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1.
BMC Cancer ; 24(1): 1500, 2024 Dec 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39639185

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In the French West Indies, previous studies have reported findings on pesticide exposure and cancer incidence. A new exploratory geographical study, including a more sensitive soil contamination indicator, will provide more detailed information on the link between cancer incidence and organochlorine pesticide exposure. This study aims to investigate the association between incident cases of cancer and chlordecone soil contamination at an IRIS scale over the period 2006-2019 in Martinique. METHODS: Data on the 18 most frequent cancer sites were collected from the Martinique Population Based Cancer Registry. First, smoothed standardized incidence ratios at the level of the 141 IRIS were estimated, and then regression models including the smoothed standardized ratios  were performed between cancer incidence and soil contamination index by sex and cancer site, using the Besag, York and Mollié models. Models were adjusted using an index of social deprivation. RESULTS: 23,218 cancer cases were eligible for this study, with 21,920 cases included in the final analysis. Soil contamination was associated with a higher relative risk of cancer in women than in men, but no significant correlation was found for breast cancer in women or for prostate cancer. Lung, thyroid, stomach and rectal cancers in women, and melanoma in men, all increase significantly with the level of contamination. There was a significant increasing gradient in the incidence of multiple myeloma in men, from reference to highly contaminated areas. CONCLUSION: Integrating the latest available data on soil contamination and cancer incidence will extend on-going knowledge of chlordecone exposure and cancer incidence, which remains a major environmental concern in Martinique. Unexpectedly, our results show that the female population of Martinique is the most affected by chlordecone soil contamination.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias/etiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Martinica/epidemiologia , Incidência , Clordecona , Sistema de Registros , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Poluentes do Solo/efeitos adversos , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Adulto
2.
Front Immunol ; 15: 1487805, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39717784

RESUMO

The use of pesticides has enabled the development of contemporary industrial agriculture and significantly increased crop yields. However, they are also considered a source of environmental pollution and a potential hazard to human health. Despite national agencies and the scientific community analyzing pesticide safety, immunotoxicity assays are often not required, poorly designed, or underestimated. Epidemiological evidence indicates that pesticide exposure increases the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, pesticides may not only act as carcinogens per se but also as immunosuppressive agents that create a permissive context for tumor development. Given recent evidence demonstrating the critical role of the immune response in cancer progression, we will highlight the necessity of assessing the potential impacts of pesticides on the immune response, particularly on tumor immunosurveillance. In this Perspective article, we will focus on the need to critically review fundamental aspects of toxicological studies conducted on pesticides to provide a clearer understanding of the risks associated with exposure to these compounds to human health.


Assuntos
Praguicidas , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Humanos , Animais , Neoplasias/imunologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos
3.
Sci Total Environ ; 956: 177322, 2024 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39489438

RESUMO

Pesticide applications in agriculture result in complex mixtures of Plant Protection Products (PPPs) in the environment. The ecotoxicological effects of these mixtures can occur at concentrations considered safe for individual chemicals, indicating potential risks underestimated by current regulatory assessments focused on individual active ingredients. To address this challenge, our study introduces a methodology for identifying priority PPPs for formulating mixtures, enabling further ecotoxicological testing in water and sediment compartments of edge-of-field surface water bodies, targeting pelagic and benthic organisms. This methodology was primarily based on the actual quantification of PPPs present in these compartments from selected case study sites (CSSs) in Europe and Argentina (11 and 4 for water and sediments, respectively). A conceptual framework was developed that discriminates and selects concerning PPPs based on their individual risk quotient and frequency of occurrence in each CSS, drawing upon two EU regulatory risk assessment approaches, i.e., the general approach under REACH for any environmental contaminant of concern - the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) approach; and that specifically focusing on PPPs - the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach. Irrespective of whether the focus is on water or sediments, the study revealed disparities in PPP rankings depending on the approach used to identify PPPs of concern, with the ECHA approach being more conservative than the EFSA approach. Despite this, the EFSA approach follows a more standardized assessment factor definition strategy, potentially allowing avoidance of risk overestimation, as well as resulting in a more balanced representation of different PPP classes for subsequent mixtures testing. Overall, the methodological development reported herein, along with the inconsistencies found when comparing different regulatory approaches to assess the risk of environmental contaminants, highlight the need for further discussion on the most appropriate directions towards the standardization of the regulatory risk assessment of PPP mixtures.


Assuntos
Ecotoxicologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Argentina , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Europa (Continente) , Agricultura
4.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39595663

RESUMO

In 2008, Brazil became the country with the highest pesticide use in the world, with over one billion liters of pesticides applied to crops in 2009. The impacts of these products on public health are wide-ranging. Vast territories are affected, involving different population groups, such as workers in various fields of activity, the population that consumes contaminated food, and people living around factories, such as traditional communities. This study aimed to assess human exposure to pesticides through epidemiological and laboratory data of residents of the Santo Antônio quilombola community in Concórdia do Pará, Amazon region, Brazil. Epidemiological data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, which included factors such as sex, age, length of residence, and level of exposure to pesticides. The modified Ellman method was used to assess the activity of cholinesterases, and flow cytometry was performed for cytokine analysis. Analysis of collected blood samples showed that, in most cases, there was no significant reduction in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) compared to other studies in the scientific literature. Meanwhile, there was an increase in the levels of IFN-γ cytokines, especially IL-6, in all groups. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive monitoring program, considering that some conditions other than pesticide exposure can alter the activities of the biomarkers used in this study.


Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Biomarcadores , Butirilcolinesterase , Exposição Ambiental , Praguicidas , Humanos , Brasil , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Feminino , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Idoso , Citocinas/sangue
5.
J Environ Sci Health B ; 59(12): 778-782, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39558613

RESUMO

Pesticides are diluted in products called solvents for spraying fields and for cell viability studies. This study aimed to determine whether pesticide solvents can alter the toxicity of endosulfan and Vero cell viability. Thus, the cytotoxicity of some diluents commonly used in pesticide solutions was evaluated by the neutral red incorporation technique and cell growth. Vero cells were exposed to endosulfan dissolved in sunflower (Helianthus annus, Linnaeus) oil, corn (Zea mays, Linnaeus) oil, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and Tween 80, at a concentration of 1 µg L-1 for a period of 96 h. The results showed that both DMSO and Tween 80 induced a significant increase in cytotoxicity compared to sunflower oil and corn oil. Moreover, Tween 80 had a significant cytotoxic effect (P < 0.05) when compared to DMSO. The solvent can alter the toxicity of endosulfan, decreasing Vero cell viability, as was the case with DMSO and Tween 80.


Assuntos
Sobrevivência Celular , Endossulfano , Solventes , Células Vero , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Solventes/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endossulfano/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Dimetil Sulfóxido/toxicidade , Polissorbatos/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(19)2024 Sep 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39408799

RESUMO

Iprodione is a pesticide that belongs to the dicarboximide fungicide family. This pesticide was designed to combat various agronomical pests; however, its use has been restricted due to its environmental toxicity and risks to human health. In this study, we explored the proteomic changes in the Pseudomonas sp. C9 strain when exposed to iprodione, to gain insights into the affected metabolic pathways and enzymes involved in iprodione tolerance and biodegradation processes. As a result, we identified 1472 differentially expressed proteins in response to iprodione exposure, with 978 proteins showing significant variations. We observed that the C9 strain upregulated the expression of efflux pumps, enhancing its tolerance to iprodione and other harmful compounds. Peptidoglycan-binding proteins LysM, glutamine amidotransferase, and protein Ddl were similarly upregulated, indicating their potential role in altering and preserving bacterial cell wall structure, thereby enhancing tolerance. We also observed the presence of hydrolases and amidohydrolases, essential enzymes for iprodione biodegradation. Furthermore, the exclusive identification of ABC transporters and multidrug efflux complexes among proteins present only during iprodione exposure suggests potential counteraction against the inhibitory effects of iprodione on downregulated proteins. These findings provide new insights into iprodione tolerance and biodegradation by the Pseudomonas sp. C9 strain.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias , Hidantoínas , Proteoma , Pseudomonas , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Pseudomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Hidantoínas/farmacologia , Hidantoínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/farmacologia , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/metabolismo , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol ; 38(11): e70013, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39392214

RESUMO

Pesticide exposure is a risk factor for the development of several diseases, including breast cancer (BC). The enzyme UGT2B7 participate in detoxification of pesticides and the presence rs7438135 (G > A) variant in your gene increases its glucuronidation potential, contributing to oxidative stress metabolites neutralization. Here we investigated the impact of occupational pesticide exposure on the systemic oxidative stress generation from 228 women with BC depending on their UGT2B7 rs7438135 (G > A) status. q-PCR investigated the presence of the rs7438135 variant, and oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation levels, total antioxidant capacity-TRAP, and nitric oxide metabolites-NOx) were measured in plasma. Pesticide exposure induced significant augment in the systemic lipid peroxidation in the presence of the variant for several clinicopathological conditions, including tumors with high proliferation index (ki67) and with high aggressiveness. NOx was augmented in high ki67, positive progesterone receptors, high-grade and triple-negative/Luminal B tumors, and low-risk stratified patients. TRAP was depleted in young patients at menopause and those with triple-negative/Luminal B tumors, as well as those stratified as at low risk for death and recurrence. These findings showed that the presence of the variant was not able to protect from pesticide-induced oxidative stress generation in BC patients.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Glucuronosiltransferase , Estresse Oxidativo , Praguicidas , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glucuronosiltransferase/genética , Glucuronosiltransferase/metabolismo , Adulto , Prognóstico , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Alelos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
8.
Environ Mol Mutagen ; 65(8): 275-288, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39262276

RESUMO

Chlorothalonil (CTL) is a pesticide widely used in Brazil, yet its mutagenic potential is not fully determined. Thus, we assessed the mutagenicity of CTL and its bioactivation metabolites using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, by exposing individuals, with basal and high bioactivation capacities (standard and high bioactivation cross offspring, respectively), from third instar larval to early adult fly stages, to CTL-contaminated substrate (0.25, 1, 10 or 20 µM). This substrate served as food and as physical medium. Increased frequency of large single spots in standard cross flies' wings exposed to 0.25 µM indicates that, if CTL is genotoxic, it may affect Drosophila at early life stages. Since the total spot frequency did not change, CTL cannot be considered mutagenic in SMART. The same long-term exposure design was performed to test whether CTL induces oxidative imbalance in flies with basal (wild-type, WT) or high bioactivation (ORR strain) levels. CTL did not alter reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals levels in adult flies. However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were increased in WT male flies exposed to 1 µM CTL. SMART and LPO alterations were observed only in flies with basal bioactivation levels, pointing to direct CTL toxicity to DNA and lipids. Survival, emergence and locomotor behavior were not affected, indicating no bias due to lethality, developmental and behavioral impairment. We suggest that, if related to CTL exposure, DNA and lipid damages may be residual damage of earlier life stages of D. melanogaster.


Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Mutagênicos , Nitrilas , Animais , Drosophila melanogaster/efeitos dos fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Masculino , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Feminino , Mutação/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Recombinação Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos
9.
Int J Dev Neurosci ; 84(7): 758-768, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39245789

RESUMO

Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide used in Brazil to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito, vector of arboviruses like Zika and dengue. However, this pesticide is structurally similar to retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A that regulates neuronal differentiation and hindbrain development during the embryonic period. Due to the similarity between pyriproxyfen and retinoic acid, studies indicate that this pesticide may have cross-reactivity with retinoid receptors. Thus, pregnant exposure to pyriproxyfen could interfere in the nervous system development of the fetal. In this context, the present study evaluated whether prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen affects neonatal development and brain structure in rats. Wistar rat pups were divided in three experimental groups: (1) negative control (CT-)-offspring of rats that drink potable water during pregnancy; (2) pyriproxyfen (PIR)-offspring of rats exposed to Sumilarv® prenatally, a pesticide that has pyriproxyfen as active ingredient; and (3) positive control (CT+)-offspring of rats exposed to an excess of vitamin A prenatally. Only vitamin A treated-pregnant showed lower weight gain, but gestation length was similar among pregnant that received potable water, water containing vitamin A and water containing Sumilarv. In relation to the offspring, PIR group exhibits a delayed front-limb suspension response but performed early the negative geotaxis reflex. On the other hand, CT+ group exhibited lower body weight in the 1st postnatal day, delayed audio startle response, but performed early the eyelids opening and hindlimb placing response. A reduction in the maximum brain width was observed both in PIR and CT+ groups, but a reduction in the number of neurons in the M1 cortex was showed only in CT+ group. The number of glial cells in this brain area was similar between the three experimental groups studied. Although prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen did not alter neonatal milestones in the same way as vitamin A in excess, both substances caused a reduction in the maximum width of the brain, suggesting that this pesticide can produce neurotoxic effects during the embryonic period.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Piridinas , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Piridinas/toxicidade , Piridinas/farmacologia , Masculino , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Vitamina A , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos
10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39200670

RESUMO

This study focuses on describing the diversity of pesticides, the knowledge and behaviors of their use, and the acute poisoning symptoms (APS) derived from their exposure from two agricultural production systems (papaya-Carica papaya L.- and chili-Capsicum annuum L.-) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through surveys, sociodemographic information, characteristics of the production system, knowledge and behaviors in the handling of pesticides, and APS perceived by users were captured. Papaya producers are younger, have fewer years of activity, and have larger agricultural areas than chili producers. Insect attacks and diseases are an essential factor for the application of pesticides. Thirty-one active ingredients (Ais) were identified in papaya and thirty-seven in chili, predominantly insecticides and fungicides of toxicological category IV. Approximately 50% of users apply mixtures of different Ais, have little knowledge and inappropriate behavior in their handling, and report up to five acute pesticide poisoning symptoms, mainly burning and irritation of the skin, burning eyes, itchy skin, runny nose, headache, and watery eyes. The production of papaya and chili are relevant activities for generating economic income, but they risk the producer's and their family's health. Both systems are a potential scenario for the manifestation of diseases due to exposure to pesticides in the medium and long term.


Assuntos
Capsicum , Carica , Praguicidas , México , Humanos , Adulto , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Masculino , População Rural , Adulto Jovem , Agricultura , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Exposição Ambiental , Exposição Ocupacional , Adolescente , Idoso
11.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(39): 51114-51125, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39120815

RESUMO

Agrochemicals are substances used to prevent, destroy, or mitigate any pest. Their indiscriminate use can cause serious problems in ecosystems, contaminating surface and groundwater and affecting surrounding biota. However, in the environment, various natural processes such as biological degradation and photodegradation can mitigate their persistence and, consequently, their ecotoxicological impact. In this regard, this study aimed to obtain relevant data on the cytotoxic effects produced by pesticides on bioindicator plants. As observed in the literature review, cellular inhibition, nuclear anomalies, and micronucleus index are some of the different impacts commonly known from pesticides. These chemical substances can cause cytogenetic alterations in a plant bioassay. Plant bioindicators such as Allium cepa L, Vicia faba L, Pisum sativum L, Lactuca sativa L, and Lens culinaris Med are very important and effective experimental models for identifying the cytogenotoxicity of pesticides. These have been available for many years. However, they are still used today for their effectiveness in detecting and monitoring chemical substances such as agrochemicals.


Assuntos
Praguicidas , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos
12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39147449

RESUMO

Brazil is one of the world's largest consumers of pesticides. This intense use impacts the environment and exposes a wide range of individuals to pesticides, including rural workers who are occupationally exposed and rural residents who are environmentally exposed. We aimed to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to pesticides on the health of rural workers and rural residents. We conducted an epidemiological study with 104 farmers and 23 rural residents of Casimiro de Abreu (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). A comparison group (urban residents) comprised 103 residents of the urban area of the same city. We determined the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using a modified version of Ellman's method to evaluate exposure. In addition, we performed genotoxic and mutagenic analyses with the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. There was a reduction in cholinesterase activity, mainly BChE, in rural workers and rural residents compared with urban residents (p = 0.002). There was an increase in genotoxic effects in rural workers compared with urban residents (comet assay, p < 0.001; CBMN assay, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a greater chance of genotoxic changes in rural workers exposed to pesticides based on the comet assay (odds ratio [OR] 7.6, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 6.6-15.9) and the CBMN assay (OR 22.7, 95 % CI 10.3-49.9). We found that individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides are more likely to have genotoxic effects. These findings are useful for the development of programs to monitor populations exposed to genotoxic substances and allow the development of strategies for the prevention, control, and surveillance of effects that result from occupational and environmental exposures to pesticides.


Assuntos
Butirilcolinesterase , Ensaio Cometa , Dano ao DNA , Testes para Micronúcleos , Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , População Rural , Humanos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Brasil , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Feminino , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Fazendeiros , Acetilcolinesterase , População Urbana
13.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(32): 44908-44919, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38955973

RESUMO

The honey bee Apis mellifera plays a significant role as a pollinator of native and cultivated plants, by increasing the productivity of several cultures, preserving the flora, and producing forest seeds. However, bee populations are declining worldwide, including A. mellifera, due to Colony Collapse Disorder, mainly resulting from the constant use of pesticides in the crops. Teflubenzuron is a physiological insecticide that belongs to the benzoylurea group, which inhibits chitin synthesis, the main component of the insect integument classified as safe for non-target insects, including bees. However, its effect on non-target organs of insects remains unknown. The midgut is the main organ of the digestive tract, which works in digestion and absorption and may be exposed to pesticides that contaminate food resources. The present work aimed to verify if the insecticide teflubenzuron is toxic and has histopathological effects on the midgut of A. mellifera adult workers. Workers exposed orally and chronically to the field-realistic concentration of teflubenzuron present 81.54% mortality. The epithelium of the midgut of these bees presents high vacuolization, spherocrystals, cell fragments released to the organ lumen, apocrine secretion, nuclear pyknosis, loss of cell-cell contact, and damage to regenerative cell nests and to the peritrophic matrix. These results indicate that the chitin synthesis-inhibiting insecticide teflubenzuron is toxic to A. mellifera after chronic oral exposure, at realistic field concentration, although it is classified as non-toxic to adult and non-target insects.


Assuntos
Benzamidas , Inseticidas , Animais , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Benzamidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade
14.
J Photochem Photobiol B ; 257: 112965, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38955078

RESUMO

This research aimed to develop natural plant systems to serve as biological sentinels for the detection of organophosphate pesticides in the environment. The working hypothesis was that the presence of the pesticide in the environment caused changes in the content of pigments and in the photosynthetic functioning of the plant, which could be evaluated non-destructively through the analysis of reflected light and emitted fluorescence. The objective of the research was to furnish in vivo indicators derived from spectroscopic parameters, serving as early alert signals for the presence of organophosphates in the environment. In this context, the effects of two pesticides, Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate, on the spectroscopic properties of aquatic plants (Vallisneria nana and Spathyfillum wallisii) were studied. Chlorophyll-a variable fluorescence allowed monitoring both pesticides' presence before any damage was observed at the naked eye, with the analysis of the fast transient (OJIP curve) proving more responsive than Kautsky kinetics, steady-state fluorescence, or reflectance measurements. Pesticides produced a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, in the proportion of PSII photochemical deexcitation relative to PSII non photochemical decay and in the probability that trapped excitons moved electrons into the photosynthetic transport chain beyond QA-. Additionally, an increase in the proportion of absorbed energy being dissipated as heat rather than being utilized in the photosynthetic process, was notorious. The pesticides induced a higher deactivation of chlorophyll excited states by photophysical pathways (including fluorescence) with a decrease in the quantum yields of photosystem II and heat dissipation by non-photochemical quenching. The investigated aquatic plants served as sentinels for the presence of pesticides in the environment, with the alert signal starting within the first milliseconds of electronic transport in the photosynthetic chain. Organophosphates damage animals' central nervous systems similarly to certain compounds found in chemical weapons, thus raising the possibility that sentinel plants could potentially signal the presence of such weapons.


Assuntos
Clorofila , Clorpirifos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Clorofila/química , Clorpirifos/metabolismo , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Fluorescência , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Dimetoato/toxicidade , Dimetoato/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/química , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Clorofila A/metabolismo , Clorofila A/química , Cinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo
15.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 20(6): 1793-1799, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38953768

RESUMO

Since 2019, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) has actively developed pesticide environmental risk assessment (ERA) frameworks adapted to Brazil's specific ecological contexts. This initiative, supported by funding from the Brazilian Ministry of Justice and in partnership with academic institutions, has led to a concerted effort to establish ERA protocols for various taxa, including birds and mammals, soil organisms, aquatic organisms, and reptiles and amphibians. The outcomes of this initiative were disseminated in two distinct workshops held in February and November of 2023, where the agency showcased its research to the technical-regulatory community. This article synthesizes the proposals for birds and mammals and soil organisms. First, we summarize the agency's proposals for both focal and generic species to be incorporated into the ERA and the methodologies for calculating exposure of these taxa to pesticides through agricultural practices, encompassing seed treatment and foliar applications. On this occasion, IBAMA also disclosed the risk assessment tool that the agency is developing for birds and mammals. IBAMA highlighted the knowledge gaps that must be bridged to progress from preliminary (lower-tier) to more comprehensive (higher-tier) assessments. Regarding soil organisms, during the workshop, the presenters shared findings on the most prevalent species of earthworms and enchytraeids in Brazil. They emphasized the need for additional data collection on a regional scale. The agency has also proposed methods for estimating soil organism exposure to pesticides at a screening level and identified specific data gaps that could be addressed to refine assessments at higher tiers. In summary, the workshop communicated the progress in establishing ERA guidelines, which we encapsulate here to benefit the technical-regulatory community. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1793-1799. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).


Assuntos
Aves , Monitoramento Ambiental , Mamíferos , Praguicidas , Animais , Medição de Risco/métodos , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Agricultura , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Solo/química
16.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(32): 45177-45191, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38961017

RESUMO

The intensification of livestock farming can pose risks to the environment due to the increased use of veterinary products and the generation of waste in confined areas. The quality of water bodies near livestock establishments (Areco River (A) and Doblado stream (D), San Antonio de Areco, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was studied by physicochemical parameters, metals, pesticides, emerging contaminants, and lethal and sublethal toxicity (neurotoxicity and oxidative stress) in larvae of the native amphibian Rhinella arenarum. Six sites were selected: upstream (S1A and S1D), at the level (S2A and S2D), and downstream (S3A and S3D) from the establishments. A low concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in Doblado stream (< 2.34 mg/L). Cu, Mn, V, and Zn exceeded the limits for the protection of aquatic life at various sites. Between 24 and 34 pesticides were detected in all sites, with 2,4-D, atrazine, and metolachlor being the most recurrent. In water and sediment, the concentrations of ivermectin (S2A, 1.32 µg/L and 58.18 µg/kg; S2D, 0.8 µg/L and 85.22 µg/kg) and oxytetracycline (S2A, < 1 mg/L and < 1 mg/kg; S2D, 11.8 mg/L and 39 mg/kg) were higher at sites near the establishments. All sites caused between 30 and 38.3% of lethality and produced neurotoxicity and alterations in the reduced glutathione content. Moreover, larvae exposed to samples from all sites incorporated ivermectin. These results demonstrate the degradation of the studied sites in relation to the agricultural activities of the area, highlighting the need to take measures to protect and preserve aquatic ecosystems.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Ecotoxicologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Qualidade da Água , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Argentina , Bovinos , Praguicidas/toxicidade
17.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 110: 104521, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39069195

RESUMO

The ability of organophosphate pesticides to disturb immune function has been demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies, but evidence of such effects on humans remains scarce. To assess the association between organophosphate pesticides exposure and cytokine levels in Mexican flower workers, a cross-sectional study was carried out. A questionnaire was provided to 121 male flower workers, and urine and blood samples were collected. Using gas chromatography, urinary concentrations of dialkylphosphate metabolites were determined. The serum cytokine levels, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, were measured using multiplex analysis, and levels of INF-γ and TNF-α by ELISA. We found that a higher dialkylphosphate concentration decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines INF-γ (ß = -0.63; 95 % CI: -1.22, -0.05), TNF-α (ß= -1.18; 95 % CI: -2.38, 0.02), and IL-6 (ß= -0.59; 95 % CI: -1.29, 0.12), and increased IL-10 (ß=0.56; 95 % CI: 0.02, 1.09), the main anti-inflammatory cytokine, suggesting an imbalance of the immune response in flower workers.


Assuntos
Citocinas , Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , Humanos , México , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Adulto , Citocinas/sangue , Praguicidas/urina , Praguicidas/sangue , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Flores , Adulto Jovem , Compostos Organofosforados/urina , Organofosfatos/urina , Organofosfatos/sangue
18.
Sci Total Environ ; 948: 174809, 2024 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39019277

RESUMO

In recent years, emerging environmental pollutants have increasingly endangered the health of freshwater organisms. The gut microbiota exhibits sensitivity to medications, dietary factors and environmental pollutants, rendering it a novel target for toxicological studies. The gut microbiota can be a potential exposure route affecting the host's health. Herein, we review the current knowledge on two different but concurrent pollutants, microplastics and pesticides, regarding their impact on the gut microbiota, which includes alterations in microbial composition, gene expression, function, and health effects in the hosts. Moreover, synergetic interactions between microplastics and pesticides can exacerbate dysbiosis and health risks. We discuss health-related implications of gut microbial changes based on the consequences in metabolism, immunity, and physiology function. Further research is needed to discover the mechanisms underlying these effects and develop strategies for mitigating their harmful impacts on freshwater animals.


Assuntos
Água Doce , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microplásticos , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Microplásticos/toxicidade , Animais , Praguicidas/toxicidade
19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38885749

RESUMO

Pesticides used in rice cultivation can cause negative health effects to non-target organisms representative of natural biodiversity. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of pesticides in surface waters from a river that flows in the middle of a rice farming-dominated area. We were also interested in evaluate biochemical and histological effects caused by exposure (16 d) to the lower and higher concentrations of the main found herbicide (bentazone, BTZ), insecticide (chlorantraniliprole, CTP) and fungicide (tebuconazole, TBZ), isolated or mixed, in Boana faber tadpoles. No significant differences were observed in the development of the animals. Tadpoles exposed to the herbicide BTZ showed higher hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In animals exposed to CTP, MDA levels were lower than controls. Animals exposed to the fungicide TBZ showed higher hepatic activity of glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase (CbE), as well as higher levels of carbonyl proteins and MDA. Animals exposed to Mix showed higher activity in CbE and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver, as well as higher levels of MDA. In the brain and muscle of tadpoles exposed to Mix, acetylcholinesterase activity was higher. Histological changes were also observed in pesticide-exposed animals, such as increased occurrence of melanomacrophages, inflammatory infiltrates and congestion. Our data evidences the contamination of natural aquatic environments by rice pesticides, and the adverse effects of main ones in B. faber tadpoles, which suggests the contribution of pesticides derived from rice cultivation to the degradation of local biodiversity health.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Larva , Fígado , Oryza , Poluentes Químicos da Água , ortoaminobenzoatos , Animais , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Oryza/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , ortoaminobenzoatos/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Agricultura , Triazóis/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade
20.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 20(6): 1787-1792, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38860613

RESUMO

Since 2019, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) has actively developed pesticide environmental risk assessment (ERA) frameworks adapted to Brazil's specific ecological contexts. This endeavor, supported by funding from the Brazilian Ministry of Justice and in partnership with academic institutions, has led to a concerted effort to establish ERA protocols for various taxa, including birds and mammals, soil organisms, aquatic organisms, and reptiles and amphibians. The outcomes of this initiative were conveyed in two workshops held in February and November 2023, during which the agency communicated its findings to the technical-regulatory community. This article represents one of two articles that provide more detailed insights into the ERA propositions for all taxa. In this article, we summarize the proposals for aquatic organisms presented and discussed during the workshops, which can be used as an informational source by the technical-regulatory community. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1787-1792. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).


Assuntos
Organismos Aquáticos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Medição de Risco , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Animais , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos
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