900. I will argue, on the contrary, that the work of the biometricians was, from its earliest days, fundamentally concerned with connections between statistical patterns of inheritance and the underlying cellular features that gave rise to them. Such work remained current with contemporary knowledge of chromosomes, cytology, and development; in this article, I explore the first case. The biometricians were thus well positioned to understand the relationship between the patterns of Mendelian inheritance and the statistical distributions with which they primarily occupied themselves. Ignorance of this connection, then, is not the reason why they rejected Mendelism. Further, both Galton and Weldon - though each in their own unique way - decided to turn to biological detail as a way to better justify the generality of their statistical approaches to heredity. Perhaps paradoxically, then, for these biometricians, detail offered an approach to theoretical generality.

A familiar species of Crank: Anti-Vaccinationists in medical history.

Vaccination, health psychology and mental health make for three well-established and prestigious topoi in medical history. An in-depth look at their historical intersections remains forthcoming, however. Vaccinology's psychological turns merit historians' attention, all the more in the light of more recent, post-psychological and infodemiological, perspectives in vaccine acceptance research. Historiography at this point may help appreciating the present, and future, standing of psychological profiling in terms of its explanatory merits and policy uses. Of specific, critical interest is the motif of mental illness historically shared by vaccine advocates and contrarians. Mock-psychiatric nosology was a favored framing device for vaccination polemicists early on, indeed before vaccines were called vaccines and before psychiatry came to be called psychiatry. Though long anticipated, substantive historical-sociological and empirical approaches to vaccine non-acceptance were seen only from the 1920s and 1930s, respectively. Today, spirited animosity over vaccination continues to invite both professional and public debate about the founding concepts, the basic tenets, and the defining boundaries, of the mental health sciences.