Assessment of anthropogenic-causing-agents act on waterbirds-diversity in the vicinity of Tarbela Dam, Indus River, Pakistan / Avaliação de agentes antropogênicos que agem na diversidade de aves aquáticas nas proximidades da Represa de Tarbela, rio Indus, Paquistão

Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.

Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.

Fatty acid profile variations after exposure to textile industry effluents in Indian Major Carps / Variações do perfil de ácidos graxos após exposição a efluentes da indústria têxtil nas principais carpas indianas

Abstract Indian major carps are the widely consumed fish species of Pakistan, being a cheap source of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, they are good for cardiovascular health. Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water into water bodies contaminates this precious source of nutrients. The present study therefore, was aimed to assess deterioration of fatty acid profile of three Indian major carp species due to different concentrations of industrial wastes. The water samples were collected from the river Chenab at the site where it receives industrial wastewater via Chakbandi drain. After exposure to 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% dilutions of collected water in different aquaria it was observed that proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in selected fish species were decreased significantly as the intensity of the dose increased (P < 0.05). Conversely the level of saturated fatty acids increased with the increasing dose of treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that untreated wastewater not only deteriorate the fatty acid profile of aquatic animals but also these toxic substances can reach human body through fish meat and pose further health hazards. Therefore, it is highly recommended that industrial effluents should be treated before they are dumped into water bodies.

Resumo As carpas indianas são as espécies de peixes mais consumidas no Paquistão, sendo uma fonte barata de proteínas e de ácidos graxos insaturados e boa para a saúde cardiovascular. A poluição da água por causa do descarte de resíduos industriais não tratados em corpos d'água contamina essa preciosa fonte de nutrientes. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a deterioração do perfil de ácidos graxos de três principais espécies de carpas indianas em diferentes concentrações de resíduos industriais. As amostras de água foram coletadas do rio Chenab no local onde recebe esgoto industrial via dreno de Chakbandi. Após a exposição a diluições de 1,5%, 3% e 4,5% da água coletada em diferentes aquários, foi observado que a proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados em espécies de peixes selecionadas diminuiu significativamente com o aumento da intensidade da dose (P < 0,05). Por outro lado, o nível de ácidos graxos saturados aumentou com a elevação da dose de tratamento (P < 0,05). Essas descobertas sugerem que águas residuais não tratadas não apenas deterioram o perfil de ácidos graxos dos animais aquáticos, mas também essas substâncias tóxicas podem atingir o corpo humano por meio da carne de peixe e representar mais riscos à saúde. Portanto, é recomendável que os efluentes industriais sejam tratados antes de serem despejados em corpos d'água.

Benthic community ecology for Algerian river Seybouse / Ecologia da comunidade bêntica para o rio Seybouse da Argélia

Abstract The Seybouse is the second largest river basin in Algeria, hosting an important biodiversity and providing various ecosystem services. This watershed is highly influenced by agricultural and industrial activities, which threaten its biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The use of benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators has a long tradition in developed countries and integrated into all assessments of the ecological quality of river systems. However, the macroinvertebrates of many North African regions are still not well studied, including those of the Seybouse river. The aim of this study is to assess the inventory and ecological role of benthic macroinvertebrates in inland waters of the Seybouse River and determine the impact of pollution on their spatial distributions. We sampled the benthic macrofauna of Wadi Seybouse and its affluents using regular surveys in three sites, of which one was in the upper Seybouse Bouhamdane in Medjez Amar and two in the middle Seybouse. Between December 2019 and May 2020, 10 physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, OD, water speed, NO3, Salinity, NO2, MES, turbidity, depth) were measured in order to establish a health state diagnosis of these aquatic ecosystems. The complementary biological approach by the analysis of populations of macroinvertebrates identified 7482 individuals and 40 taxa divided into five classes: Crustaceans which were the most dominant, insects with the main orders (Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera and Odonata), Molluscs, Nematodes and Annelids. The physico-chemical analyzes and the application of the organic pollution indices indicated a strong to excessive pollution for all sites, especially in Seybouse upstream

Resumo O Seybouse é um rio no nordeste da Argélia, é o segundo maior rio, tem uma área de captação de cerca de 6.500 km2 que acolhe cerca de 1,5 milhões de habitantes. Importantes atividades agrícolas e industriais são desenvolvidas nesta bacia hidrográfica. O uso de macroinvertebrados bentônicos como indicadores biológicos tem uma longa tradição em países desenvolvidos e está integrado em todas as avaliações da qualidade ecológica dos sistemas fluviais. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar o inventário e o papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos nas águas interiores do rio Seybouse e determinar o impacto da poluição em suas distribuições. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros países e rios argelinos. Este estudo enfoca a macrofauna bentônica de Wadi Seybouse e seus afluentes. Foram prospectados 03 locais, um no alto Seybousse Bouhamdane em Medjez Amar e dois no meio Seybousse Salah Salah Salah e Oued Zimba. Entre dezembro de 2019 e maio de 2020, dez parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, CE, DO, velocidade da água, NO3, Salinidade, NO2, MES, turbidez, deth) foram medidos para estabelecer um diagnóstico do estado de saúde desses ecossistemas aquáticos. A abordagem biológica complementar pela análise de populações de macroinvertebrados identificou 7.482 indivíduos e 40 táxons divididos em cinco classes: Crustáceos que são os mais dominantes, Insetos com as ordens principais (Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera e Odonata), Moluscos, Nematóides e Anelídeos. As análises físico-químicas e a aplicação dos índices de poluição orgânica, indicaram uma poluição forte a excessiva para todos os locais especialmente Salah Salah Salah.

Length-weight relationship for Potamotrygon wallacei (Carvalho, Rosa and Araújo, 2016) caught in the middle Negro River, Barcelos, Brazilian Amazon / Relação peso-comprimento de Potamotrygon wallacei (Carvalho, Rosa e Araújo, 2016) capturada no médio Rio Negro, Barcelos, Amazônia Brasileira

Abstract This research aimed to estimate the length-weight ratio (LWR) of the stingray Potamotrygon wallacei, known locally as the cururu, which was caught in streams and lakes in the middle Negro River region, Amazonas, Brazil. The stingrays were captured during the night (from 11 pm to 1 am) near the shores of streams and lakes, through active search using wooden canoes, head lanterns and scoop nets. The samplings were carried out in November 2017 (5 days), February (8 days), March (3 days) and April (2 days) of 2018, totaling 18 days of sampling. The total fresh weight was measured to 0.1 g of accuracy and the disc width to 0.1 cm accuracy. The parameters a and b of the equation W=a.DWb were estimated. This study provides new maximum length data for the cururu stingray.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar a relação peso-comprimento (LWR) da arraia Potamotrygon wallacei, conhecida localmente como cururu, que foi capturada em igarapés e lagos na região do médio Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. As arraias foram capturadas durante a noite (das 23h-1h) nas margens dos igarapés e lagos, por meio de busca ativa utilizando canoas de madeira, lanternas de cabeça e puçás. As coletas foram realizadas nos meses de novembro de 2017 (5 dias), fevereiro (8 dias), março (3 dias) e abril (2 dias) de 2018, totalizando 18 dias de amostragem. Foram medidos o peso fresco total com precisão de 0,01 g e a largura do disco com precisão de 0,1 cm. Os parâmetros a e b da equação W= a.DWb foram estimados. Este estudo prover novos dados de comprimento máximo para a arraia cururu.

Trophic ecology of Acestrorhynchus falcirostris Cuvier, 1819 in island lakes on the lower stretch of the Solimões River, Amazon Basin / Ecologia trófica de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris Cuvier, 1819 em lagos de ilha no trecho inferior do Rio Solimões, Bacia Amazônica

Abstract The aim objective of this study was to determine the trophic ecology of juvenile and adult Acestrorhynchus falcirostris during the rising and flood (high-water) period in six island lakes adjacent to the Solimões River. As such, we investigated: i) the trophic position, through the fractional trophic niche; ii) the niche breadth; iii) niche overlap and iv) the food strategy of the species. The specimens were collected during the years 2014 to 2017, using gillnets with mesh sizes ranging from 30 to 120mm between opposite knots. Through the analysis of stomach contents, the preference in the consumption of items of animal origin was observed. Juveniles consumed insects in greater proportions (IAi% = 50%), while adults consumed fish (IAi%=99,98%). Despite the large supply of food items available in the high-water period, juveniles were the only ones to consume items of allochthonous origin, such as insects. Juveniles presented a different dietary strategy and dietary composition to adults. Juveniles were omnivores with a generalist strategy, while adults were piscivores with a specialist strategy. Thus, the food composition, niche breadth, trophic position and feeding strategy of Acestrorhynchus falcirostris change due to the stage of development.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ecologia trófica de juvenis e adultos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris durante o período de enchente e cheia em seis lagos de ilha adjacentes ao rio Solimões. Assim, investigamos: i) a posição trófica, através do nicho trófico fracional; ii) a largura de nicho; iii) sobreposição de nicho; iv) a estratégia alimentar. Os espécimes foram coletados durante os anos de 2014 a 2017, utilizando redes de emalhar com malha variando de 30 a 120mm entre nós opostos. Por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal, observamos a preferência no consumo de itens de origem animal. Os juvenis consumiram insetos em maiores proporções (IAi% = 50%), enquanto os adultos consumiram preferencialmente peixes (IAi% = 99,98%). Apesar da grande oferta de alimentos disponíveis no período da cheia, os juvenis eram os únicos a consumir itens de origem alóctone, como por exemplo, os insetos. Os juvenis apresentaram uma estratégia alimentar e composição alimentar diferente para os adultos. Os juvenis foram considerados onívoros com uma estratégia generalista, enquanto os adultos foram considerados piscívoros com uma estratégia alimentar mais especialista. Assim, a composição alimentar, amplitude do nicho, posição trófica e a estratégia alimentar de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris muda em função do estágio de desenvolvimento.

Biodiversity, distributions and isolation of microplastics pollution in finfish species in the Panjkora River at Lower and Upper Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan / Biodiversidade, distribuição e isolamento de poluições por microplásticos em espécies de peixes no rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper Dir da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão

The basic aim of this study was aimed to determine the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora in both upper and lower Dir districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.Fish samples were collected by using fishnets from March to September 2020. A total of 724 specimens were collected and classified into 5 families, 14 genera, and 18 species. The overall results revealed that most fish fauna of river Panjkora contains 8 species of family Cyprinidae (56.49%) followed by 4 species of Nemacheilidae (24.44%), 2 species of Channidae (10.63%), and Sisoridae (7.04%), and 1 species of Mastacembelidae (1.38%), respectively. Among all kinds of fish species, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16.57%) was highly dominated and followed by Carassius auratus (11.87%) and Racoma labiata (9.66%) and were reported as highly abundant, especially during April, May, and June. The least abundant species were Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, and Mastacembelus armatus, that constituting 2.48%, 2.20%, and 1.38% of the total fish samples. The Overall Simpson's diversity (1-D= 0.919) and Simpson's Reciprocal index values (1/D= 12.3876), and Shannon's index (H= 2.68) were indicating that river Panjkora contains a quite rich and diverse group of fish species. The highest microplastics observed in site 7 compared to other study area. Conservation steps should be taken as a top priority to protect and conserve the marine environment and natural heritage from further loss, extinction and stop or minimize losses incurred through irresponsible fishery practices

O objetivo básico deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade ictiofaunística do rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper de Dir, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de peixes foram coletadas com redes de arrasto de março a setembro de 2020. Foram coletados 724 espécimes, classificados em 5 famílias, 14 gêneros e 18 espécies. Os resultados gerais revelaram que a maioria da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora contém 8 espécies da família Cyprinidae (56,49%), seguidas por 4 espécies de Nemacheilidae (24,44%), 2 espécies de Channidae (10,63%) e Sisoridae (7,04%) e 1 espécie de Mastacembelidae (1,38%). Entre todas as espécies de peixes, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16,57%) foi altamente predominante, seguida por Carassius auratus (11,87%) e Racoma labiata (9,66%), e elas foram relatadas como altamente abundantes, especialmente nos meses de abril, maio e junho. As espécies menos abundantes foram Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii e Mastacembelus armatus, que constituíram 2,48%, 2,20% e 1,38%, respectivamente, do total de peixes amostrados. O índice de diversidade de Simpson (1-D = 0,919), o índice recíproco de Simpson (1/D = 12,3876) e o índice de Shannon (H = 2,68) indicaram que o rio Panjkora contém um grupo bastante rico e diversificado de espécies de peixes. Os microplásticos mais altos foram observados no local 7 em comparação com outra área de estudo. Medidas de conservação devem ser tomadas como prioridade máxima para proteger e conservar o ambiente marinho e o patrimônio natural de novas perdas e extinção e para parar ou minimizar as perdas ocorridas por práticas de pesca irresponsáveis.

Effects of production-living-ecological space changes on the ecosystem service value of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in China.

In the process of urbanization, exploring the relationship between production-living-ecological space (PLES) and ecosystem service value (ESV) is a major scientific issue in promoting regional sustainable development. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration is an ideal study area, which has the highest urbanization rate in China. Based on Landsat TM/ETM imaging data from 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018, this study established a land use classification system of PLES. The spatial and temporal characteristics of PLES and ESV were analyzed, and the response of ESV to changes in PLES was investigated based on the elasticity formula. The results showed that from 2005 to 2018, production space and ecological space were the main types of PLES and exhibited an imbalance in transformation. Production space was the main transfer type, and living space significantly expanded. Moreover, from 2005 to 2018, the ESV of the YRD urban agglomeration showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. ESV presented a "high in the southwest and low in the northeast" spatial pattern. Furthermore, ESV was sensitive to changes in PLES, showing a trend of ecological space > production space > living space. However, the sensitivity of ESV to changes in PLES varied according to urbanization level.

Comparative bacteriome and antibiotic resistome analysis of water and sediment of the Ganga River of India.

A comparative analysis between water and sediment can provide better information to understand the dynamics of the inhabitant microbiome and their respective antibiotic resistance genes of a river. Therefore, the present investigation was carried to explore the limited information available on bacterial microbiome and their predictive antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from water and sediment of the Ganga River. The study utilized the NGS-based sequences previously submitted under the accession number (PRJNA847424 and PRJNA892876). Overall analysis revealed that twenty phyla and fifty-four genera were shared between the water and sediment of the Ganga River. Of them, nine phyla and nineteen genera were observed as significantly different (p-value < 0.05). Where the majority of the genera were associated with the sediment samples over the water that identify the sediment samples as more diverse for species richness. Similarly, seventy-six ARGs were shared between water and sediment samples. Of the ten abundant antibiotic resistance pathways, seven were relatively abundant in sediment samples as compared to the water. Vancomycin resistance genes were significantly more abundant among sediment samples, whereas ß-lactam resistance genes were equally distributed in water and sediment samples. The network analysis further revealed that five genera (Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Candidatus_divison CL5003, and Candidatus_division SWB02) showed a significantly positive correlation with six antibiotic resistance pathways (ß-lactam, vancomycin, multidrug resistance, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and macrolide resistance pathways). The study comes out with several findings where sediment may be considered as a more atrocious habitat for evolving the resistance mechanisms against threatful antibiotics over the water samples of the Ganga River.

Effect of land use land cover changes on hydrological response of Punpun River basin.

The present study assessed the hydrological response of land use land cover (LULC) change on the Punpun River basin. High-resolution gridded rainfall and temperature data from the years 1995 to 2020 have been used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the hydrological response of the Punpun River basin and water balance components. Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) have been created for the basin. Each HRU is based on a distinct combination of soil, slope, and land use. Five SWAT models have been prepared based on the LULC of every 5-year interval to simulate the basin's hydrological response. The period selected for calibration is 1995-2015 and for validation is 2016-2020 for the modeling of daily streamflow data. The observed and simulated streamflow was checked for performance indices of coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) on daily time steps. The results were found to be good with R2 = 0.72, NSE = 0.68, and PBIAS = 23.2 for calibration and R2 = 0.93, NSE = 0.77, and PBIAS = 19.8 for validation. The study reveals that 7.01% of evapotranspiration (ET) was increased from 1995 to 2020 with increase in agricultural area of 21.86%. It was also found that built-up area, surface runoff, and water yield have been increased by 9.14, 14.43, and 17.40%, respectively. Further, the groundwater contribution of the basin was decreased.

Indigenous land-based approaches to well-being: The Sibi (River) program in subarctic Ontario, Canada.

The Albany River system holds a special significance for the Omushkego Cree of subarctic Ontario, Canada, embodying their cultural roots, history, and the Cree way of life and worldviews. Through the Sibi program, youth learned traditional fishing practices from Elders and on-the-land experts, gaining valuable knowledge on the land and river. The program addressed barriers to being on the land, while also creating a space for the transfer of Indigenous knowledge and revitalising community social networks. The program took place in the summer, following the Omushkego Cree's seasonal cycle and employed community-based participatory research approach. Photovoice and semi-structured interviews were used to identify elements of well-being from an Indigenous perspective. Regardless of age or experience, participants expressed positive emotions while being on the land, highlighting how strengthening social and community networks, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and fostering cultural continuity contribute to improved well-being. Program outcomes emphasize the importance of collaboration with communities to gain insights into their needs, priorities, and values, ultimately creating more sustainable and effective well-being programs. By fostering engagement and recognizing the environment's significance, sustainable and long-term solutions can be pursued to address challenges faced by communities, ultimately advancing health and well-being for both present and future generations.The Albany River system holds a special significance for the Omushkego Cree of subarctic Ontario, Canada, embodying their cultural roots, history, and the Cree way of life and worldviews. Through the Sibi program, youth learned traditional fishing practices from Elders and on-the-land experts, gaining valuable knowledge on the land and river. The program addressed barriers to being on the land, while also creating a space for the transfer of Indigenous knowledge and revitalising community social networks. The program took place in the summer, following the Omushkego Cree's seasonal cycle and employed community-based participatory research approach. Photovoice and semi-structured interviews were used to identify elements of well-being from an Indigenous perspective. Regardless of age or experience, participants expressed positive emotions while being on the land, highlighting how strengthening social and community networks, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and fostering cultural continuity contribute to improved well-being. Program outcomes emphasize the importance of collaboration with communities to gain insights into their needs, priorities, and values, ultimately creating more sustainable and effective well-being programs. By fostering engagement and recognizing the environment's significance, sustainable and long-term solutions can be pursued to address challenges faced by communities, ultimately advancing health and well-being for both present and future generations.

Geochemical evolution of dissolved trace elements in space and time in the Ramganga River, India.

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of river water chemistry from its source to sinks is critical for constraining the origin, transformation, and "hotspots" of contaminants in a river basin. To provide new spatiotemporal constraints on river chemistry, dissolved trace element concentrations were measured at 17 targeted locations across the Ramganga River catchment. River water samples were collected across three seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon between 2019 and 2021. To remove the dependency of trace element concentrations on discharge, we used molar ratios, as discharge data on Indian transboundary rivers are not publicly available. The dataset reveals significant spatiotemporal variability in dissolved trace element concentrations of the Ramganga River. Samples collected upstream of Moradabad, a major industrial city in western Uttar Pradesh, are characterized by ~ 1.2-2.5 times higher average concentrations of most of the trace elements except Sc, V, Cr, Rb, and Pb, likely due to intense water-rock interactions in the headwaters. Such kind of enrichment in trace metal concentrations was also observed at sites downstream of large cities and industrial centers. However, such enrichment was not enough to bring a major change in the River Ganga chemistry, as the signals got diluted downstream of the Ramganga-Ganga confluence. The average river water composition of the Ramganga River was comparable to worldwide river water composition, albeit a few sites were characterized by very high concentrations of dissolved trace elements. Finally, we provide an outlook that calls for an assessment of stable non-traditional isotopes that are ideally suited to track the origin and transformation of elements such as Li, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Pt, and Hg in Indian rivers.

Contents and health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in vegetables produced through irrigation with effluent-impacted river.

The widely consumed vegetables, khat, lettuce, and Swiss chard, in Hirna town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia, are extensively cultivated through irrigation with an effluent-impacted river that flows through the town which denotes that monitoring the safety of the vegetables is crucial. Herein, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd in vegetables, water, and soils were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after a wet digestion procedure based on a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 at 200 °C. pH and electrical conductivity of the water and soil, and health risks associated with vegetable consumption were determined. The pH of the water (6.64) and soil (6.67) was slightly acidic, and electrical conductivity values were 0.416 and 0.024 mS/cm, respectively, indicating both are in good condition. The metal concentrations were in the range of ND-3.12, 3.43-9.22, and 0.15-10.6 mg/L in the water, soil, and vegetables, respectively, and the contents followed a trend of Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd. The irrigation water contained all metals above the guidelines except Cd, and the soil contained safe levels except Cd which is above the guideline. The obtained metal levels in the vegetables were below the safe limits. Estimated daily intakes and the total target cancer risks were below the guidelines, and the target hazard quotient and the hazard index were below 1 indicating that the vegetables are safe for consumption. In general, the obtained results suggest that the vegetables are safe for consumption. However, continuous monitoring and policy development are required to mitigate contamination of the river.

Can atmospheric reanalysis datasets reproduce flood inundation at regional scales? A systematic analysis with ERA5 over Mahanadi River Basin, India.

The prime challenges limiting efficient flood management, especially over large regions, are concurrently related to limited hydro-meteorological observations and exorbitant economics with computational modeling. Reanalysis datasets are a valuable alternative, as they furnish relevant variables at high spatiotemporal resolutions. In recent times, ERA5 has gained significant recognition for its applications in hydrological modeling; however, its efficacy at the inundation scale needs to be understood. The advent of "global flood models" has ensured flood inundation and hazard modeling over large regions, otherwise obscure with regional models. For the first time, the present study explores the fidelity of ERA5 reanalysis at the inundation scale over the Mahanadi River basin, a severely flood-prone region in India. The biases in the discharges within ERA5 are ascertained by comparing them with station-level data at the nascent and extreme levels (i.e., 95th and 99th percentiles). Later, ERA5 is fed to LISFLOOD-FP, an acclaimed global flood model, to reenact the 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2014 flood events. Hit rates exceeding 0.8 compared to MODIS satellite imageries affirm the suitability of ERA5 in accurately capturing flood inundation. Distributed design discharges for 50 yr and 100 yr are derived using a set of extreme value distributions and fed to LISFLOOD-FP to derive design flood inundation and hazards in terms of both "depth" and "product of depth and velocity" of flood waters. Results derived from the study provide vital lessons for efficient land-use planning and adaptation strategies linked to flood protection and resilience.

Spatial impacts of the intercity flow of long stay international visitors based on mobile phone data in Yangtze River Delta, China.

The intercity daily flow of long stay international visitors (LSIV) reflects the economic globalisation and regional integration of a region. We made the first attempt to use mobile phone data to identify international visitors who stayed longer than one month in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in 2019, analysed the spatial patterns of LSIV, and revealed the impact factors associated with the daily intercity flow of LSIV. We discussed spatial dependence using multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), and performed cluster analysis to understand the combination effects. The results show that enterprises have the largest effect, AQI and administrative hierarchy have relatively low effects, and income, imports and exports do not have any significant effect. Overall, the economically developed eastern regions of the YRD region are more attractive for daily travel by LSIV, with the Shanghai metropolitan area being the most attractive. Our findings provide new insights into the relationship between the intercity daily flow of LSIV and the urban economy and society in the delta region to help suggest planning recommendations to enhance the globalisation development strategy and provide a better environment for international visitors in the delta region.

The impact of environmental regulation on regional economic growth: A case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China.

In this paper, we take the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the study area and analyze three types of environmental regulation tools, namely, command-and-control (CAC), market-incentivized (MI) and public-type (PT). We apply the threshold effect to test the impact of each of these tools on regional economic growth and analyze the relationships between the tools and environmental regulation. The entropy method is used to calculate the comprehensive environmental pollution index of each province and city in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Using Stata 14.0 measurement software and based on provincial data with respect to the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2021, a panel threshold model is used to test the impact of the three types of environmental regulation tools on regional economic growth and analyze the relationship between environmental regulation and regional economic growth. It is found that the relationship between environmental regulation and economic growth is non-linear. There is no significant relationship between CAC environmental regulation and regional economic growth; there is a single threshold effect between market-incentive environmental regulation and public participation environmental regulation on the economic growth of the Yangtze River economic belt.

HEAD LOUSE PALEOEPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE OSMORE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTHERN PERU.

Recent studies of louse ectoparasites from mummies have developed robust data sets that allow a true epidemiological approach to the prehistory of louse parasitism. One epidemiological principle is that the binomial of overdispersion is normally negative, meaning that in a host population, parasites are aggregated in a few individuals. We demonstrate the overdispersion of lice in 3 different prehistoric communities that differ along 3 axes or variables: environmental setting, socioeconomic status, and cultural affiliation. Distinct cultural practices could have been involved in different patterns of louse infestation. Prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infestations exhibit statistically significant differences between the communities. We also find differences in prevalence between subadults and adults that contrasted by cultural affiliation and suggest conditions different from those seen today. We show that overall prevalence was affected primarily by ecological setting, not socioeconomic status nor cultural affiliation. These findings demonstrate that statistical analysis of archaeological data can reveal the states of infestation in past populations with lifestyles not seen in modern people. Our approach paves the way for future comparisons of subpopulations within archaeological communities.

[Response of River Ecosystem Health Status to Water Environmental Factors in the Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River].

River ecological health assessments are the premise for protecting river biodiversity and curbing river water environment deterioration. To explore the river ecosystem health status and its response mechanism to water environmental factors in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, phytoplankton samples were collected during July and October 2021, and water environmental factors were measured. The phytoplankton species were identified, and their cell abundance and biomass were calculated. The phytoplankton integrity index was constructed to evaluate the ecological health status of the river. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water environmental factors and phytoplankton community, as well as the correlation between P-IBI value and community parameters and water environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that the difference in water environmental factors was not evident in time but was significant in space. The average cell abundance and biomass of phytoplankton were in the order of wet season>dry season and main stream>tributaries. Diatoms dominated the community, and pH and WT were the major water environmental factors driving the spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton. The ecological health status of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River was "healthy to sub-healthy." The river health status was better than that of the dry season, and that of the tributaries was better than that of the main stream. EC, TUR, WT, NO3--N, and NH4+-N were the major water environmental factors affecting the ecological health status of the river reach, which could be affected by the direction and rate of phytoplankton community succession. It is involved in and affects the process of material circulation and energy flow of the river ecosystem, thereby driving the ecological health of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.

[Analysis on the Current Situation of Phytoplankton in the Typical River-Lake Ecotone of Lake Poyang].

The typical river-lake ecotone (tail end area) of Poyang Lake, which is a sensitive area and prone to outbreaks of cyanobacteria bloom, is vulnerable to frequent human activities. To explore the diversity of phytoplankton community structure and the relevant driving mechanism in the typical river lake junction area of Poyang Lake, the water quality and phytoplankton at seven sampling points in the typical river lake junction area of Poyang Lake, at six sampling points in the middle section of Poyang Lake River, and at one sampling point in the main lake area were investigated in the field from 2019 to 2020 (dry season), April (flood season), July (wet season), and October (recession period). The results showed that there were seven phyla and 64 genera of phytoplankton in the typical river-lake ecotone of Poyang Lake, and the biomass and relative abundance of phytoplankton were dominated by diatoms and cyanobacteria. The biomass and abundance in the east of the typical river-lake ecotone of Poyang Lake were generally higher than those in the west, and the biomass and abundance in the river-lake ecotone were higher than those in the middle of the river. The dominant degree of cyanobacteria in the lake area and the river-lake ecotone was large, and the dominant degree of diatoms in the middle section of the river was large. The Monte Carlo test results showed that total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate phosphorus (PO43--P), water depth (WD), water temperature (WT), and transparency (SD) were significantly related environmental factors affecting the distribution of the phytoplankton community. Redundancy analysis results showed that the typical river-lake ecotone in the west of Poyang Lake was highly affected by the hydration factors (TN, TP, and PO43--P), and the hydrological factors (WT, WD, and SD) in the typical river-lake ecotone in the east were highly significant. The impact factors of phytoplankton in the typical river-lake ecotone of Poyang Lake were seasonal, being greatly affected by hydration factors in winter and hydrological factors in summer.

[Effects of Nitrogen Speciation Transformation on Microbial Community Succession in Input Rivers of Miyun Reservoir].

The Miyun Reservoir is the major source of surface drinking water in Beijing. However, the total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the Miyun Reservoir and inflowing rivers have recently been increasing. In this study, the Mangniu River, a typical inflow river in the upper reaches of the Miyun Reservoir, was selected as the study area to investigate the spatial distribution and transformation of various nitrogen forms from the perspective of microbial community composition and predicting function, aimimg at providing a scientific reference for nitrogen pollution control of the Miyun Reservoir. The results indicated that except for TN, all the other physical and chemical water quality indicators in the upper reaches of the Miyun Reservoir met the Class II criteria of the environmental quality standards for surface water in China (GB 3838-2002). Additionally, NO3--N was the primary constituent of TN, ranging from 77.7% to 92.9%. Banchengzi Reservoir has a certain self-purification ability because its high C/N ratio promotes denitrification. Significant differences in microbial community structure were observed between the water and sediments of Mangniu River along with spatial distribution. High NO3--N concentration was the major environmental factor affecting the succession of microbial community structure. Many nitrification and denitrification microorganisms existed in Mengniu River, and the relative abundance of denitrification bacteria (DNB) was higher than that of nitrification bacteria, and that in the sediments was slightly higher than that in the water. Nitrosopumilus and Pseudomonas were the dominant nitrification and denitrification bacteria in Mengniuhe River, respectively. The results of phylogenetic investigation of communities by the reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt2) showed that NO3--N reduction module was the major nitrogen metabolism module, which primarily occurred in water. The abundance of the functional genes for nitrification (i.e., narGH) was the highest in water, and the major functional gene involved in NO3--N reduction was nirBD of DNRA, which was primarily present in the sediments; however, the main functional gene involved in denitrification was nirK.

[Phytoplankton Community Structure, Diversity, and Functional Groups in Urban River Under Different Black and Odorous Levels].

Phytoplankton community characteristics, diversity, and functional group analysis can respond to the environmental quality status of water bodies. To investigate the influence of urban river black odors on the phytoplankton community, from November 2020 to March 2021, 16 urban rivers in the Sichuan Basin were surveyed for water quality with 38 sampling points, and the degree of urban river black odor was evaluated based on the improved fuzzy mathematical model method and the k-mean principal color extraction method. The rivers were classified into four types:non-black and non-odorous, black and non-odorous, black and odorous, and black and odorous. The results showed that, with black and odorous water, the phytoplankton abundance increased from 1.329×105 cells·L-1 to 6.627×105 cells·L-1, and the dominant phytoplankton phylum decreased from Cyanophyta-Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta to Cyanophyta. The phytoplankton biomass increased from 64.056 µg·L-1 to 120.465 µg·L-1, and the dominant phytoplankton phylum changed from Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta type, adapted to a nutrient environment, to Pyrrophyta-Bacillariophyta-Cryptophyta type, adapted to an organic matter environment. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index decreased from 2.45 to 1.98, and Simpson's index decreased from 0.84 to 0.73. Twenty nine functional groups of phytoplankton were observed in the study area, and the growth strategy was reduced from S, R, C, CR, and CS to R with black and odorous water. In summary, phytoplankton indicators can better reflect the state of river black odor, and phytoplankton monitoring is a promising tool for urban river black odor management.