RESUMO
Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007-2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both < 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5-0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3-2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R < 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9-5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Mustelidae , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculose Bovina , Bovinos , Animais , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Mustelidae/microbiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Animais Selvagens , França/epidemiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a costly, epidemiologically complex, multi-host, endemic disease. Lack of understanding of transmission dynamics may undermine eradication efforts. Pathogen whole-genome sequencing improves epidemiological inferences, providing a means to determine the relative importance of inter- and intra-species host transmission for disease persistence. We sequenced an exceptional data set of 619 Mycobacterium bovis isolates from badgers and cattle in a 100 km2 bTB 'hotspot' in Northern Ireland. Historical molecular subtyping data permitted the targeting of an endemic pathogen lineage, whose long-term persistence provided a unique opportunity to study disease transmission dynamics in unparalleled detail. Additionally, to assess whether badger population genetic structure was associated with the spatial distribution of pathogen genetic diversity, we microsatellite genotyped hair samples from 769 badgers trapped in this area. Birth death models and TransPhylo analyses indicated that cattle were likely driving the local epidemic, with transmission from cattle to badgers being more common than badger to cattle. Furthermore, the presence of significant badger population genetic structure in the landscape was not associated with the spatial distribution of M. bovis genetic diversity, suggesting that badger-to-badger transmission is not playing a major role in transmission dynamics. Our data were consistent with badgers playing a smaller role in transmission of M. bovis infection in this study site, compared to cattle. We hypothesize, however, that this minor role may still be important for persistence. Comparison to other areas suggests that M. bovis transmission dynamics are likely to be context dependent, with the role of wildlife being difficult to generalize.
Assuntos
Mustelidae , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculose Bovina , Animais , Bovinos , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Mustelidae/microbiologia , Irlanda do Norte/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , GenômicaRESUMO
Background: The mammalian Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC) chromosomal region may contain gene families for the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and/or leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) collections as well as various framing genes. This complex region is well described in humans, mice, and some domestic animals. Although single KIR genes are known in some Carnivora, their complements of LILR genes remain largely unknown due to obstacles in the assembly of regions of high homology in short-read based genomes. Methods: As part of the analysis of felid immunogenomes, this study focuses on the search for LRC genes in reference genomes and the annotation of LILR genes in Felidae. Chromosome-level genomes based on single-molecule long-read sequencing were preferentially sought and compared to representatives of the Carnivora. Results: Seven putatively functional LILR genes were found across the Felidae and in the Californian sea lion, four to five genes in Canidae, and four to nine genes in Mustelidae. They form two lineages, as seen in the Bovidae. The ratio of functional genes for activating LILRs to inhibitory LILRs is slightly in favor of inhibitory genes in the Felidae and the Canidae; the reverse is seen in the Californian sea lion. This ratio is even in all of the Mustelidae except the Eurasian otter, which has a predominance of activating LILRs. Various numbers of LILR pseudogenes were identified. Conclusions: The structure of the LRC is rather conservative in felids and the other Carnivora studied. The LILR sub-region is conserved within the Felidae and has slight differences in the Canidae, but it has taken various evolutionary paths in the Mustelidae. Overall, the process of pseudogenization of LILR genes seems to be more frequent for activating receptors. Phylogenetic analysis found no direct orthologues across the Carnivora which corroborate the rapid evolution of LILRs seen in mammals.
Assuntos
Canidae , Carnívoros , Felidae , Mustelidae , Leões-Marinhos , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Filogenia , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Leucócitos , Carnívoros/genética , Receptores KIR/genética , GenômicaRESUMO
A 9-year-old neutered male American pine marten (Martes americana) was referred for further evaluation of suspected lymphoproliferative disease. On physical examination, the pine marten was determined to be in an underconditioned state with an enlarged right mandibular lymph node. Hematology revealed a marked leukocytosis characterized by a lymphocytosis. Flow cytometry performed on peripheral blood was suggestive of a CD4+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. Whole-body radiographs demonstrated a large cranial mediastinal mass and splenomegaly. These findings were confirmed using ultrasound, which also identified intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy and splenic nodules. Cytologic evaluation of aspirates from the mediastinal mass was interpreted as possible lymphoma. The pine marten was treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone and achieved a durable partial remission. Twelve months after initial diagnosis, progressive disease was noted and treatment with lomustine was initiated as a rescue protocol until euthanasia, which was carried out 15 mo after the initial diagnosis. Based on a literature search, this is the first case report describing the management of peripheral T-cell lymphoproliferative disease, presumably peripheral lymphoma, in a pine marten; this neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pine martens that have abnormal complete blood cell count findings and enlarged lymph nodes. Key clinical message: This report describes the diagnosis and management of a peripheral T-cell lymphoproliferative disease, presumably peripheral lymphoma, in an American pine marten (Martes americana). This is the first report of this disease and its successful treatment in a pine marten.
Diagnostic et prise en charge d'une maladie lymphoproliférative à cellules T périphériques chez une martre d'Amérique ( Martes americana ). Une martre d'Amérique (Martes americana) mâle castré âgé de 9 ans a été référée pour une évaluation plus approfondie d'une suspicion de maladie lymphoproliférative. À l'examen physique, il a été déterminé que la martre était dans un état sous-optimal avec un ganglion lymphatique mandibulaire droit élargi. L'hématologie a révélé une hyperleucocytose marquée caractérisée par une lymphocytose. La cytométrie en flux réalisée sur le sang périphérique était évocatrice d'une maladie lymphoproliférative des lymphocytes T CD4+. Les radiographies du corps entier ont montré une importante masse médiastinale crânienne et une splénomégalie. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par échographie, qui a également identifié une lymphadénopathie intra-abdominale et des nodules spléniques. L'évaluation cytologique des aspirations de la masse médiastinale a été interprétée comme un possible lymphome. La martre d'Amérique a été traitée avec du chlorambucil et de la prednisolone et une rémission partielle durable a été obtenue. Douze mois après le diagnostic initial, une progression de la maladie a été notée et un traitement par lomustine a été initié comme protocole de sauvetage jusqu'à l'euthanasie, qui a été réalisée 15 mois après le diagnostic initial. Sur la base d'une recherche documentaire, il s'agit du premier rapport de cas décrivant la prise en charge d'une maladie lymphoproliférative périphérique à cellules T, vraisemblablement un lymphome périphérique, chez une martre d'Amérique; ce néoplasme doit être considéré comme un diagnostic différentiel chez les martres d'Amérique qui présentent des résultats anormaux de numération globulaire complète et des ganglions lymphatiques hypertrophiés.Message clinique clé :Ce rapport décrit le diagnostic et la prise en charge d'une maladie lymphoproliférative à cellules T périphériques, vraisemblablement un lymphome périphérique, chez une martre d'Amérique (Martes americana). Il s'agit du premier signalement de cette maladie et de son traitement réussi chez une martre d'Amérique.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Assuntos
Linfoma , Mustelidae , Masculino , Animais , Eutanásia Animal , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Linfócitos T , Linfoma/veterináriaRESUMO
Animals in the wild continually experience changes in environmental and social conditions, which they respond to with behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations related to individual phenotypic quality. During unfavourable environmental conditions, reproduction can be traded-off against self-maintenance, mediated through changes in reproductive hormone levels. Using the European badger (Meles meles) as a model species, we examine how testosterone in males and oestrogens in females respond to marked deviations in weather from the long-term mean (rainfall and temperature, where badger earthworm food supply is weather dependent), and to social factors (number of adult males and females per social group and total adults in the population), in relation to age, weight and head-body length. Across seasons, testosterone levels correlated postively with body weight and rainfall variability, whereas oestrone correlated positively with population density, but negatively with temperature variability. Restricting analyses to the mating season (spring), heavier males had higher testosterone levels and longer females had higher oestradiol levels. Spring oestrone levels were lower when temperatures were above normal. That we see these effects for this generally adaptive species with a broad bioclimatic niche serves to highlight that climatic effects (especially with the threat of anthropogenic climate change) on reproductive physiology warrant careful attention in a conservation context.
Assuntos
Estrona , Mustelidae , Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Fatores Sociais , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Estações do Ano , Testosterona , Mustelidae/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Limited information exists on mercury concentrations and environmental drivers of mercury bioaccumulation in high latitude terrestrial carnivores. Spatial patterns of mercury concentrations in wolverine (Gulo gulo, n = 419) were assessed across a 1,600,000 km2 study area in relation to landscape, climate, diet and biological factors in Arctic and boreal biomes of western Canada. Hydrogen stable isotope ratios were measured in wolverine hair from a subset of 80 animals to assess the spatial scale for characterizing environmental conditions of their habitat. Habitat characteristics were determined using GIS methods and raster datasets at two scales, the collection location point and a 150 km radius buffer, which was selected based on results of a correlation analysis between hydrogen stable isotopes in precipitation and wolverine hair. Total mercury concentrations in wolverine muscle ranged >2 orders of magnitude from 0.01 to 5.72 µg/g dry weight and varied geographically, with the highest concentrations in the Northwest Territories followed by Nunavut and Yukon. Regression models at both spatial scales indicated diet (based on nitrogen stable isotope ratios) was the strongest explanatory variable of mercury concentrations in wolverine, with smaller though statistically significant contributions from landscape variables (soil organic carbon, percent cover of wet area, percent cover of perennial snow-ice) and distance to the Arctic Ocean coast. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of wolverine muscle suggested greater mercury bioaccumulation could be associated with feeding on marine biota in coastal habitats. Landscape variables identified in the modelling may reflect habitat conditions which support enhanced methylmercury transfer to terrestrial biota. Spatially-explicit estimates of wet atmospheric deposition were positively correlated with wolverine mercury concentrations but this variable was not selected in the final regression models. These landscape patterns provide a basis for further research on underlying processes enhancing methylmercury uptake in high latitude terrestrial food webs.
Assuntos
Mercúrio , Compostos de Metilmercúrio , Mustelidae , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Mercúrio/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Carbono/análise , Solo , Dieta , Cadeia Alimentar , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Nitrogênio/análise , Regiões Árticas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Seventy-five flea pools (one to ten fleas per pool) from 51 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) and five South American grey foxes or chillas (Lycalopex griseus) from the Mediterranean region of Chile were analyzed for the presence of DNA of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. through quantitative real-time PCR for the nouG and gltA genes, respectively. Positive samples were further characterized by conventional PCR protocols, targeting gltA and ITS genes for Bartonella, and gltA, ompA, and ompB genes for Rickettsia. Bartonella was detected in 48 % of the Pulex irritans pools (B. rochalimae in three pools, B. berkhoffii in two pools, B. henselae in one pool), and 8 % of the Ctenocephalides felis felis pools (B. rochalimae, one pool). Rickettsia was confirmed in 11 % of P. irritans pools and 92 % of the Ct. felis pools. Characterization confirmed R. felis in all sequenced Rickettsia-positive pools. All Ct. canis pools were negative. A Ct. felis pool from a wild-found domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) also resulted positive for R. felis. Although opportunistic, this survey provides the first description of zoonotic pathogens naturally circulating in fleas parasitizing Chilean free-living carnivores.
Assuntos
Bartonella , Carnívoros , Ctenocephalides , Doenças do Cão , Infestações por Pulgas , Mustelidae , Rickettsia felis , Rickettsia , Sifonápteros , Cães , Animais , Sifonápteros/microbiologia , Bartonella/genética , Rickettsia felis/genética , Raposas , Chile/epidemiologia , Furões/genética , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Infestações por Pulgas/epidemiologia , Infestações por Pulgas/veterinária , Rickettsia/genética , Ctenocephalides/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent of heartworm disease in wild and domestic canids, felids, and mustelids. Recent studies demonstrate that additional families in the order Carnivora are also susceptible to infection. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) better understand current practices surrounding heartworm prevention and diagnostics in zoological facilities located in the state of Texas, USA, and (2) assess archival serum samples of carnivores kept in these facilities for the presence D. immitis antigen and/or antibody. METHODS: A questionnaire was completed by veterinarians or veterinary technicians representing 10 zoological facilities across Texas. This questionnaire was designed at the taxonomic family level, encompassing the 12 terrestrial carnivore families Ailuridae, Canidae, Eupleridae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Prionodontidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, and Viverridae. The second objective was achieved with the use of archival serum samples made available by six zoo facilities. RESULTS: Risk perception varied across facilities for every family, including among species belonging to Canidae. All facilities used monthly heartworm prevention in canids and felids, with more variation existing in the other families. The use of diagnostic testing and type and route of administration of preventive varied by facility, with oral ivermectin the most commonly used preventive. A total of 217 archival serum samples, belonging to 211 individual animals encompassing 11 families and 39 species, were tested with a commercial heartworm antigen ELISA test, pre- and post-immune-complex dissociation. A subset of samples was also assessed for the presence of feline anti-heartworm antibodies using a commercial ELISA test. Two animals, both of which were Asian small-clawed otters from the same facility, had antigen detected (0.95%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that while the zoo veterinary community is aware of the risk and health impact of heartworm disease in canids and felids, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding the risks and ideal strategies for prevention in other carnivore families. The low proportion of antigen detection may serve as a baseline for future prevalence studies across the southern United States, where there is an emerging concern of macrocyclic lactone resistance in heartworm.
Assuntos
Canidae , Dirofilaria immitis , Dirofilariose , Doenças do Cão , Hyaenidae , Mustelidae , Ursidae , Cães , Gatos , Animais , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Dirofilariose/prevenção & controle , Texas/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Viverridae , PercepçãoRESUMO
The yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) is a medium-sized carnivore that is widely distributed across much of Asia and occupies an extensive variety of habitats. We reported a high-quality genome assembly of this organism that was generated using Oxford Nanopore and Hi-C technologies. The final genome sequences contained 215 contigs with a total size of 2,449.15 Mb and a contig N50 length of 68.60 Mb. Using Hi-C analysis, 2,419.20 Mb (98.78%) of the assembled sequences were anchored onto 21 linkage groups. Merqury evaluation suggested that the genome was 94.95% complete with a QV value of 43.75. Additionally, the genome was found to comprise approximately 39.74% repeat sequences, of which long interspersed elements (LINE) that accounted for 26.13% of the entire genome, were the most abundant. Of the 20,464 protein-coding genes, prediction and functional annotation was successfully performed for 20,322 (99.31%) genes. The high-quality, chromosome-level genome of the marten reported in this study will serve as a reference for future studies on genetic diversity, evolution, and conservation biology.
Assuntos
Genoma , Mustelidae , Animais , Ásia , Cromossomos/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Mustelidae/genética , Filogenia , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
Although infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) does not appear to be as serious a threat to public health as it was in 2020-2021, the increased transmissibility of multiple Omicron descendants may constitute a continuous challenge for health care systems, and reliable detection of new variants is still imperative. This study evaluates the performance of three SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real Time Multiplex RT-PCR Kit (Liferiver); Vitassay qPCR SARS-CoV-2 (Vitaassay) and TaqPath COVID19 CE-IVD RT-PCR Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The analytical sensitivity of the assays as well as their specificity were determined with the use of synthetic nucleic acid standards and clinical samples. All assays appeared to be 100% specific for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in general and the Omicron variant in particular. The LOD determined during this validation was 10 viral RNA copies/reaction for Liferiver and TaqPath and 100 viral RNA copies for Vitassay. We cannot exclude that the LOD for the Vitassay might be lower and close to the manufacturer's declared value of ≥ 20 genome copies/reaction, as we obtained 90% positive results for 10 viral RNA copies/reaction. Mean Ct values at the concentration of 10 viral RNA copies/reaction for the Liferiver, Vitassay and TaqPath kits (35, 37 and 33, respectively) were significantly lower than the cutoff values declared by the manufacturers (≤ 41, ≤ 40 and ≤ 37, respectively). We suggest reporting outcomes based on LOD and cutoff Ct values determined during internal validation rather than those declared by the assays' producers.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Mustelidae , Animais , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/diagnóstico , RNA Viral/genética , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Teste para COVID-19RESUMO
Using morphological and molecular studies, the life cycle of Versteria cuja (Cestoda: Taeniidae) was elucidated, involving subterranean rodents (Ctenomyidae) as intermediate hosts, and the lesser grison, Galictis cuja (Mustelidae), as definitive host. Metacestodes (cysticerci and polycephalic larvae) were found mainly in the liver but also in spleen, pancreas, lungs and small intestine of 2 species of tuco-tucos (Ctenomys spp.) from Chubut, Argentina. Identity of the metacestodes with the adult was based primarily on the number, size and shape of rostellar hooks: 4048 hooks in 2 rows, particularly small (1016 µm total length by 610 µm wide), composed of handle, blade and guard with characteristic shapes. Genetic analysis (cox1 gen mtDNA) performed on metacestodes from both intermediate hosts corroborated their conspecificity with adults of V. cuja from lesser grisons in the same locality. Histopathological study showed the hepatic parenchyma altered by the presence of cysts containing larvae, each surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue with inflammatory infiltrate, atrophied hepatocytes and an increase of bile ducts. In the lung, in addition to the cysts, dilated alveoli, oedema and hyperaemic blood vessels were observed. This is the first report of a natural life cycle of a Versteria species from South America. It shows strong similarities with that described for a North American zoonotic lineage of Versteria, confirming a close relationship between V. cuja and this North American lineage, as previously demonstrated by molecular studies. Consequently, the zoonotic potential of V. cuja should not be disregarded.
Assuntos
Cestoides , Mustelidae , Animais , Argentina , América do Sul , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
Methaemoglobin (MetHb) forming compounds such as para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) have recently been adopted for the lethal control of a range of invasive carnivores and mustelids. Determining the relative hazard of these compounds to non-target bird species is an important component of ecological risks evaluation. Problematically, some potential non-target bird species may be as small as 10 g in body mass, thus placing limitations on blood volumes that can be routinely sampled. Accordingly, we developed methods to quantify markers of increasing methaemoglobinaemia at their point of collection that required only 5 µL of whole blood. A 3 µL blood aliquot is pipetted into a plastic micro-cuvette and placed in a custom made holder optically coupled to the Ocean Optics spectrometer, enabling absorbance for oxyhaemoglobin (HbO: 575 nm) and MetHb (630 nm) to be determined. Haemoglobin (HbFe2+), packed cell volume (PCV) and lactate (LAC) data were generated from the remaining 2 µL aliquot apportioned to biosensor strips for the Cera-Check® and Lactate Scout® point-of-care devices. After oral doses of PAPP, a methaemoglobinaemia absorbance index (MAI = absorbance 575 nm-absorbance 630 nm) was strongly and significantly associated with dose-dependent declines in HbFe2+ in 9 bird species. Quantifying dose-dependent responses to MetHb-forming agents at the point of sample collection avoids analytical and storage artifacts arising from sample degradation that appears to be a much greater problem in avian blood compared to mammalian blood.
Assuntos
Metemoglobinemia , Mustelidae , Propiofenonas , Animais , Metemoglobinemia/induzido quimicamente , Metemoglobinemia/veterinária , Metemoglobina , HemoglobinasRESUMO
Dirofilaria repens is an expanding vector-borne zoonotic parasite of canines and other carnivores. Sub-clinically infected dogs constitute the most important reservoir of the parasite and the source of infection for its mosquito vectors. However, occurrence of D. repens infection in wild animals may contribute to the transmission of the parasite to humans and may explain the endemicity of filariae in newly invaded regions. The aim of the current study was to determine the occurrence of D. repens in 511 blood and spleen samples from seven species of wild carnivores (wolves, red foxes, Eurasian badgers, raccoons, raccoon dogs, stone martens, and pine martens) from different regions of Poland by means of a PCR protocol targeting the 12S rDNA gene. Dirofilaria repens-positive hosts were identified in seven of fourteen voivodeships in four of the seven regions of Poland: Masovia, Lesser Poland, Pomerania and Warmia-Masuria. The highest prevalence was found in Masovia region (8%), coinciding with the highest previously recorded prevalence in dogs in Central Poland. The DNA of Dirofilaria was detected in 16 samples of three species (total prevalence 3.13%). A low and similar percentage of positive samples (1.9%, 4.2% and 4.8%) was recorded among badgers, red foxes, and wolves, respectively. Dirofilaria repens-positive hosts were identified in seven of fourteen voivodships. Based on detection in different voivodeships, D. repens-positive animals were recorded in four out of the seven regions of Poland: in Masovia, Lesser Poland, Pomerania, and Warmia-Masuria. The highest prevalence of filariae was found in Masovia region (8%), reflecting the highest previously recorded prevalence in dogs (12-50%) in Central Poland. In summary, we conducted the first comprehensive study on the epidemiology of D. repens in seven species of wild hosts in all seven regions of Poland and identified the first case of D. repens infection in Eurasian badgers in Poland and the second in Europe.
Assuntos
Carnívoros , Dirofilaria immitis , Dirofilaria repens , Dirofilariose , Doenças do Cão , Filarioidea , Mustelidae , Lobos , Animais , Humanos , Cães , Dirofilaria repens/genética , Polônia/epidemiologia , Dirofilariose/parasitologia , Raposas/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologiaRESUMO
Rickettsiales of the genus Anaplasma are globally distributed tick-borne pathogens of animals and humans with complex epidemiological cycles. Anaplasmosis is an important livestock disease in Zambia but its epidemiological information is inadequate. This study aimed to detect and characterize the species of Anaplasma present in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia with a focus on the infection risk posed by the translocation of sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) from North-Western Province to Lusaka Province. Archived DNA samples (n = 100) extracted from whole blood (sable n = 47, cattle n = 53) were screened for Anaplasmataceae using 16S rRNA partial gene amplification followed by species confirmation using phylogenetic analysis. Out of the 100 samples, Anaplasma species were detected in 7% (4/57) of the cattle and 24% (10/43) of the sable antelope samples. Of the 14 positive samples, five were determined to be A. marginale (four from cattle and one from sable), seven were A. ovis (sable) and two were A. platys (sable). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA partial gene sequences revealed genetic proximity between A. ovis and A. marginale, regardless of host. The detection of Anaplasma in wildlife in Zambia shows the risk of transmission of Anaplasma species associated with wildlife translocation.
Assuntos
Antílopes , Mustelidae , Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Ovinos , Anaplasma/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Zâmbia/epidemiologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
U.S. states are often the primary decision makers during a public health crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic led to several different reopening processes across states based on their unique characteristics. We analyze whether states' reopening policy decisions were driven by their public health preparedness, resources, COVID-19 impact, or state politics and political culture. To do so, we summarized state characteristics and compared them across three categories of reopening scores in a bivariate analysis using the chi-square or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the continuous variables. A cumulative logit model was used to assess the primary research question. A significant factor in a state's reopening decision was the party of the governor, regardless of the party in control of the legislature, state political culture, public health preparedness, cumulative number of deaths per 100,000, and Opportunity Index score.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Mustelidae , Humanos , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Análise de Variância , Correlação de Dados , PolíticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea is a common health problem in children, especially those under five years of age (U5). The mortality rate due to acute diarrhea among U5 children accounted for 11% in Lao PDR in 2016. No study has been done to investigate the etiologic pathogens of acute diarrhea and the risk factors associated with dehydration status among U5 children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in this region. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, etiological agents and associated factors of dehydration status of acute diarrhea among hospitalized U5 children in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed paper-based medical records with available stool examination results of 33 U5 children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Savannakhet Provincial Hospital, Lao PDR between Jan. 2018 and Dec. 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to describe clinical characteristics and etiologic agents of acute diarrhea of the children. Nonparametric test, Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to determine the risk factors associated with level of dehydration of the participants. RESULTS: Vomiting was the most common symptom (66.6%), followed by fever (60.6%). Dehydration was found in 48.4% of subjects. Rotavirus was the most common identified pathogen with a prevalence of 55.5%. Bacterial enteric infection was identified in 15.1% of patients. There is a significantly higher prevalence of dehydration among children with acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus compared to those with negative rotavirus testing (70.0% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus was the most prevalent pathogen of acute diarrhea among U5 children. Pediatric patients with acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus had a higher prevalence of dehydration compared to those with negative rotavirus testing.
Assuntos
Mustelidae , Rotavirus , Humanos , Criança , Animais , Desidratação/complicações , Desidratação/epidemiologia , Laos/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Diarreia/complicações , Diarreia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this study, a novel vesivirus (family Caliciviridae) was detected and characterized in faecal and tissue (blood and spleen) specimens collected from three (23.1%) out of 13 European badgers (Meles meles) in Hungary that were tested using RT-PCR and sequencing methods. The complete genome of the vesivirus strain European badger/B40/2021/HUN (OQ161773) is 8,375 nucleotides in length. The ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3 proteins have 81.1%, 70.5%, and 64.2% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, to the corresponding proteins of Asian badger vesivirus, which was first reported in badgers in China in 2022. These results indicate that more than one lineage/species of vesiviruses circulates in mustelid badgers in geographically different regions.
Assuntos
Mustelidae , Vesivirus , Animais , Hungria , Mustelidae/genética , ChinaRESUMO
Mesopredators abundance is often limited by top-order predators and also by key food resources. However, the contribution of these bidirectional forces to structure carnivore community is still unclear. Here, we studied how the presence and absence of an apex predator which is currently recovering its former distribution range, the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), determined the absolute abundance and fine-scale spatiotemporal avoidance mechanisms of two sympatric mesocarnivores (stone marten Martes foina and common genet Genetta genetta) with different dietary plasticity. We hypothesized that the lynx causes a mesopredator suppression and subordinate predators develop segregation strategies in respect to their trophic niche breadth. We placed 120 camera-traps in Southern Spain for 8 months in two consecutive years to estimate mesocarnivore abundances by using SCR Bayesian models, prey availability and assess spatio-temporal patterns. We found that the lynx reduced mesocarnivore abundance up to 10 times. Stone marten, a mesopredator with a broad food resources spectrum, showed a total spatial exclusion with the apex predator. Meanwhile, fine-scale avoidance mechanisms allowed the genet to persist in low density inside lynx territories, probably taking advantage of high availability of its preferred prey. Thus, the strength of these top-down and bottom-up effects was rather species-specific. Given the recent recovery of large carnivore populations worldwide, variation in suppression levels on different mesopredator species could modify ecosystem functions provided by the carnivore community in contrasting ways.
Assuntos
Carnívoros , Lynx , Mustelidae , Animais , Ecossistema , Cadeia Alimentar , Viverridae , Teorema de Bayes , Dinâmica Populacional , Comportamento PredatórioRESUMO
Constitutive-heterochromatin placement in the genome affects chromosome structure by occupying centromeric areas and forming large blocks. To investigate the basis for heterochromatin variation in the genome, we chose a group of species with a conserved euchromatin part: the genus Martes [stone marten (M. foina, 2n = 38), sable (M. zibellina, 2n = 38), pine marten (M. martes, 2n = 38), and yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula, 2n = 40)]. We mined the stone marten genome for the most abundant tandem repeats and selected the top 11 macrosatellite repetitive sequences. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed distributions of the tandemly repeated sequences (macrosatellites, telomeric repeats, and ribosomal DNA). We next characterized the AT/GC content of constitutive heterochromatin by CDAG (Chromomycin A3-DAPI-after G-banding). The euchromatin conservatism was shown by comparative chromosome painting with stone marten probes in newly built maps of the sable and pine marten. Thus, for the four Martes species, we mapped three different types of tandemly repeated sequences critical for chromosome structure. Most macrosatellites are shared by the four species with individual patterns of amplification. Some macrosatellites are specific to a species, autosomes, or the X chromosome. The variation of core macrosatellites and their prevalence in a genome are responsible for the species-specific variation of the heterochromatic blocks.
Assuntos
Carnívoros , Mustelidae , Animais , Mustelidae/genética , Heterocromatina , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Eucromatina , Carnívoros/genética , Estruturas CromossômicasRESUMO
In the aftermath of COVID-19, coronaviruses gained renewed attention by the scientific community. The study reports the identification and genetic characterization of a novel coronavirus in the European badger (Meles meles) obtained in the framework of passive surveillance implemented in Italian wildlife in response to the pandemic. Positive samples were characterized using next generation sequencing as well as genetic and phylogenetic analyses, aiming for taxonomic placement under ICTV guidelines of the viruses contained in each sample. Results obtained for six conserved domains within the polyprotein showed that the virus clustered as outgroup and shared <46% amino acid identity with other coronaviruses, supporting the assumption that it belongs to a new putative genus Epsiloncoronavirus. This finding highlights that mammals still hide diverse coronaviruses whose zoonotic and epizootic potential remains unknown.
