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This scoping review maps primary prevention and early detection strategies for oral and oropharyngeal cancer across national cancer plans and noncommunicable disease plans from all World Health Organization Member States. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, bibliographic search was performed on key organization websites until March 2023. Of the 194 countries assessed three had subnational plans, resulting in 264 self-governing political entities and similar with revised plans. Among these, 124 (47%) addressed oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk factors and preventive strategies, including 73 national and 51 subnational plans (one from Australia, two from the United Kingdom and 48 from the United States) across 76 (39.2%) countries. Southeast Asia led with 81.8% self-governing political entities mentioning oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk factors and preventive strategies, followed by the Americas (63.5%). Western Pacific and Eastern Mediterranean regions had the lowest coverage with 24.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Tobacco use was the most discussed oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk factor in primary prevention plans (63.7%), followed by HPV infection (54%) and alcohol consumption (35.5%). Opportunistic examination was the most common strategy for early detection, recommended by 29% of self-governing political entities, followed by screening in high-risk individuals (14.5%), self-examination (5.6%), and population-based screening (2.4%). Despite the high oral and oropharyngeal cancer incidence in many countries, most cancer plans only indirectly covered it and showed a great diversity of preventive strategies. Missing data in available documents should not imply an absence of an oral and oropharyngeal cancer policy. Other documents may exist but were not available on the websites, highlighting potential bias.

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OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of oral cancer risk factors among medical and dental students. METHODS: This study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in INPLASY (ID: 2024110035). Four databases were consulted (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science) from February 20th, 2005, to May 10th, 2024. The study selection and data extraction process was performed independently by 2 investigators. The risk of bias was assessed using the JBI tool, which can be found at: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. A third investigator was consulted in case of disagreement. Meta-analysis results were systematically illustrated in a forest plot and expressed as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. The I2 statistic assessed heterogeneity between studies. Funnel plot and Egger regression analysis were used for bias analysis. A P value <.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the STATA V.15 software. RESULTS: After the selection process, 41 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 14,425 participants, 22% medical students and 78% dental students, primarily female (53%). The meta-analysis showed that 98% of students demonstrated relatively good knowledge about oral cancer risk factors. The most recognized risk factor was smoking (99%), followed by advanced age (68%), UV-rays exposure (64%), and alcoholism (57%). Knowledge of several other factors was comparatively lower, with less than 50% of students recognizing them. The studies indicated significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.8%) and publication bias (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that while medical and dental students have a strong understanding of key risk factors for oral cancer, there are gaps in knowledge regarding other important factors. Addressing these gaps through enhanced education and training is essential to improving early detection and prevention efforts.

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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) predisposing factors include smoking and alcohol consumption. However, other agents have been investigated, including viruses. We aimed to investigate the presence of DNA of four different types of human polyomavirus (HPyV) in the oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC samples from an oncology center in Brazil and evaluate the association between HPyV detection and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Sixty fresh frozen samples from three different anatomical sites (tongue, floor of the mouth, and oropharynx, 20 samples for each region) were retrospectively selected. Data from medical records such as age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, tumor staging and death in less than 5 years of diagnosis were collected. DNA was extracted for the identification of MCPyV, BKPyV, JCPyV, and TSPyV using PCR followed by Sanger sequencing of positive samples. The identity of the generated DNA sequences was confirmed by alignment reference sequences. The investigation of the presence of HPyV DNA showed positivity of 5% for MCPyV (n = 3), 0% for both BKPyV or TSPyV, and 60% for JCPyV (n = 36). No association was found between the positivity of any HPyV in samples with any clinical or sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, nor with a certain anatomical site, except for the association between death in less than 5 years after diagnosis and positivity for JCPyV (p = 0.009). Positivity for HPyV in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC was low for MCPyV, high for JCPyV and null for BKPyV and TSPyV. Further studies should be carried out to better understand the high prevalence of JCPyV found in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer globally. While smoking is a key risk factor, rising cases in non-smokers highlight the need to explore other factors like diet. This scoping review aims to deepen the evidence on the relationship between OSCC and diet, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, and was registered on Open Science Framework. Searches were performed in four electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Lilacs, without date or language restrictions. Studies were evaluated, extracted, and compiled in a narrative table. Seventeen studies with 10,954 patients were analyzed. Most patients were male (74.63%), aged 18-89 (average 50.62). Studies were mainly from high (82%) and medium (17%) Human Development Index (HDI) countries. Dietary surveys included a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) (58.8%), interviews/questionnaires (17.6%), and an FFQ with a photographic atlas (5.9%). Certain foods in excess like fruits, vegetables, and tea were inversely associated with OSCC, while salty meats, dairy, coffee, sausages, and fried and spicy foods were positively associated. Due to the heterogeneity of the tools used to obtain food frequency data, the results should be interpreted cautiously. New standardized studies and randomized trials are essential to advance understanding and control confounding factors in this field.

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BACKGROUND: The incidence of oral cancer has exhibited a rise within the young population. Considering that oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) can precede the development of oral cancer, it is imperative to conduct studies in this particular younger population. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and conduct a comparative analysis of the clinical-demographic characteristics of OPMDs in two distinct age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted with patients diagnosed with leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and leukoerythroplakia between 1965 and 2020. The individuals were categorized into two groups: those aged up to 40 years (Group Younger) and those aged 41 years and above (Group Older). RESULTS: A total of 640 lesions were subjected to analysis. Among these, patients aged up to 40 years constituted 10.63% of the sample, however, this proportion decreased significantly to 6.9% between 2010 and 2020. A predominant male representation was observed in both groups, with white lesions being the most common in both as well. However, the frequency of red or mixed lesions was significantly higher (p=0.034) in the older group, along with a higher prevalence of dysplastic lesions (26.9% versus 11.8%, p=0.01). Moreover, the older group exhibited a relatively higher percentage of smokers/ex-smokers (78.6%), compared to the younger group (61.5%, p=0.085) and alcohol consumers/ex-consumers (54.9% versus 22.7%, p=0.028). Elderly individuals exhibited an unfavorable progression (p=0.028). However, a logistic regression analysis identified as significant variables associated with malignant transformation, the presence of epithelial dysplasia, and red lesions diagnosed as erythroplakia. CONCLUSIONS: A declining frequency of OPMDs in young adults was observed over the years, whereas in older adults, these disorders exhibited an unfavorable progression.

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BACKGROUND: Oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) pose significant challenges to public health in Brazil. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) among patients who would be treated by Brazilian dentists during their careers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on the number of dentists in Brazil were extracted from the 2022 census data, while incidence rates for OC cases were sourced from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA). Population estimates for Brazil and data on dental check-up rates were obtained from relevant national sources. RESULTS: Our analysis indicates that a general dentist in Brazil can expect to encounter on average two to three OC patients and on average 675 patients with OPMDs over a 35-year career. Regional disparities were observed, with certain regions showing higher than the average number of encounters due to low density of dentists in some rural districts. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian dentists are likely to confront a substantial number of OC and OPMD cases during their professional tenure, emphasizing the need for public health policies aimed at enhancing dental surgeons' education in oral cancer prevention and early detection.

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Introducción: las neoplasias malignas en cavidad oral representan de 3-5% de todas las neoplasias, el carcinoma de células escamosas representa 90%, es la neoplasia más frecuente. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de neoplasias malignas diagnosticadas histopatológicamente en 2,042 casos consecutivos en la cavidad oral, en un servicio patológico privado, clasificándolas por edad, sexo y localización. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de un muestreo por conveniencia en un periodo que data de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: la prevalencia de neoplasias malignas fue de 6.06% (124/2042). Conclusiones: las neoplasias malignas afectan principalmente a personas mayores de 40 años con predilección por el sexo masculino, probablemente porque las mujeres acuden con mayor frecuencia a evaluaciones médicas (AU)

Introduction: malignant neoplasms in oral cavity represent 3 to 5% of all the neoplasms where squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent with a representation rate of 90%. Objective: identify the frequency of malignant neoplasms diagnosed histopathologically in 2,042 consecutive cases in the oral cavity in a private oral pathology service, classifying them by age, sex and location. Material and methods: cross-sectional study of a sampling for convenience from the periods of January 2017 to December 2018. Results: the prevalence of malignant neoplasms was 6.06% (124/2042). Conclusions: malignant neoplasms mainly affect people over 40; with a predilection for the male sex, probably because women attend medical evaluations more frequently (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: Previous isolated reports have hypothesized that chewing coca leaves, a pre-Columbian tradition found in certain regions of South America, may be associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Coca chewing (CC) is a habit that shares many characteristics with the well-known practice of betel chewing observed in Asia. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between CC and OSCC among patients who attended the Señor del Milagro Hospital in Salta, Argentina. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted from 2013 to 2018. For each case of OSCC, three healthy control patients were included. Odds ratios were calculated to compare demographics, concurrent oral conditions, and other classical risk factors for OSCC. RESULTS: A total of 62 cases and 180 controls were included, adjusted for sex and age. OSCC was significantly associated with tobacco use (27.4% vs 9.4%, P = .001), CC (62.9% vs 32.2%, P < .001), and poor oral condition (81.1% vs 67.7%, P = .02). In the multivariate analysis, smoking (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.23-6.25, P = .0139), CC (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.58-5.63, P = .0007), and poor oral condition (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.62-5.85, P = .0006) remained independently associated with OSCC development. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing coca leaves could be considered a risk factor for oral cancer in a subset of Argentinean patients. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings and to elucidate the underlying pathways linking this habit to oral carcinogenesis.

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BACKGROUND: To describe demographic and clinicopathological aspects of a South-American cohort of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational study was performed to assess demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients from 6 South-American institutions. RESULTS: One hundred and seven patients within the histopathological spectrum of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma (in-situ and microinvasive) were included. Fifty-eight (54.2%) patients were men with a mean age of 60.69 years. Forty-nine (45.8%) and thirty-nine (36.5%) patients had history of tobacco and alcohol use, respectively. Clinically, most of the lesions were plaques (82.2%), ≥ 2 cm in extension (72%), affecting the lateral border of the tongue (55.1%), and soft palate (12.1%) with a mixed (white and red) appearance. Eighty-two (76.7%) lesions were predominantly white and 25 (23.3%) predominantly red. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, which raises awareness of clinicians' inspection acuteness by demonstrating the most frequent clinical aspects of this disease, potentially improving oral cancer secondary prevention strategies.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of an oral cancer screening program at the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH) and present the outcome based on data obtained from 2014 to 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The residents of the Regional Health District of Barretos (DRS-V) were personally invited by community health agents or nurses, and among 13,973 people, 15,222 oral examinations were carried out over the years in 18 of its municipalities. Oral examinations were performed at the Mobile Dental Unit and at the Prevention Department of the BCH. Inclusion criteria were being 35 years of age or older, having a personal history of tobacco or alcohol consumption, or having a lesion in the oral cavity found by community health agent or self-reported, regardless of age or risk factors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main result of our study was the stages of oral cancer among screen detected cases were smaller compared to cases in the hospital registry, in the state and in Brazil. Oral cancer detection rate per 1,000 oral examinations was 10.7.The early stages of oral cancer found by screening in primary care facilities or using mobile units suggest that, when organized, screening may improve the prognosis of oral cancer.

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BACKGROUND:  The Latin American region represents a hotspot for oral cancer incidence and mortality. To reduce oral cancer mortality rates, screening for early detection of subjects with suspicious or innocuous oral lesions has been promoted. A systematic review was performed to assess the outcomes of oral cancer screening in the Latin American region. MATERIAL AND METHODS:  An electronic search was conducted in eight databases and grey literature. The eligibility criteria included screening where adult participants underwent any screening test during an organized screening program. Screening programs were assessed to understand trends in oral cancer diagnosis. Rates of oral cancers diagnosed in screening programs were classified as increase, decrease, or stable based on each year assessed. RESULTS:  Following our searches, twelve studies conducted in Brazil and Cuba were included. The screening tests reported were visual oral examination (VOE) and in one study in addition light-based fluorescence testing. 13,277,608 individuals were screened and a total of 1,516 oral cancers were detected (0.01%). Only two studies aimed to screen high-risk individuals (smokers and drinkers). Oral cancer cases diagnosed during screening programs were proportionately stable over the years 1997 to 2009 but increased from 2010 to 2021. The fluorescence-associated VOE test demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. Similarly, the VOE test alone exhibited a sensitivity of 100%, with specificity ranging from 75% to 90%. CONCLUSIONS:  Screening studies conducted in Latin American countries had serious limitations both in methodology (lack of examiner training) and in reporting data (lack of description of clinical categories of screen positives). Capacitation of health workers to perform VOE in well-designed screening programs should be implemented.

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BACKGROUND: Oral cancer (OC) is a multifactorial disease that affects the oral cavity. The mortality rate is approximately 50 % and a high percentage of patients are diagnosed in advanced stages. Early diagnosis has been well demonstrated to improve overall survival, mainly when detected at a localized stage. Non-invasive techniques can help identify malignant features in real time, thus improving the path to diagnosis. This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis of the top 100 articles cited on diagnostic aids for oral cancer. METHODS: Articles from 2000 to 2023 in Scopus were scanned using five OC topic titles crossed with 27 diagnostic aid keywords. Duplicate manuscripts were eliminated using Microsoft Excel software and publications were ranked according to their citation count. This study selected and analyzed the top 100 most cited English-language papers. RESULTS: 86,676 citations were accumulated by the top 100 articles most cited. 2011 was the year with the highest number of publications with OC papers. The article with the most citations obtained a total of 30,832. The United States was the country with the most publications, with a total of 45, and UCLA was the institution with the most publications (7) among the top 100 most cited papers. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the top 100 most cited articles on diagnostic aids for oral cancer. These results can help dentists, specialists, healthcare providers, and researchers become familiar with the most influential publications in this field.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate the incidence and demographic profile of hamartomatous, choristomatous, and teratoid lesions in a Brazilian population over a 49 years-period. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, and data regarding demographic and clinical aspects were obtained from the medical records of a Brazilian referral center (1970-2019). The collected data were submitted to descriptive analysis and Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: In a total of 16,412 medical records analyzed, 300 (1.83 %) were hamartomatous, 2 (0.01 %) choristomatous, and 1 (0.01 %) teratoid lesions. Hamartomas were most diagnosed in females and adults. Statistical significance was observed between hamartoma and age group (p < 0.001). Odontoma was the most frequent hamartomatous lesion. In choristomatous and teratoid lesions, there was no occurrence in males. The jaws were the most affected anatomical site by hamartoma. Choristomas were observed on the mandible and tongue, while a teratoid lesion was seen on the floor of the mouth. CONCLUSIONS: Low occurrence of choristomatous and teratoid lesions over hamartomatous lesions and a heterogeneous occurrence profile regarding sex, age group, and anatomic site were observed. Hamartomas are relatively common and benign conditions that may cause damage and require special care during dental treatment. Thus, the dentist needs to be able to identify and treat them appropriately. Likewise, although choristomas and teratomas present no risk to patients and have a lower occurrence than hamartomas, they also require treatment.

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The study aimed to investigate oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) diagnosed in an Oral Pathology service in southern Brazil over a span of 56 years and to assess the factors influencing their severity and outcomes. A retrospective analysis of histopathological records from 1965 to 2021 was performed. Lesions diagnosed as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, leukoerythroplakia, or actinic cheilitis were included. Data on age, sex, race, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, clinical characteristics, biopsy type, and histopathological diagnosis were collected. Among 32.698 histopathological reports, 2.10% were classified as OPMD. The study included 689 specimens from 602 patients, with a predominance of cases affecting men aged over 51 years, particularly in anatomical sites considered of low risk. White lesions, with leukoplakia as the most common clinical diagnosis were observed. Over time, there was an increase in the incidence of OPMDs among females and in high-risk anatomical sites. The mean follow-up period was 30.28 ± 29.86 months, during which 9.6% of cases exhibited malignant transformation. Lesions diagnosed as leukoerythroplakia and those presenting epithelial dysplasia exhibited a higher risk of malignant transformation, particularly when located in high-risk sites. This underscores the importance of identifying clinical and microscopic features, as well as lesion's anatomical location, as crucial factors in determining the risk of malignant transformation. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians managing OPMDs and contribute to the improvement of oral cancer prevention.

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The aim of this study was to perform a clinicopathological analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in young patients from the northeast of Brazil and compare with elderly individuals. This retrospective study reviewed 104 OSCC cases from 2000 to 2015, focusing on patients under 40 and over 60 at diagnosis. Forty-two patients under 40 years old (40.38%) and 62 patients over 60 years old (59.62%) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests for clinicopathological factors, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox models for survival and prognostics. Most of the patients were male, with younger patients having lower rates of smoking (45.24%) and alcohol use (28.57%) compared to older patients (82.30% and 40.32%, respectively). Younger patients had a higher prevalence of tongue cancer and smaller tumors but faced more compromised surgical margins, perineural invasion, local recurrence, regional metastasis, distant metastasis, and second primary tumors. Statistical findings highlighted age-related differences in clinicopathological features and indicated that despite similar overall survival rates, younger patients had a poorer prognosis related to local recurrences, regional recurrences, and second tumors. Perineural invasion emerged as an independent prognostic factor. The study suggests that younger OSCC patients require personalized management strategies to address their higher risk of adverse outcomes, with an emphasis on the prognostic significance of perineural invasion.

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Epidemiological data on the distribution of oral and maxillofacial diseases present in early childhood are scarce in the literature. This study analyzed the frequency of lesions biopsied in this region in children aged 0 to 3 years and sent for histopathological analysis in a reference oral pathology laboratory . Histopathological diagnostic data, lesion location, sex, and age were collected. Of the total of 93,950 records, 250 cases (0.27%) belonged to the age group from 0 to 3 years old. The most frequently diagnosed oral alterations were: mucocele (34/250; 13.6%); papilloma (11/250; 4.4%), giant cell fibroma (6/250; 2.4%), pyogenic granuloma (5/250; 2%) and hemangioma (3/250; 1.2%). The lip was the most affected site, followed by the gingiva and the tongue. These results generate information on the lesions most frequently diagnosed in early childhood, which facilitates the process of diagnosis and, consequently, treatment.

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Primary oral and sinonasal mucosal melanomas (POSNMMs) are aggressive neoplasms with limited therapeutic alternatives. The aim of this review was to characterize the demographic, clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular information regarding these tumors in the Latin American population. Articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese (1990-2022) retrieved from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CAS, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Academic databases were included. Thirty-three studies, with a total of 1212 cases, were identified. Clinicopathological data were available for 870 cases and immunohistochemical and/or molecular information for 342. Nineteen studies (57.6%) reported cases of oral melanoma, three (9.1%) sinonasal melanoma, and 11 (33.3%) oral and sinonasal melanoma. Fifteen studies (45.5%) provided only clinicopathological data, 12 (36.4%) reported only immunohistochemical data, two (6.1%) shared clinicopathological and immunohistochemical data, one (3.0%) offered clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular data, one (3.0%) provided immunohistochemical and molecular data, one (3.0%) clinicopathological and molecular data, and one (3.0%) only molecular data. The mean age of individuals with POSNMMs was 58 years, and slightly more were male (male 51.3%, female 48.7%). In Latin America, POSNMMs are a rare but aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Although molecular data and targeted therapy are still being researched, data from Latin America indicate the need for multicenter collaborative clinical trials to unite individual and isolated efforts.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated or not with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), and the epidemiological profile and traditional risk factors in Latin America. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 17 Latin American centres. There were included cases of OSCC, analysing age, gender, OSCC and their association with previous OPMD. Clinicopathological variables were retrieved. The condition of sequential-OSCC versus OSCC-de novo (OSCC-dn) was analysed concerning the aforementioned variables. Quantitative variables were analysed using Student's t-test, and qualitative variables with chi-square. RESULTS: In total, 2705 OSCC were included with a mean age of 62.8 years old. 55.8% were men. 53.75% of the patients were smokers and 38% were common drinkers. The lateral tongue border was the most affected site (24.65%). There were regional variations in OPMD, being leukoplakia the most frequent. Of the overall 2705 OSCC cases, 81.4% corresponded to OSCC-dn, while s-OSCC were 18.6%. Regarding lip vermillion SCC, 35.7% corresponded to de novo lip SCC and 64.3% were associated with previous OPMD. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin America, OSCC-dn seems to be more frequent with regional variations of some clinical and histopathological features. Further prospective studies are needed to analyse this phenomenon.

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Abstract Objective: To identify the most prevalent oral lesions based on reports from a pathology institute's reports and associations between malignant and oral potentially malignant disorders with patient's demographic variables and the anatomical location. Material and Methods: All 1,298 histopathological reports of oral lesions recorded in the database were reviewed. Demographic variables, anatomical location of the lesion, histopathological diagnosis of the lesions, and their biological behavior were analyzed. Results: Regarding the biological behavior of the identified lesions, benign lesions were predominant (70%), followed by lesions of undetermined behavior (14.3%), malignant lesions (14.2%), absence of histological alteration (1.2%), and finally, oral potentially malignant disorders (0.5%). The anatomical locations of the most prevalent oral lesions potentially malignant disorders and malignant were in the following structures of the oral cavity: gums, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and hard palate (p=49.2%), and tongue (p=48.7%). Conclusion: The probability of malignant and premalignant lesions was higher among males (PR= 4.21; 95% CI 2.08-6.22), the increase in age (PR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.05-1.08), and in the tongue region (PR = 5.48; 95% CI 1.67; 17.92). Identification of malignant and potentially malignant oral conditions is higher in older men and in tongue specimens.

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Introdução: O carcinoma de células escamosas oral (CCEO) apresenta uma alta tendência de metástase para linfonodos cervicais (MLC). Objetivo: Determinar quais fatores de risco desempenham um papel significativo na metastização para linfonodos cervicais e avaliar a influência do envolvimento nodal na sobrevida geral de pacientes com CCEO. Método: Os registros médicos de 350 pacientes com CCEO foram revisados retrospectivamente. Os dados foram analisados usando os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e log-rank Mantel Cox, além de regressão logística multinomial e Cox. Resultados: Dos 350 registros médicos avaliados, 251 relataram N0, 75 N1, 16 N2 e 8 N3. Gênero masculino, encaminhamentos de prestadores de cuidados de saúde privados, estágios T3/4 e tratamentos não cirúrgicos estavam associados ao MLC. Foi demonstrado na análise multivariada que homens e tumores T3/4 são fatores de risco independentes para MLC. Os fatores de risco independentes para sobrevida foram gênero masculino, envolvimento nodal (p = 0,017) e tratamento não cirúrgico. Conclusão: O gênero masculino e o estágio T são fatores de risco para MLC em pacientes com CCEO. Além disso, a presença de MLC e a idade > 65 anos estão associadas à reduzida sobrevida geral

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents a high tendency of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Objective: Determine which risk factors play a significant role in metastasis to cervical lymph nodes and to evaluate the influence of nodal involvement on overall survival of patients with OSCC. Method: Medical records of 350 patients with OSCC were retrospectively reviewed. The data were analyzed using the chi-square, Fisher's exact and log-rank Mantel Cox tests and multinomial and Cox logistic regression. Results: Of the 350 medical records evaluated, 251 reported N0, 75 N1, 16 N2 and 8 N3. Male gender, referrals from private health care providers, T3/4 stage and non-surgical treatments were associated with LNM. In multivariate analysis, men and T3/4 tumors were shown to be independent risk factors for LNM. The independent risk factors for survival were male gender, nodal involvement (p = 0.017) and nonsurgical treatment. Conclusion: Male gender and T-stage are risk factors for LNM in patients with OSCC. Moreover, the presence of LNM and age >65 years are associated with poor overall survival

Introducción: El carcinoma de células escamosas oral (CCEO) presenta una alta tendencia hacia la metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos cervicales (MGLC). Objetivo: Determinar qué factores de riesgo desempeñan un papel significativo en la metástasis a los ganglios linfáticos cervicales y evaluar la influencia de la participación nodal en la supervivencia general de pacientes con CCEO. Método: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los registros médicos de 350 pacientes con CCEO. Los datos se analizaron utilizando las pruebas de ji al cuadrado, exacta de Fisher, log-rank Mantel-Cox, así como regresión logística multinomial y de Cox. Resultados: De los 350 registros médicos evaluados, 251 indicaron N0, 75 N1, 16 N2 y 8 N3. El género masculino, las referencias de proveedores de atención médica privados, el estadio T3/4 y los tratamientos no quirúrgicos estaban asociados con el MGLC. Se demostró en análisis multivariado que los hombres y los tumores T3/4 son factores de riesgo independientes para el MGLC. Los factores de riesgo independientes para la supervivencia fueron el género masculino, la participación nodal (p = 0,017) y el tratamiento no quirúrgico. Conclusión: El género masculino y el estadio T son factores de riesgo para el MLC en pacientes con CCEO. Además, la presencia de MGLC y la edad >65 años están asociadas con una supervivencia general reducida