RESUMO
Um grupo de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids lançou o #PositiveChallenge, o desafio que incentiva a adesão à terapia antirretroviral, também chamada de TARV. Gabriel Comicholi, um dos participantes do vídeo, é quem liderou essa iniciativa. Ele explica que "a ideia foi reunir todo mundo que fala ou milita sobre HIV/Aids para mostrar que existem muitas pessoas vivendo com HIV e que essas pessoas vivem bem por conta do tratamento". Assista ao desafio!
Assuntos
HIV , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Rede SocialRESUMO
Social media holds a significant place in everyday life, where experts in respective fields can share their knowledge. Educators' use of social media attracts attention both for professional development purposes and for the opportunities to benefit students. The purpose of this study was to examine the reflections of a physical educator that use Instagram actively for professional purposes. This is a netnography research in nature, which combines the internet and ethnography. Focusing on a teacher influencers experiences, data were collected through a structured interview. Thematic content analysis was carried out with MaxQDA software. According to findings, a physical educators journey on social media can be traced to four main themes: the scope of the profile, truthful details, reaction ways, and teaching principles and attitudes. Creating a connection between the content created by a practitioner in the field of physical education and the people who seek and follow meaningful teaching examples makes Instagram a new medium for professional development. (AU)
Las redes sociales ocupan un lugar significativo en la vida cotidiana, donde los expertos en sus respectivos campos pueden compartir su conocimiento. El uso de las redes sociales por parte de los educadores atrae la atención tanto con fines de desarrollo profesional como por las oportunidades de beneficiar a los estudiantes. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las reflexiones de un educador físico que utiliza activamente Instagram con fines profesionales. Esta investigación se enmarca en una netnografía, que combina internet y etnografía. Centrándose en las experiencias de un influencer docente, se recolectaron datos a través de una entrevista estructurada. Se llevó a cabo un análisis temático del contenido utilizando el software MaxQDA. Según los hallazgos, el recorrido de un educador físico en las redes sociales se puede rastrear en cuatro temas principales: el alcance del perfil, detalles verídicos, formas de reacción y principios y actitudes de enseñanza. La creación de una conexión entre el contenido creado por un profesional en el campo de la educación física y las personas que buscan y siguen ejemplos significativos de enseñanza convierte a Instagram en un nuevo medio para el desarrollo profesional. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Educação Física e Treinamento , Docentes , Rede Social , Turquia , Entrevistas como Assunto , Mídias SociaisRESUMO
Introducción: La disfunción eréctil (DE) es una de las enfermedades urológicas más prevalentes, pero los datos de la calidad de su información en redes sociales son escasos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la información sobre DE contenida en los vídeos de YouTube. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de los 50 primeros vídeos en castellano publicados en YouTube, evaluados por tres urólogos mediante dos cuestionarios validados: Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) y DISCERN, clasificándolos según puntuación DISCERN en calidad pobre y moderada-buena. Resultados: La mediana de duración fue de 2,42 minutos, y la de visualizaciones, de 94.197 (2.313-3.027.890), con 682,5 (0-54.020) «me gusta» y 39 (0-2.843) «no me gusta». La mediana de PEMAT fue del 29% en inteligibilidad y del 29% en factibilidad. Con DISCERN, 27 vídeos (57,4%) fueron de calidad pobre y 20 (42,6%), de calidad moderada-buena. No observamos diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en duración, visualizaciones, número de «me gusta» o de «no me gusta». Sí existieron diferencias en PEMAT de inteligibilidad y de factibilidad. El 86,7% de los protagonizados por personal médico fueron de calidad moderada-buena (p=0,001). El 85,7% de los que describían el tratamiento fueron de calidad moderada-buena y el 84% de los vídeos no médicos fueron de calidad pobre (p=0,001). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los vídeos sobre DE en YouTube son de calidad pobre. Los vídeos de mayor calidad son aquellos realizados por profesionales, aunque no son los más vistos. Sería importante el desarrollo de medidas para evitar la difusión de desinformación entre los usuarios de redes sociales. (AU)
Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most prevalent urological diseases, but there is limited data about the quality of its information in social networks. The aim of our study was to assess the quality of ED information contained in YouTube videos. Material and methods: Descriptive study of the first 50 Spanish-language videos, published on YouTube, evaluated by three urologists. We used two validated questionnaires: PEMAT (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool) and DISCERN. Videos were classified according to DISCERN score into poor or moderate-good quality. Results: The median time duration was 2.42minutes (0.15-3.58), 94,197 views (2,313-3,027,890), 682.5 «likes» (0-54,020) and 39 «dislikes» (0-2843). The median of PEMAT score was 29% (9%-95.5%) in understandability and 29% (0-95.5%) in actionability. According to DISCERN score 27 videos (57.4%) had poor quality and 20 (42.6%) moderate-good quality. There were no significant differences between the two groups in time duration, views, «likes» or «dislikes». There were differences in PEMAT score in understandability and actionability. The 86.7% of the moderate-good quality videos were starred by health care provider (P=.001). Also, the 85.7% of videos that describes treatment had moderate-good quality (P=.001). The 84% of the non-medical videos had a poor quality (P=.001). Conclusion: Most ED videos on YouTube have poor quality. The highest quality videos are those made by professionals, although they are not the most viewed. It would be important to develop measures to prevent the spread of misinformation among social network users. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Disfunção Erétil , 51835 , Recursos Audiovisuais , Rede Social , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Animal societies are structured of dominance hierarchy (DH). DH can be viewed as networks and analyzed by graph theory. We study the impact of state-dependent feedback (winner-loser effect) on the emergence of local dominance structures after pairwise contests between initially equal-ranking members (equal resource-holding-power, RHP) of small and large social groups. We simulated pairwise agonistic contests between individuals with and without a priori higher RHP by Monte-Carlo-method. Random pairwise contests between equal-ranking competitors result in random dominance structures ('Null variant') that are low in transitive triads and high in pass along triads; whereas state-dependent feedback ('Winner-loser variant') yields centralized 'star' structured DH that evolve from competitors with initially equal RHP and correspond to hierarchies that evolve from keystone individuals. Monte-Carlo simulated DH following state-dependent feedback show motif patterns very similar to those of a variety of natural DH, suggesting that state-dependent feedback plays a pivotal role in robust self-organizing phenomena that transcend the specifics of the individual. Self-organization based on state-dependent feedback leads to social structures that correspond to those resulting from pre-existing keystone individuals. As the efficiency of centralized social networks benefits both, the individual and the group, centralization of social networks appears to be an important evolutionary goal.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Personalidade , Animais , Método de Monte Carlo , Predomínio Social , Rede SocialRESUMO
Social networks can provide insights into the emotions expressed by a society. However, the dynamic nature of emotions presents a significant challenge for policymakers, politicians, and communication professionals who seek to understand and respond to changes in emotions over time. To address this challenge, this paper investigates the frequency, duration, and transition of 24 distinct emotions over a 2-year period, analyzing more than 5 million tweets. The study shows that emotions with lower valence but higher dominance and/or arousal are more prevalent in online social networks. Emotions with higher valence and arousal tend to last longer, while dominant emotions tend to have shorter durations. Emotions occupying the conversations predominantly inhibit others with similar valence and dominance, and higher arousal. Over a month, emotions with similar valences tend to prevail in online social network conversations.
Assuntos
Comunicação , Rede Social , Humanos , Sociedades , Pessoal Administrativo , EmoçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: One possibility to support veterinarians in times of a vet shortage is by providing animal owners with a technical decision support for deciding whether their animal needs to be seen by a vet. As the first step in the user-centered development of such an mHealth application for equestrians, an analysis of the context of use was done. METHODS: The analysis was carried out by reviewing existing literature and conducting an online survey with 100 participants. RESULTS: Characteristics of the user group and the usage context are presented using an adaptation of the four layers of diversity. Many equestrians are lacking health-related knowledge and competencies as well as social networks supporting them in decision making and gaining further information. This may apply to owners of other animal species in broad ranges as well. CONCLUSION: The results of the analysis provide information to software developers and researchers on mHealth applications for pet owners in general and equestrians in particular to focus their work on the users' needs and therefore provide efficient results/software.
Assuntos
Pesquisadores , Telemedicina , Animais , Humanos , Rede Social , SoftwareRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Problematic Use of Social Networks (PUSN) scale assesses for the first time the comparative use of social networks along with addictive tendencies. However, it has only been validated in a Spanish sample. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the PUSN (PUSN-Ar) among Lebanese adolescents. METHODS: A total of 379 adolescents aged between 15 to 18 years (M = 16.07 years; 64.9% females) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2022. The problematic use of social networks-SNS (PUSN) scale yields of two subscales: addiction-related consequences of SNS use (SNS-ARC) and negative social comparison (SNS-NSC). The Beirut Distress Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale were used to assess psychological distress, smartphone addiction and loneliness respectively. RESULTS: The PUS-Ar scale exhibited a two-dimensional structure (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = .97; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = .08), consistent with the original scale. Both subscales, Negative Social Comparison (α = .96) and Addictive Consequences (α = .92), demonstrated excellent reliability. Additionally, measurement invariance was verified between males and females at the configural, metric and scalar levels. No significant difference was found between males and females in terms of SNS-NSC (20.75 ± 10.15 vs 21.09 ± 9.51; t(377) = -.32; p = .751) and SNS-ARC (19.08 ± 8.61 vs 19.76 ± 6.77; t(377) = -.79; p = .430). The SNS-ARC subscale was more correlated to smartphone addiction than the SNS-NSC (r = .73; p < .001 vs r = .54; p < .001) whereas both subscales were significantly associated with more stress and more loneliness. CONCLUSION: The data collected in this study provided support for all the hypotheses formulated. Consequently, the PUS-Ar was deemed a suitable scale to measure problematic SNS among Lebanese adolescents. The PUS-Ar is currently available to researchers for use in evaluating PSNSU in Lebanon. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to explore its applicability and generalizability across different populations and contexts.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo , Rede Social , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This article aims to analyze the relationship between user characteristics on social networks and influenza. METHODS: Three specific research questions are investigated: (1) we classify Weibo updates to recognize influenza-related information based on machine learning algorithms and propose a quantitative model for influenza susceptibility in social networks; (2) we adopt in-degree indicator from complex networks theory as social media status to verify its coefficient correlation with influenza susceptibility; (3) we also apply the LDA topic model to explore users' physical condition from Weibo to further calculate its coefficient correlation with influenza susceptibility. From the perspective of social networking status, we analyze and extract influenza-related information from social media, with many advantages including efficiency, low cost, and real time. RESULTS: We find a moderate negative correlation between the susceptibility of users to influenza and social network status, while there is a significant positive correlation between physical condition and susceptibility to influenza. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal the laws behind the phenomenon of online disease transmission, and providing important evidence for analyzing, predicting, and preventing disease transmission. Also, this study provides theoretical and methodological underpinnings for further exploration and measurement of more factors associated with infection control and public health from social networks.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana , Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Algoritmos , Controle de Infecções , Rede SocialRESUMO
Ideas, behaviors, and opinions spread through social networks. If the probability of spreading to a new individual is a nonlinear function of the fraction of the individuals' affected neighbors, such a spreading process becomes a "complex contagion." This nonlinearity does not typically appear with physically spreading infections, but instead can emerge when the concept that is spreading is subject to game theoretical considerations (e.g., for choices of strategy or behavior) or psychological effects such as social reinforcement and other forms of peer influence (e.g., for ideas, preferences, or opinions). Here we study how the stochastic dynamics of such complex contagions are affected by the underlying network structure. Motivated by simulations of complex contagions on real social networks, we present a framework for analyzing the statistics of contagions with arbitrary nonlinear adoption probabilities based on the mathematical tools of population genetics. The central idea is to use an effective lower-dimensional diffusion process to approximate the statistics of the contagion. This leads to a tradeoff between the effects of "selection" (microscopic tendencies for an idea to spread or die out), random drift, and network structure. Our framework illustrates intuitively several key properties of complex contagions: stronger community structure and network sparsity can significantly enhance the spread, while broad degree distributions dampen the effect of selection compared to random drift. Finally, we show that some structural features can exhibit critical values that demarcate regimes where global contagions become possible for networks of arbitrary size. Our results draw parallels between the competition of genes in a population and memes in a world of minds and ideas. Our tools provide insight into the spread of information, behaviors, and ideas via social influence, and highlight the role of macroscopic network structure in determining their fate.
Assuntos
Genética Populacional , Rede Social , Humanos , Difusão , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
This study aimed to understand the use of technosociality in the daily lives of the Family Health Strategy clients during the COVID-19 pandemic for care and health promotion. This holistic, qualitative, multiple case study based on the Comprehensive Everyday Life Sociology was conducted with 61 clients from three Brazilian municipalities, two in Minas Gerais and one in Santa Catarina. The sources of evidence were the open-ended individual interview and field notes. We adopted thematic content analysis to analyze data. The use of virtual social networks and health technologies for care, monitoring, prevention of risks and conditions, health promotion, and access to information is found in clients' daily lives. We highlight the importance of support and solidarity networks. The infodemic and misinformation about COVID-19 denote uncertainty about the veracity of information and concern about mental health. We should pay close attention to using technologies and social networks for health promotion, enabling strategies to enhance their use and minimize the indicated harms.
Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender o uso da tecnossocialidade no quotidiano de usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família em tempos da pandemia de COVID-19 para o cuidado e promoção da saúde. Trata-se de estudo de casos múltiplos holístico-qualitativo, fundamentado na Sociologia Compreensiva do Quotidiano, no qual participaram 61 usuários provenientes de três municípios brasileiros, sendo dois de Minas Gerais e um de Santa Catarina. As fontes de evidência foram a entrevista individual aberta e notas de campo. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. O uso das redes sociais virtuais e tecnologias em saúde para o cuidado, acompanhamento, prevenção de riscos e agravos, promoção da saúde e acesso às informações se faz presente no quotidiano de usuários. A importância das redes de apoio e solidariedade é ressaltada. A infodemia e a desinformação sobre a COVID-19 denotam um contexto de incerteza da veracidade das informações e a preocupação com a saúde mental. É imperativo um olhar atento sobre o uso das tecnologias e redes sociais para a promoção da saúde, viabilizando estratégias para potencializar seu uso e minimizar os prejuízos apontados.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , Promoção da Saúde , Saúde Mental , Rede SocialRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Social factors and networks of friends can influence an adolescent's behavior, including academic performance (AP) in school. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between AP and adolescents' social networks in a Caribbean city in Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 806 schoolchildren from 12 to 17 years old of both sexes (52.7% girls), selected by multi-stage sampling from schools in the rural and urban areas of the city of Montería, Colombia. The AP was obtained from the school records; the sociodemographic variables included the location of the school (rural or urban), family structure, family functioning (Apgar score), and family affluence scale. Social network variables included social activity, popularity, reciprocity, homophily, friends' academic performance, network size, network density, cluster of friends, and centrality. RESULTS: The AP was inversely associated with the Apgar score in boys. No associations of AP with the school location, family structure, family affluence scale, and age were observed. In social network variables, AP was positively associated with popularity and friends' academic performance in girls and boys, and negatively associated with homophily in boys. CONCLUSIONS: AP was associated with social network variables. These results could help implement interventions to improve adolescents' social environment and AP.
Assuntos
Desempenho Acadêmico , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Humanos , Criança , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Região do Caribe , Rede SocialRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the social network, food patterns, physical activity, and their associations with overweight/obesity in adolescents from a school in rural Brazil. Students from a rural school in Northeast Brazil (n = 90) completed questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, food consumption, physical activity, and a name generator. Social networks were constructed using students' social proximity ties. Principal component analysis was performed to determine food patterns, and logistic models were used to investigate variables associated with overweight/obesity. Most participants were girls (62.9%), and the proportion of overweight/obesity was 30% among adolescents. Students cited 2070 people from their networks (family, friends at school, friends outside of school, and others). Among them, the family had the highest degree of influence (61%) in the network and had the most shared meals with adolescents (47%). Adolescents' perception of their family members' body size as obese, compared to normal or underweight, was prevalent (51%). Adolescents with unhealthy food patterns were 72% more likely to be categorized as overweight/obese, and eigenvector centrality was also associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 5.88, 95% CI = 1.08-32.03). Adolescents presented a social network with strong family influence, in which a high percentage of overweight/obesity was observed. Adolescents with high eigenvector centrality were more likely to be in the overweight/obesity category. Additionally, overweight/obesity was associated with unhealthy food patterns in the family network.
Assuntos
Sobrepeso , Obesidade Pediátrica , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Obesidade Pediátrica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Pediátrica/etiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Exercício Físico , Instituições Acadêmicas , Rede Social , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Im/migrants (immigrants and migrants, including refugees, asylum seekers, and individuals without legal documentation) experience unique assets and needs in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is one way to engage im/migrant communities. Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (RHCP) is a CBPR partnership in Rochester, Minnesota. RHCP partners noted that credible COVID-19 information was not available to their communities. In response, RHCP formed a COVID-19 Task Force and adapted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) framework to create an intervention that prioritized im/migrant groups experiencing health disparities. In the CERC intervention, communication leaders delivered COVID-19 health messages to their social networks and documented related concerns. RHCP relayed these concerns to regional leaders to ensure that im/migrant experiences were included in decision making. Once vaccines were available, RHCP continued to deploy the CERC intervention to promote vaccination equity. The aims of this paper are to (1) describe the implementation of a bidirectional CERC intervention for vaccination equity, and (2) describe a community-engaged and community-based vaccine clinic intervention. METHODS: First, we surveyed participants (n = 37) to assess COVID-19 experiences, acceptability of the CERC intervention, and motivation to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Second, we collaborated with community partners to hold vaccine clinics. We report descriptive statistics from each intervention. RESULTS: When asked about the acceptability of the CERC intervention for vaccine equity, most participants either reported that they 'really liked it' or 'thought it was just ok'. Most participants stated that they would recommend the program to family or friends who have not yet received the COVID-19 vaccine. Almost all participants reported that they felt 'much more' or 'somewhat more' motivated to receive a COVID-19 vaccine after the intervention. We administered 1158 vaccines at the vaccination clinics. CONCLUSIONS: We found that participants viewed the CERC intervention for vaccination equity as an acceptable way to disseminate COVID-19-related information. Nearly all participants reported that the intervention convinced them to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. In our experience, community-engaged and community-based clinics are a successful way to administer vaccines to im/migrant communities during a pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Comunicação , Rede Social , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Social ties between members of in- and outgroups are theorized to reduce individual levels of prejudice. However, instances of intergroup contact are not isolated events; cross-group interactions are embedded in broader networks defined by various social processes that guide the formation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. This project reconsiders the potential benefits of intergroup contact by applying a network perspective to examine whether friendships between youth of different sexualities can shape individuals' homophobic attitudes. The impact of cross-sexuality ties is evaluated through the application of stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) to a two-wave sample of Dutch adolescents. Results indicate that the benefits of cross-sexuality connections become negligible when we account for how patterns of network connectivity and segregation are informed by other individual-level traits, such as age, religious background, ethnicity, and gender. In other words, heterosexual adolescents who are situated in network positions that provide opportunities to form cross-sexuality friendships would be expected to report less homophobic attitudes even in the absence of this intergroup contact. These findings suggest that the cross-sexuality contact observed in the social world often represents instances of "preaching to the choir," limiting the potential for intergroup connections to challenge systems of social inequality.
Assuntos
Amigos , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Adolescente , Humanos , Heterossexualidade , Atitude , Rede SocialRESUMO
In 2022, the European Union introduced the Digital Services Act (DSA), a new legislation to report and moderate harmful content from online social networks. Trusted flaggers are mandated to identify harmful content, which platforms must remove within a set delay (currently 24 h). Here, we analyze the likely effectiveness of EU-mandated mechanisms for regulating highly viral online content with short half-lives. We deploy self-exciting point processes to determine the relationship between the regulated moderation delay and the likely harm reduction achieved. We find that harm reduction is achievable for the most harmful content, even for fast-paced platforms such as Twitter. Our method estimates moderation effectiveness for a given platform and provides a rule of thumb for selecting content for investigation and flagging, managing flaggers' workload.
Assuntos
Mídias Sociais , Rede Social , Humanos , União EuropeiaRESUMO
We conducted an online survey of Alaskan adults between May and June, 2022 to identify factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Of the 948 respondents, approximately 80% reported having received a COVID-19 vaccine. The factors significantly associated with ever receiving COVID-19 vaccine include perceived risk of harm if not vaccinated (PRH), the vaccination status of the respondent's social network (SNW), gender, and education. For each point increase in PRH score, there was more than three times the odds of having ever been vaccinated (OR = 3.42, p < 0.001); and for every point increase in SNW score, there was more than two times the odds of having ever been vaccinated (OR = 2.15, p < 0.001). Males had more than four times the odds of having ever been vaccinated compared to females (OR = 4.55, p < 0.001). Those with a college degree (OR = 2.80, p < 0.05) had greater odds of ever being vaccinated compared to their counterparts. Findings from this sample suggest that, among Alaskans, ever receiving a COVID-19 vaccine is associated with having a majority of their close social networks who have received COVID-19 vaccine and perceiving that not obtaining a COVID-19 vaccine can pose greater risk of harm to themselves than not getting vaccinated. Practical implications of these findings are provided.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Rede SocialRESUMO
Due to the wide application of dynamic graph anomaly detection in cybersecurity, social networks, e-commerce, etc., research in this area has received increasing attention. Graph generative adversarial networks can be used in dynamic graph anomaly detection due to their ability to model complex data, but the original graph generative adversarial networks do not have a method to learn reverse mapping and require an expensive process in recovering the potential representation of a given input. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel graph generative adversarial network by adding encoders to map real data to latent space to improve the training efficiency and stability of graph generative adversarial network models, which is named RegraphGAN in this paper. And this paper proposes a dynamic network anomaly edge detection method by combining RegraphGAN with spatiotemporal coding to solve the complex dynamic graph data and the problem of attribute-free node information coding challenges. Meanwhile, anomaly detection experiments are conducted on six real dynamic network datasets, and the results show that the dynamic network anomaly detection method proposed in this paper outperforms other existing methods.
Assuntos
Segurança Computacional , Aprendizagem , Rede SocialRESUMO
Human social learning is increasingly occurring on online social platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok. On these platforms, algorithms exploit existing social-learning biases (i.e., towards prestigious, ingroup, moral, and emotional information, or 'PRIME' information) to sustain users' attention and maximize engagement. Here, we synthesize emerging insights into 'algorithm-mediated social learning' and propose a framework that examines its consequences in terms of functional misalignment. We suggest that, when social-learning biases are exploited by algorithms, PRIME information becomes amplified via human-algorithm interactions in the digital social environment in ways that cause social misperceptions and conflict, and spread misinformation. We discuss solutions for reducing functional misalignment, including algorithms promoting bounded diversification and increasing transparency of algorithmic amplification.
Assuntos
Aprendizado Social , Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Rede Social , Comunicação , AlgoritmosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To address the care needs of older adults, it is important to identify and understand the forms of care support older adults received. This systematic review aims to examine the social networks of older adults receiving informal or formal care and the factors that influenced their networks. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching six databases from inception to January 31, 2023. The review included primary studies focusing on older adults receiving long-term care, encompassing both informal and formal care. To assess the risk of bias in the included studies, validated appraisal tools specifically designed for different study types were utilized. Network analysis was employed to identify the grouping of study concepts, which subsequently formed the foundation for describing themes through narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We identified 121 studies relating to the formal and informal care of older adults' networks. A variety of social ties were examined by included studies. The most commonly examined sources of care support were family members (such as children and spouses) and friends. Several factors were consistently reported to influence the provision of informal care, including the intensity of networks, reciprocity, and geographical proximity. In terms of formal care utilization, older age and poor health status were found to be associated with increased use of healthcare services. Additionally, physical limitations and cognitive impairment were identified as factors contributing to decreased social engagement. CONCLUSION: This review found that older people were embedded within a diverse network. The findings of this review emphasize the importance of recognizing and incorporating the diversity of social networks in care plans and policies to enhance the effectiveness of interventions and improve the overall well-being of older adults.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva , Rede Social , Humanos , Idoso , Bases de Dados Factuais , Família , AmigosRESUMO
Advances in computation have opened new vistas for modeling of sociodemographic niches and related constructs, enabling us to rectify limitations that unavoidably plagued earlier generations of researchers. This is especially true for Blau space, a sociodemographic niche model used to explore competition between social entities over resources, such as memberships. While this approach has been successful in using probabilistic representations of social networks and resource niches, its modeling framework has remained essentially unchanged for over 40 years, and lacks the ability to make predictions about the future states of sociodemographic space. We present a novel Hybrid Blau space (HBS) model, which utilizes a cellular framework and probabilistic urn models to simulate competition over resources while suffering from fewer limitations. We apply this new model to the General Social Survey, running two sets of models from a series of variables (age, education, income, and sex) and utilize an adjustable range of sociodemographic information for local simulation of organizational competition. We also demonstrate the model's predictive ability, as well as introduce new methods of validation and fit.
