O desenvolvimento dos objetos transcendentes e da religião fundamentado na teoria freudiana / El desarrollo de los objetos trascendentes y de la religión basados en la teoría freudiana / The development of transcendent objects and religion based on freudian theory

RESUMO Talvez, o homem seja o único dos entes a ter e a estabelecer relações com certos 'objetos' que ultrapassam a sua realidade material transcendendo-a para designar outra realidade para além da física. Dentre eles, poderíamos caracterizar como sendo 'Objetos Transcendentes' (e. g. Deus, por excelência, assim como o Demônio e outras entidades deste universo, quer passíveis de aceitação, aversão ou rejeição) aqueles que constituem a base para o desenvolvimento de sentimentos e de ideias religiosas e podem, também, ser entendidos (na sua origem, sentido e função) sob perspectiva da psicanálise. Nesse sentido, delimitando nossa proposta de análise, este artigo se propõe a analisar estes objetos a partir do ponto de vista de Sigmund Freud almejando e, com isto, analisar sua origem nos processos de sublimação da sexualidade e nos processos projetivos e identificatórios que caracterizam o desenvolvimento emocional do ser humano. Tal compreensão pode auxiliar na compreensão e intervenção clínica com aqueles que se relacionam com esses objetos ocupam um lugar central em seus modos de ser e estar no mundo, bem como com área da psicologia da religião em suas investigações.

RESUMEN Quizás, el Hombre es la única de las entidades que tiene y establece relaciones con ciertos 'objetos' que van más allá de su realidad material, trascendiéndola para designar otra realidad además de la física. Entre ellos, podríamos caracterizar como 'Objetos Trascendentes' (ej. Dios, por excelencia, así como el Demonio y otras entidades de este universo, ya sean sujetos a aceptación, aversión o rechazo) a aquellos que constituyen la base para el desarrollo de los sentimientos y ideas religiosas y también pueden ser entendidas (en su origen, significado y función) por el psicoanálisis. En este sentido, delimitando nuestra propuesta de análisis, este artículo propone analizar estos objetos desde el punto de vista de Sigmund Freud apuntando y, con ello, analizar su origen en los procesos de sublimación de la sexualidad y en los procesos proyectivos e identificativos que caracterizan el desarrollo emocional de los seres humanos. Tal comprensión puede ayudar en la comprensión e intervención clínica con quienes se relacionan con estos objetos que ocupan un lugar central en sus formas de ser y estar en el mundo, así como con el área de Psicología de la Religión en sus investigaciones.

ABSTRACT Perhaps, man is the unique entity to have and establish relationships with certain 'objects' that go beyond their material reality, transcending it to designate another reality beyond the physical. Among them, we could characterize as 'Transcendent Objects' (e.g. God, par excellence, such as the Devil and other entities belonging to this universe, whether subject to acceptance, aversion or rejection) those responsible for constituting the basis for developing feelings and religious ideas, and they can also be understood (in their origin, sense and function) from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Therefore, delimiting our proposal of analysis, this article aimed to analyze such objects from the point of view of Sigmund Freud, thus, analyzing their origin in the processes of sublimation of sexuality and in the projective and identification processes that characterize the emotional development of the human being. Such understanding can assist in clinical intervention of cases where there is a personal relationship or a centrality of these objects in personal experiences, as well as with the area of psychology of religion in its investigations.

[A Correlational Study of Leadership Styles and Nurses' Morale and Intention to Stay].

BACKGROUND: The leadership style of head nurses affects the organizational atmosphere of nursing teams. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between head nurse leadership styles and nurses' morale and intention to stay, as well as the explained variance for each. METHODS: The descriptive correlational design employed in this study used a convenience sample of 790 nursing staff working at a medical center in southern Taiwan. We cross-sectionally surveyed each participant's intention to stay, morale, and perception of their head nurse's leadership style. RESULTS: The participants perceived their head nurses as having both transformational and transactional leadership styles. A moderate to highly positive correlation was identified among leadership style, morale, and intention to stay. One-way analyses of variance found that the participants who were seniors, were married, had children, were at clinical ladder N3 or above, had rotation experience, and held a public servant position had relatively higher morale and intention to stay. After controlling for potentially confounding factors, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the explained variance of leadership styles on intention to stay and morale was 22% and 28%, respectively. Transformational leadership was found to significantly predict intention to stay and morale. However, transactional leadership significantly impacted morale only, albeit at a lower level than transformational leadership. CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: How nurses perceive the leadership style of their head nurses may affect their intention to stay and morale while at work. Advanced training to strengthen and internalize leadership styles for head nurses is suggested. Creating a positive and friendly working environment is conducive to improving the morale of nurses and retention rates in the nursing workplace.

Job morale of physicians and dentists in Kazakhstan: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Job morale is thought to be particularly low in Kazakhstan, adversely affecting job motivation, job satisfaction and burnout rates. Previous research suggests that high job morale has a better effect on patient outcomes and care quality. We, therefore, conducted a qualitative study to explore experiences underpinning positive and negative job morale, and to generate potential strategies for improving job morale of physicians and dentists working in public healthcare settings in Kazakhstan prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Three focus groups containing 23 participants and 30 individual interviews were conducted, evidencing respondents' explanations of what affects job morale, and possible strategies to improve it. Data was synthesised using a thematic analysis. RESULTS: The themes about what influences job morale were: being unfairly rewarded for work; feeling vulnerable and undervalued; poor working styles and practices; and high internal value-based motivation. Various strategies were identified by participants to improve job morale, and these included: ensuring adequate and equitable financial income; improving the current malpractice system; eliminating poor working styles and practices; and creating a shared responsibility for health. CONCLUSIONS: The current study has found that despite prevailing threats, job morale amongst physicians and dentists working in public healthcare settings in Astana have been prevented from becoming negative by their strong sense of calling to medicine and the satisfaction of helping patients recover. Emphasising this rather traditional understanding of the role of physicians and dentists may be a way to improve job morale throughout training and practice.

Job morale of physicians and dentists in Kazakhstan: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Job morale is thought to be particularly low in Kazakhstan, adversely affecting job motivation, job satisfaction and burnout rates. Previous research suggests that high job morale has a better effect on patient outcomes and care quality. We, therefore, conducted a qualitative study to explore experiences underpinning positive and negative job morale, and to generate potential strategies for improving job morale of physicians and dentists working in public healthcare settings in Kazakhstan prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Three focus groups containing 23 participants and 30 individual interviews were conducted, evidencing respondents' explanations of what affects job morale, and possible strategies to improve it. Data was synthesised using a thematic analysis. RESULTS: The themes about what influences job morale were: being unfairly rewarded for work; feeling vulnerable and undervalued; poor working styles and practices; and high internal value-based motivation. Various strategies were identified by participants to improve job morale, and these included: ensuring adequate and equitable financial income; improving the current malpractice system; eliminating poor working styles and practices; and creating a shared responsibility for health. CONCLUSIONS: The current study has found that despite prevailing threats, job morale amongst physicians and dentists working in public healthcare settings in Astana have been prevented from becoming negative by their strong sense of calling to medicine and the satisfaction of helping patients recover. Emphasising this rather traditional understanding of the role of physicians and dentists may be a way to improve job morale throughout training and practice.

El debate en torno a prohibir o restringir más severamente la investigación con primates. Aprendizajes y estrategias / El debat entorn de prohibir o restringir més severament la recerca amb primats. Aprenentatges i estratègies / The debate on ban or severely restrict primate research. Learnings and strategies

En la actualidad, la investigación en grandes simios ha dejado de realizarse en prácticamente todo el mundo. En este contexto, cabe preguntarse si es que ha llegado el tiempo de prohibir o restringir severamente la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos. Una manera de abordar esta pregunta es evaluando si es que las razones que fueron esgrimidas—con éxito—en favor de restringir la investigación con grandes simios, pueden ser extendidas al caso de los demás primates no humanos. Teniendo como base una reciente revisión del debate sobre la restricción de la investigación con grandes simios (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), el presente artículo lleva a cabo esta tarea, analizando dominios de razones relacionados con el estatus moral, la ciencia, el bienestar animal, las actitudes de los expertos y el público, la conservación y el retiro de los primates, los costos financieros, y la atribución de respeto y derechos a los primates no humanos. De esta manera, se pretende iluminar el debate en torno a la restricción de la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos, aportando herramientas estratégicas, persuasivas y filosóficas para quienes deseen avanzar en esta dirección.(AU)

En l'actualitat, la recerca en grans simis ha deixat de realitzar-se en pràcticament tothom. En aquest context, cal preguntar-se si és que ha arribat el temps de prohibir o restringir severament la recerca amb tota mena deprimats no humans. Una manera d'abordar aquesta pregunta és avaluant si és que les raons que van ser esgrimides—amb èxit—en favor de restringir la recerca amb grans simis, poden ser esteses al cas dels altres primats no humans. Tenint com a base una recent revisió del debat sobre la restricció de la recerca amb grans simis (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, i DeGrazia, 2021), el present article duu a terme aquesta tasca, analitzant dominis de raons relacionats amb l'estatus moral, la ciència, el benestar animal, les actituds dels experts i el públic, la conservació i el retir dels primats, els costos financers, i l'atribució de respecte i drets als primats no humans. D'aquesta manera, es pretén il·luminar el debat entorn de la restricció de la recerca amb tota classe de primats no humans, aportant eines estratègiques, persuasives i filosòfiques per qui desitgi avançar en aquesta direcció.(AU)

Currently, research on great apes has been phased out in practically all the world. In this context, the question arises as to whether it is time to ban or restrict research on all non-human primates. One way to address this question is to assess whether the reasons that were successfully put forward in favor of restricting research on great apes can be extended to other non-human primates. Based on a recent review of the debate on the restriction of research with great apes (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), the present article carriesout this task, analyzing domains of reasons related to moral status, science, animal welfare, attitudes of experts and the public, conservation and retirement of primates, financial costs, and the attribution of respect and rights to non-human primates. This way, the aim is to shed light on the debate around the restriction of research with all types of non-human primates, offering strategic, persuasive, and philosophical tools for those who would like to move forward in this direction.(AU)

Allied health front-line manager perceptions of factors impacting workplace morale and burnout risk.

PURPOSE: This exploratory case study investigated the factors impacting employee morale and burnout risk among allied health professionals operating within a large Australian public hospital. The study aimed to understand what factors may positively influence group morale and reduce burnout risk. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 30 Allied Health Managers. A manual thematic analysis and confirmatory content analysis (viz., Leximancer) identified several prominent themes impacting morale and potential burnout risk. FINDINGS: Key factors impacting allied health morale and contributing to burnout risk were captured in three main themes. The first included processes and relationships between people that were contributing to the culture negatively. The second identified the general lack of management training and limited capability of supervisors and leaders in human resource skills. The third theme identified change, high workloads and ineffective systems that were not supporting managers to be effective in their roles. This was also considered to be stifling internal innovation. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This case study took a top-down approach which may have provided a biased viewpoint from the managers perspective, rather than the perspective of all levels. The findings are within one context, hence there is a potential lack of generalisability. A final limitation is that this project collected and interpreted data through processes of social interaction and relied on the individual perception, skill and knowledge of the researchers, which may cause some uncertainty in the findings. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings support prioritising the evidence-based development of leadership and management competencies that have a focus on human resource management in hospitals. The study findings support the adoption of the theoretical framework of a systems approach to leadership that encourages the concept of being a learning organisation that creates pod-synergy within teams to enhance healthy personal, organisational and clinical outcomes. Adopting an empathetic leadership style that seeks to understand and support staff could improve staff morale within public health organisations and prevent burnout risk. Training managers with the skills and abilities to support autonomy amongst employees will support employee motivation and satisfaction in the workplace. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings were discussed using a socio technical system thinking perspective. This involves understanding the people (both leaders and front-line workers) and the systems and how they interact to support positive workplace morale. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Limited research has empirically explored from a socio-technical systems perspective how the systems and structures in healthcare organisations support allied health managers and employees in their role. Furthermore, the results provide new insights that encourage a more empathetic systems approach to leadership, one that supports social relationships and encourages pod-synergy amongst employees. Together these findings delivered strategies that can buffer against low morale and burnout risk among allied health care workers. This is an area that arguably has not yet been adequately addressed in allied health.

Crisis Work Embedded in a Global Crisis: The Early Phase Impact of COVID-19 on Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Service Provisions.

COVID-19, as a global pandemic, was a public health inflection point for individuals affected by intimate partner violence (IPV) and those who provide IPV services. Public health guidelines that were intended to reduce risk of exposure to the virus impacted vulnerability factors for IPV survivors and associated systems of services. We aimed to (1) explore the effect of COVID-19 on survivors of IPV; (2) assess the effect of COVID-19 on IPV-related service provisions and service providers; and (3) explore challenges and opportunities in the wake of COVID-19 on broader IPV services and advocacy. METHOD: Twelve directors of IPV shelter, criminal justice, and other advocacy services within a diverse, Midwestern metropolitan area were recruited to participate in in-depth, semi-structured interviews in June-August 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Dedoose. Data were coded and analyzed through thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four major themes, contextualized by COVID-19 and racial injustice, emerged from the data analysis: (1) IPV-related trends; (2) impact on IPV survivors, services, and agency morale; (3) inter-agency collaborations; and (4) future opportunities for innovative service delivery. Gaps and opportunities for developing culturally congruent, trauma-informed services were identified. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that responsive and accessible IPV resources and associated advocacy services can make the difference between life and death for survivors.

Los expertos y su laberinto. Una reflexión sobre ética en tiempos de pandemia / Els experts i el seu laberint. Una reflexió sobre ètica en temps de pandemia / The experts in their labyrinth. A reflection on the ethics in pandemic times

Experts or opinion leaders in the biomedical field have become enormously relevant in times of the COVID-19 epidemic. Its influence in the particular circumstances of this pandemic raises in a pressing way the possible conflicts ofinterest that they may have. A conflict of interest is defined by a situation in which the integrity and judgment of a person can be influenced by a secondary interest, and that can divert him from the primary objectives that dictate his action or activity. The issue about conflicts of interest is almost always considered from a utilitarian perspective, that is, how to detect them and avoid their harmful effects. However, in this article we argue the insufficiency of this approach. We defend the need to recover a moral common ground acceptable to all, in this case the Kantian notion of morality and its concept of autonomy. This would allow to immunize against the drifts that conflicts of interests may produce in a society extremely influenced by the mass media and recovering the concept of authority in contrast with the one of simple expert.(AU)

Los expertos o líderes de opinión en el ámbito biomédico han cobrado una enorme relevancia en tiempos de la epidemia de COVID-19. Su influencia en las circunstancias particulares de la pandemia plantea de forma acuciante los posibles conflictos de interés que puedan tener. Un conflicto de interés se define por aquella situación en que la integridad y el juicio de una persona puede verse influenciado por un interés secundario, y que puede apartarlo de los objetivos primarios que dictan su acción o actividad.La problemática de los conflictos de intereses se plantea casi siempre desde una óptica utilitarista, es decir, como detectarlos y evitar sus efectos perniciosos. No obstante, en este artículo argumentamos la insuficiencia de esta aproximación, y defendemos la necesidad de recuperar un sustrato moral aceptable para todos, en este caso la moral Kantiana y su concepto de autonomía, que permita vacunarnos de las derivas que pueden conllevar los conflictos de intereses en una sociedad extremadamente mediatizada, al mismo tiempo que se recupere el concepto de autoridad frente al de simple experto.(AU)

Els experts o líders d'opinió en l'àmbit biomèdic han cobrat una enorme rellevància en temps de l'epidèmia de COVID-19. La seva influència en les circumstàncies particulars de la pandèmia, planteja de forma apressant els possibles conflictes d'interès que puguin tenir. Un conflicte d'interès es defineix per aquella situació en què la integritat i el judici d'una persona pot veure's influenciat per un interès secundari, i que pot apartar-lo dels objectius primaris que dicten la seva acció o activitat. La problemàtica dels conflictes d'interessos es planteja gairebé sempre des d'una òptica utilitarista, és a dir, com detectar-los i evitar els seus efectes perniciosos. No obstant això, en aquest article argumentem la insuficiència d'aquesta aproximació, i defensem la necessitat de recuperar un substrat moral acceptable per a tots, en aquest cas la moral Kantiana i el seu concepte d'autonomia, que permeti vacunar-nos de les derives que poden comportar els conflictes d'interessos en una societat extremadament mediatitzada, al mateix temps que es recuperi el concepte d'autoritat enfront del de simple expert.(AU)

Controvérsia sobre a perversão feminina / Controversy over female perversion

Há mulheres na perversão? Essa pergunta serve de título para o livro de Lígia Furtado Mendonça (2018), a qual é resultado de seu percurso significativo de pesquisa acadêmica dedicada à temática das perversões. O livro trata das relações possíveis entre a estrutura perversa e o feminino, a partir da Psicanálise. Como afirma a própria autora, o seu objetivo é o de confrontar posições teóricas, não unânimes, que reservam a possibilidade da existência de uma estrutura perversa ao campo do masculino. Encontra-se dividido em sete capítulos que orbitam em torno de três tópicos: o primeiro dedica-se ao modo como a perversão era compreendida antes do surgimento da Psicanálise, e por seu entendimento propriamente freudiano e lacaniano. De forma mais específica, diríamos que o livro retoma a teorização acerca das perversões em Freud a partir de um marco teórico lacaniano, o qual serve à delimitação das concepções diferencias do feminino e do masculino a partir da lógica da sexuação e de sua consequente aplicação ao domínio das perversões.

Busy can be happy: 'Cake Thursday' as a team bonding exercise.

Implementation of 'Cake Thursday' as a team bonding and morale-boosting exercise.

Strategies for coping with moral distress adopted by nurses in tertiary care: a scoping review / Estrategias para afrontar el sufrimiento moral adoptadas por enfermeros en el nivel terciario de atención: scoping review / Estratégias para o enfrentamento do sofrimento moral por enfermeiros na atenção terciária: scoping review

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the scientific evidence on strategies for coping with moral distress adopted by nurses in the context of health services in tertiary care. Method: this is a Scoping Review based on the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. The searches were performed in September 2020 in the MEDLINE®, National Library of Medicine, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Cochrane and Biblioteca Virtual en Saúde databases. The eligibility criterion was to include studies that discussed strategies for coping with moral distress adopted by nurses in tertiary care, finding 2,041 studies, which were organized and screened in the Endnote software. The data were organized in Excel spreadsheets and analysis of the results was performed using the ATLAS.ti software. Results: the final selected sample consisted of 23 studies, which were grouped in two axes: strategies and recommendations. Four articles were included in the "strategies" axis, which reported actions taken to face moral distress, detailing the intervention and their results. The others, included in the "recommendations" axis, are articles whose focus was the experience of moral distress, suggesting important aspects to face it. Conclusion: recognition of moral distress by nurses and the opportunity for collective discussion and exchange of experiences are ways of collectively facing the situations. In addition, the institution's active participation in carrying out interventions was recommended. However, gaps were noticed in the production of studies that actually go deeper into intervention actions to cope with moral distress.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear las evidencias científicas sobre diversas estrategias para afrontar el sufrimiento moral adoptadas por enfermeros en el contexto de los servicios de salud en el nivel terciario de atención. Método: Scoping Review basada en las recomendaciones PRISMA-ScR. Las búsquedas se realizaron en septiembre de 2020 en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE®, National Library of Medicine, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Cochrane y Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. El criterio de elegibilidad fue incluir estudios que debatieran estrategias para afrontar el sufrimiento moral adoptadas por los enfermeros en el nivel terciario de atención, con lo que se encontraron 2.041 estudios, que se organizaron y seleccionaron en el software Endnote. Los datos se organizaron en planillas de Excel y se realizó un análisis de los resultados con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: la muestra final seleccionada compuesta por 23 estudios, que fueron agrupados en dos ejes: estrategias y recomendaciones. Cuatro artículos se encuadraron en el eje de "estrategias", y reportaron acciones adoptadas para afrontar el sufrimiento moral, detallando la intervención y sus resultados. Los demás, incluidos en el eje de "recomendaciones", son artículos cuyo enfoque fue la experiencia del sufrimiento moral, con sugerencias relacionadas con aspectos importantes para afrontarlo. Conclusión: el reconocimiento del sufrimiento moral por parte de los enfermeros y la oportunidad de debate colectivo e intercambio de experiencias son formas de afrontar las situaciones en forma colectiva. Además, se recomendó la participación activa de la institución al implementar las intervenciones. Sin embargo, se percibieron deficiencias en la producción de estudios que, de hecho, profundicen en acciones de intervención para afrontar el sufrimiento moral.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear as evidências científicas sobre estratégias para o enfrentamento do sofrimento moral por enfermeiros no contexto dos serviços de saúde na atenção terciária. Método: trata-se de uma Scoping Review com base nas recomendações PRISMA-ScR. As buscas foram realizadas em setembro de 2020 nas bases de dados MEDLINE®, National Library of Medicine, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Cochrane e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. O critério de elegibilidade foi incluir estudos que discutissem estratégias para o enfrentamento do sofrimento moral pelos enfermeiros na atenção terciária, encontrando assim 2.041 estudos, os quais foram organizados e triados no software Endnote. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas do Excel e uma análise dos resultados foi realizada mediante auxílio do software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: a amostra final selecionada foi de 23 estudos, os quais foram agrupados em dois eixos: estratégias e recomendações. Quatro artigos foram enquadrados no eixo "estratégias", os quais relataram ações realizadas para enfrentamento do sofrimento moral, detalhando a intervenção e os seus resultados. Os demais, incluídos no eixo "recomendações", são artigos cujo enfoque foi a vivência do sofrimento moral, com sugestão de aspectos importantes para o seu enfrentamento. Conclusão: o reconhecimento do sofrimento moral pelos enfermeiros e a oportunidade de discussão coletiva e troca de experiências são formas de enfrentar, coletivamente, as situações. Ademais, foi recomendado a participação ativa da instituição na realização de intervenções. Contudo, perceberam-se lacunas na produção de estudos que de fato aprofundam em ações de intervenções para o enfrentamento do sofrimento moral.

Cuidados terminais: reflexão filosófica sob a ótica da ética e da moral / Cuidados terminales: reflexión filosófica desde la perspectiva de la ética y la moral / Terminal care: philosophical reflection from ethical and moral perspectives

RESUMO Objetivo Objetivou-se refletir sobre a prática assistencial do cuidado ao paciente com doença terminal sob a ótica da ética e da moral. Método Trata-se de estudo teórico-reflexivo realizado a partir da análise crítica de textos filosóficos sobre ética e moral no contexto do desenvolvimento moral humano e das práticas de saúde. Resultados Na época dos filósofos gregos, a ética se baseava na busca pela felicidade; contudo, com o advento do cristianismo, ela passou a ser vista como um dever. Pela ótica de Kant, a ética e a moral são também um dever, um imperativo categórico, e a questão da manutenção da vida deve ser perseguida, abrindo espaço para a ocorrência de práticas de distanásia. Já para Hans Jonas, o dever dos profissionais de saúde é considerar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes mais do que da quantidade de vida, introduzindo conceitos dos cuidados paliativos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática Tais conceitos se modificaram ao longo da história, sendo necessário conhecê-los, fazer uma reflexão crítica sobre a finitude humana e repensar as condutas nesse processo.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo fue reflexionar sobre la práctica del cuidado al paciente con enfermedad terminal desde una perspectiva de la ética y la moral. Método Se trata de un estudio teórico-reflexivo, basado en el análisis crítico de textos filosóficos sobre ética y moral en el contexto del desarrollo moral humano y las prácticas de salud. Resultados La ética, en la época de los filósofos griegos, se basaba en la búsqueda de la felicidad, sin embargo, con el advenimiento del cristianismo, ésta pasó a ser vista como un deber. Desde el punto de vista de Kant, la ética y la moral también son un deber, un imperativo categórico y la cuestión del mantenimiento de la vida debe ser perseguida, abriendo espacio para la ocurrencia de prácticas distanásicas. Para Hans Jonas, el deber de los profesionales de la salud es considerar la calidad de vida de los pacientes por encima de la cantidad de vida, introduciendo conceptos de cuidados paliativos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Tales conceptos han cambiado con la historia, requiriendo conocimiento y reflexión crítica sobre la finitud humana y repensar el comportamiento en este proceso.

ABSTRACT Objective To reflect on the care practice for patients with a terminal illness from ethical and moral perspectives. Method This is a theoretical-reflective study carried out from the critical analysis of philosophical texts on ethics and morals in the context of human moral development and health practices. Results At the time of Greek philosophers, ethics was based on the search for happiness. However, with the advent of Christianity, this came to be seen as a duty. According to Kant, ethics and morals are duties as well — a categorical imperative — and the life maintenance issue must be pursued, opening space for the occurrence of dysthanasia practices. From Hans Jonas' point of view, otherwise, health professionals must consider the quality of life of the patient over their life span, introducing concepts of palliative care. Conclusion and implications for the practice The above-mentioned concepts changed over time, and knowing them is necessary for critically reflecting on human finitude and rethinking practices that revolve around this process.