Uso da terapia a laser de baixa potência como coadjuvante no levantamento de seios maxilares na implantodontia / Use of low-power laser therapy as an adjuvant in elevating maxillary sinuses in implantology

A busca por implantes dentários se tornou uma prática odontológica muito utilizada, no entanto, existem pacientes que não apresenta volume ósseo suficiente para receber o implante. A terapia a laser de baixa potência (LTBP) contém uma resposta relevante no desempenho dessas fases primárias da estabilidade da osseointegração. Dessa maneira, o estudo tem como objetivo analisar a eficiência e aplicação do LTBP em levantamento de seio maxilar dentro da implantodontia, ressaltando seus benefícios, limitações, importância e impacto para saúde bucal. Tratou-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, com seleção de artigos científicos encontrados nas bases de dados: PubMed, LILACS, BVS, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, sem período definido de publicação, com cruzamento dos Descritores em Ciências e Saúde (DeCS) e adotados os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". A quantidade ideal de altura óssea é importante para a reabilitação com implantes dentários e, em certos casos, o levantamento de seio maxilar se torna necessário expandir a altura de osso residual na maxila por meio da elevação da membrana de Schneider. Sendo assim, a literatura apresenta diversas formas para utilizar o LTBP na implantodontia, desde o início da limpeza na região que vai receber o implante até sua realização cirúrgica, a qual apresenta ótima melhoria na ação de osseointegração, amenizando desconfortos referentes ao pós-operatório e planejamento cirúrgico. Apesar de existir estudos controversos sobre a aplicação do LTBP no levantamento de seio maxilar para colocação de implantes, fica evidente que sua utilização obtém resultados efetivos no processo de cicatrização e reparação dos tecidos ósseos.

The search for dental implants has become a widely used dental practice; however, there are patients who do not have sufficient bone volume to receive the implant. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) contains a relevant response in the performance of these primary phases of osseointegration stability. Thus, the study aims to analyze the efficiency and application of LLLT in maxillary sinus lifting within implantology, highlighting its benefits, limitations, importance, and impact on oral health. It was a narrative literature review, with the selection of scientific articles found in the databases: PubMed, LILACS, BVS, SciELO, and Google Scholar, without a defined publication period, with the crossing of the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and the adoption of the boolean operators "AND" and "OR." The ideal amount of bone height is important for rehabilitation with dental implants, and in certain cases, maxillary sinus lifting becomes necessary to expand the residual bone height in the maxilla through elevation of the Schneiderian membrane. Thus, the literature presents various ways to use LLLT in implantology, from the beginning of cleaning in the region that will receive the implant to its surgical implementation, which shows excellent improvement in osseointegration action, alleviating discomfort related to postoperative and surgical planning. Although there are controversial studies on the application of LLLT in maxillary sinus lifting for implant placement, it is evident that its use yields effective results in the healing and repair process of bone tissues.

Evaluation of two low-level laser techniques as an adjunct to basic periodontal therapy: a randomized clinical trial.

To assess and compare two techniques of low-level laser application-transgingival (TLLLT) and intrasulcular (ILLLT)-used in photobiomodulation as an adjunct to basic periodontal therapy (BPT) in patients with periodontitis. A randomized, split-mouth, double-blind clinical trial was conducted, selecting three diseased periodontal sites from different quadrants in each patient. These sites were assigned to one of three treatment groups: SRP (control), SRP + TLLLT (test 1), and SRP + ILLLT (test 2). Low-level laser therapy in the test groups was applied at 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days after full-mouth SRP. Clinical parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). Standardized periapical radiographs were used to assess radiographic bone density (RBD) 6 months post-treatment. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Significant reductions in PD (p < 0.001) and CAL (p < 0.001) were observed across all groups at 3 and 6 months, with no significant differences between groups. There were also no significant changes in BOP and RBD between groups at the follow-up intervals. Adjunctive photobiomodulation did not provide additional clinical or radiographic benefits over SRP alone, regardless of the laser application technique employed.

Uso do laser de baixa potência para o tratamento de parestesia: uma revisão de literatura / Use of low-level laser to treat paresthesia: a literature review

Introdução: A parestesia é uma neuropatia que afeta a função sensorial. O Laser de Baixa Potência (LBP), por sua vez, apresenta propriedades analgésicas, bioestimuladoras e reparadoras. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento na literatura científica sobre os aspectos gerais e benefícios do LBP no manejo terapêutico da parestesia, além de identificar a classificação e métodos de obtenção do diagnóstico desta condição. Materiais e Métodos: Tratou-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura através da busca nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e Google Schoolar. Após o cruzamento dos descritores com os operadores booleanos e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, 26 estudos foram incluídos. Resultados: A parestesia pode ser classificada em neuropraxia, axonotmese e neurotmese, subdivididas em Grau I ao V. Seu diagnóstico pode ser executado através de testes subjetivos e objetivos. O LBP compreende em um dispositivo tecnológico com efeitos analgésico, anti-inflamatório e fotobiomodulador, que estimula o reparo neural. Os estudos mostram que a dosimetria nos comprimentos de onda vermelho e infravermelho, aplicação intra e extra oral, e com mais de uma sessão semanal exerce efeito modulatório positivo do reparo neural, com retorno progressivo da atividade sensitiva. Além disso, os estudos trazem uma ampla variação no número de pontos de aplicação, bem como no tempo de irradiação e quantidade de sessões, em virtude da extensão e tempo de diagnóstico da parestesia. Considerações finais: Apesar da alta complexidade da parestesia, o LBP exerce efeitos benéficos através do retorno da sensibilidade parcial ou total, além de ser um dispositivo bem tolerado pelo organismo e minimamente invasivo.

Introduction: Paresthesia is a neuropathy that affects sensory function. The Low-Level Laser (LLL), in turn, has analgesic, biostimulating and reparative properties. Purpose: Carry out a survey at the scientific literature on the general aspects and benefits of LLL in the therapeutic management of paresthesia in addition to identifying the classification and methods for obtaining a diagnosis of this condition. Materials and Methods: It was a narrative literature review through search in platforms PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and Google Schoolar. After crossing the descriptors with boolean operators and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 26 articles were included in this study. Results: Paresthesia can be classified into neuropraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis, subdivided into Grades I to V. Its diagnostic can be carried out through subjective and objective tests. The LLL consists in a technological device with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and photobiomodulatory effects, which stimulates neural repair. Studies show that LLL in dosimetry at red and infrared wavelengths with intra and extra oral application and with more than one-week use exerts a positive modulatory effect on neural repair, with a progressive return of sensory activity. Furthermore, the studies show a wide variation in the number of application points, as well as the irradiation time and number of sessions, due to the extent and time of diagnosis of paresthesia. Final Considerations: Despite the high complexity of paresthesia, the LLL has beneficial effects through the return of partial or total sensitivity in addition being a device well tolerated by the body and minimally invasive.

Acute dose-response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on muscle performance in female futsal players: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has recently been indicated as a potential therapeutic strategy in diverse health and sports contexts. However, its efficacy on muscle performance in female futsal players remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-response effect of PBMT on muscle performance in female futsal players. METHODS: In a crossover design, fifteen female futsal athletes (age: 18-30 years) were randomized to receive 1 of 4 PBMT conditions (placebo, 300, 900, and 1260 J [J]) on four occasions, separated by a 2-wk washout period. PBMT treatments were applied on the quadriceps muscle of both legs using a device containing 200 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), immediately before the following tests: countermovement jump (CMJ) (i.e., flight time as indicator of muscle power), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for the leg extension exercise (i.e., muscle strength), and 3 sets of repetitions-to-failure (i.e., local muscular endurance) for the 45° leg press exercise, with recording of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each set. The fatigue index was determined by the number of repetitions between sets 1 and 3. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the PBMT conditions for the maximum number of repetitions (p = 0.899), RPE (time p < 0.0001; interaction p = 0.653), fatigue index (p = 0.835), muscle power (p = 0.789), and isometric peak and mean torque (p = 0.776 and 0.537, respectively). CONCLUSION: Different doses of acute PBMT with LEDs do not improve muscle performance (endurance, power, and strength) and RPE in female futsal players.

Transcutaneous intravascular laser irradiation of blood affects plasma metabolites of women.

The effectiveness of indirect Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) is not fully understood. In this study, we provided a novel experiment that employs metabolomics to investigate the effects of ILIB in women. Twenty-eight volunteers underwent indirect ILIB and had their plasma collected before and after this procedure. The ILIB was applied at the radial artery for 30 min, using low-power photobiomodulation (660 nm), and a power output of 0.1 W. Plasma samples were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry in an untargeted approach. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis revealed 151 molecules with the Variable In Projection score of ≥ 1. From these, 26 were identified. After checking for molecules related to dietary intake, fasting, medication, or part of the human exposome, 15 were affected by ILIB. The abundances of Estradiol 17b-glucuronide 3-sulfate, CAR 14:3, PI 22:6/PGJ2, and CAR 12:1 significantly increased by ILIB, while AcylGlcADG 62:9, Tyrosyl-Glutamine, and CDP-DG 22:3/PGF1 had the contrary effect. ILIB was shown to modulate molecules from different chemical classes, although its impact on plasma metaboloma was minimal. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the implications of these findings across various metabolic pathways, thus advancing the science surrounding ILIB.

Photobiomodulation in post menopause genitourinary syndrome-Study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) defines a set of symptoms associated with an estrogen deficit involving alterations in organs genitourinary and that results in several urinary, genital, and sexual alterations. Brazilian women live about a third of their life after menopause, where hormonal changes occur along with clinical manifestations, characterized by vaginal and vulvar dryness, burning sensation, discomfort, vulvovaginal irritation, lack of lubrication, dyspareunia and urinary incontinence. Fractionated photothermolysis and radiofrequency systems, alone or in combination were tested to improve GSM. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to elaborate a protocol to evaluate the clinical response of patients with symptoms of GSM after the application of photobiomodulation in the vulvar region. METHOD: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study protocol, women over 50 years of age who are in the postmenopausal period (amenorrhea for at least 12 months, with no pathology involved) with one or more symptoms of GSM will be randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group (n = 30) will receive four consecutive applications, weekly, using DMC laser diode (λ = 808 nm), 4J per point, 100mW of power, 1,016W/cm2, 8 sites in the vulvar region, The Placebo Group (n = 30) will be handled as treated, but with the laser turned off. The quality of life will be assessed using female sexual functioning index (FSFI-6), urinary incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ-SF), Quality of life will be analyzed using the female sexual functioning index (FSFI-6). The intensity of menopausal symptoms will be evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the vulvo vaginal atrophy will be measured by the Vaginal Health Index (VHI). Also, the vaginal temperature will be measured using a thermal camera, the pressure of the pelvic floor force (vaginal dynamometer) and a 1-hour Pad Test will be performed to quantify the urinary loss. With this procedure, we intend to obtain an overall better life quality and diminished symptoms in women with GSM. All assessments will be performed prior to the first irradiation and after the last one. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This protocol is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT05557799.

Effect of nutritional stress and photobiomodulation protocol on in vitro viability and proliferation of murine preosteoblast cells.

This study aimed to assess the impact of nutritional conditions and irradiation parameters on the viability and proliferation of murine preosteoblasts. MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained under standard culture conditions (αMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) or nutritional deficit conditions (αMEM without serum) and irradiated or not (control) with an InGaAlP diode laser at wavelengths of 660 nm (red) or 790 nm (infrared), with doses of 1, 4, or 6 J/cm², in a single dose in continuous mode. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed 24, 48, and 72 h after irradiation using the Alamar blue reduction assay. The cell cycle and events related to cell death were evaluated via propidium iodide (PI) staining and Annexin V/PI assays, respectively, through flow cytometry. The data revealed that in cells cultured with normal nutrition (10% FBS), there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in cell viability or proliferation among the different irradiation protocols. In contrast, in the experiments conducted under nutritional deficiency, the infrared laser at a dose of 6 J/cm² significantly increased (p < 0.05) cell viability and proliferation compared with those of the control group at 72 h. The data were confirmed by cell cycle and cell death events (Annexin V/PI) assays. These results suggest that in vitro PBM yields more consistent biostimulatory effects on pre-osteoblasts subjected to nutritional deficiency, highlighting the need for attention to simulate these conditions in studies with laser therapy in in vitro bone disease models and in in vitro experiments using PBM for bone tissue engineering.

Effect of modified intravascular laser irradiation of blood in the oral and systemic conditions during dental treatment-A systematic review.

The aim of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of modified-ILIB (intravascular laser irradiation of blood) in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes during dental care. This systematic literature review study aimed to answer the question, "Is modified-ILIB an effective adjuvant therapy in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes in children and adults during dental treatment?". The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database under number CRD42023493800. The search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases on June 10, 2024. Google Scholar was used as a search source for gray literature. Randomized clinical trials were included, without restrictions on language or year of publication. The RoB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias and GRADE was used to check the quality of the evidence. A total of 750 articles were retrieved and five studies were selected for this review. All studies were in English and were carried out in Brazil. The outcomes were periodontal parameters and glycemic control in patients with periodontitis and type II diabetes, anxiety control in pediatric dentistry, postoperative pain after third molar extraction and improving taste in post-COVID-19 patients. The majority of studies had a low risk of bias, while only one study was considered to have some concerns. The quality of evidence from the studies was considered very low. The current evidence does not overwhelmingly support the effectiveness of modified-ILIB in controlling oral and/or systemic conditions in dentistry.

Pelvic floor muscle training associated with the photobiomodulation therapy for women affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a study protocol.

Background: Frequently, the women affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause experience genitourinary dysfunctions that profoundly influence their overall health. Even though the symptoms do not jeopardize the women's lives, the urinary and sexual dysfunctions significantly impact their quality of life. Isolated treatments focused on the main causes of the dysfunctions, such as pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and photobiomodulation have shown significant improvements in genitourinary dysfunctions. So, the association of PFMT with photobiomodulation may generate additional effects in the genitourinary area. This study aims to create a PFMT protocol isolated and associated with photobiomodulation therapy in women affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Methods: It is a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial protocol study that will include women experiencing genitourinary symptoms related to menopause, sexually active, never practiced pelvic floor muscle exercise or photobiomodulation treatment, and do not use hormone replacement therapy for at least 3 months. The randomization will allocate the women to three groups: PFMT group, PFMT associated with active intracavitary photobiomodulation group, and PFMT associated with sham intracavitary photobiomodulation group. A total of 16 sessions will be conducted twice a week. The assessments will occur before interventions, after the sixteenth session, and 1 month after the sixteenth session (follow-up). The evaluation will include the pelvic floor muscle vaginal manometry as the primary outcome. Also, the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form, the female sexual function index, the Utian Quality of Life scale, the patient global impression of improvement, the modified Oxford scale, and the vaginal health index will be the secondary outcomes. Discussion: Despite there are gold standard treatments such as PFMT, to alleviate genitourinary symptoms, interventions mirroring clinical practice are needed. This study protocol might show a groundbreaking and viable method to potentiate the effects of a gold-standard treatment associated with photobiomodulation. Conclusion: We expect this protocol to demonstrate that the use of PFMT and photobiomodulation strategies is feasible and able to potentiate the recovery of women affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. The Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte approved the study (n° 6.038.283), and the clinical trials platform registered the protocol (n° RBR-5r7zrs2).

Evaluation of vascular photobiomodulation for orofacial pain and tension type headache following COVID 19 in a pragmatic randomized clinical trial.

This pragmatic double-blind randomized clinical trial aims to assess the impact of vascular photobiomodulation on post-COVID-19 patients experiencing tension-type headache, orofacial pain, or both persisting for more than 3 months. Participants were divided into two groups: vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM) and simulated VPBM. Their conditions were evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Visual Analogue Scale, and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Data analysis included both inter and intragroup assessments, employing per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses. Significant differences were observed in pain levels pre- and post-treatment and between the two groups. These differences were evident in the average pain experienced in the previous week (p = 0.010) and various dimensions of the BPI questionnaire, such as the degree of pain interference with walking (p = 0.011), work (p = 0.009), sleep (p = 0.012), and enjoyment of life (p = 0.016). However, there was no statistically significant difference in headache impact on activities of daily living as measured by the HIT. Vascular photobiomodulation shows promise in reducing pain and enhancing the ability to engage in daily activities among post-COVID-19 patients experiencing persistent headaches and orofacial pain.

Prolonged Photobiomodulation with Deep Red Light Mitigates Incipient Retinal Deterioration in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes.

Diabetic retinopathy is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive damage to the retinal structure and function. Photobiomodulation therapy, using red or near-infrared light, has been proposed as a non-invasive intervention to mitigate retinal damage, but has been tested generally with short-term stimuli. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prolonged photobiomodulation with deep red light on retinal structure and function in a type 2 diabetes mouse model. Transgenic LepRdb/J (db/db) mice were exposed to photobiomodulation therapy via LED devices emitting 654 nm light for 12 h daily over ten weeks and compared to untreated mice. Retinal function was evaluated by flash electroretinography, while structural changes were assessed through histology and immunohistochemistry to detect astro- and microgliosis. At 33 weeks of age, db/db mice were obese and severely diabetic, but exhibited only incipient indicators of retinal deterioration. Electroretinogram b-wave peak latencies were prolonged at intermediate flash intensities, while the outer plexiform layer displayed significantly elevated IBA1 expression. Photobiomodulation therapy prevented these two markers of early retinal deterioration but had no effect on other morphological and functional parameters. Photobiomodulation is well-tolerated and maintains potential as a complementary treatment option for diabetic retinopathy but requires further optimization of therapeutic settings and combinatory treatment approaches.

Photobiomodulation for oral mucositis management in pediatric patients: a systematic review.

This review aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a safe and effective alternative for treating and preventing OM in children. The database search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Gray literature was also consulted through Google Scholar. Among 20 studies included, no adverse effect was reported, and only one study did not show any evidence of benefit from the use of PBMT. The analgesic effect of PBMT was emphasized and its action in accelerating the healing process and reducing the severity, duration and even incidence of OM was also noted. Evidence was found to encourage the use of PBMT to treat OM in pediatric patients. Higher quality studies must be developed in order to clarify the PBMT prophylactic effect and the best protocols for each clinical situation.The protocol of this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023418109).

Investigating the safety of photobiomodulation in oral carcinogenesis: insights into cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis via the 4NQO model.

The present investigation aimed to assess the safety of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the oral carcinogenesis process induced by 4NQO, focusing on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sixty-six Wistar rats received systemic 4NQO for 12 (n = 33) and 20 weeks (n = 33), divided into Control group, PBM 0.3 J, and PBM 1 J. Applications for PBM occurred three times a week. At weeks 12 and 20, the animals were euthanized. The immunoreactivity for anti-ROS1 and anti-p53 antibodies was also assessed. Statistical analysis was assessed by multiple t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation. At 12 weeks, PBM 1 J group had nodular lesions, distinct from control and PBM 0.3 J groups (p = 0.005). At 20 weeks, nodular lesions were common in control and PBM 0.3 J groups. Histopathological characteristics did not significantly differ between groups at 12 (p = 0.30) and 20 weeks (p = 0.58). Epithelial dysplasia (n = 21) was common at 12 weeks. After 20 weeks, most of the cases revealed squamous cell carcinoma (n = 24). No differences were observed in the immunostaining of p53 and ROS1 among the control and experimental groups and there was no correlation of these proteins with clinicopathological data. During the carcinogenesis process, the PBM did not modify the development of oral lesions and the expression of proliferative and apoptosis proteins.

Local and systemic photobiomodulation using a 650 nm LED on skin temperature and hyperalgesia in cellulite: a randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blinded clinical trial.

Cellulite is a skin condition that significantly affects women, characterized by "holes" or depressions in the skin, affecting approximately 95% of women at some point in their lives. Cellulite often presents inflammatory symptoms such as increased skin temperature and hyperalgesia. Photobiomodulation, whether applied locally or systemically, has demonstrated important anti-inflammatory effects in various conditions. This study investigates the effects of local and systemic photobiomodulation on hip culottes temperature increases and hyperalgesia in patients with grades 2 to 4 cellulite. Cellulite assessment was carried out using detailed anamnesis, photographic records, algometry, and infrared thermography. Participants received randomized bilateral treatment with or without systemic irradiation using LED photobiomodulation on the hip culottes for four weeks, three times a week. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation, especially locally applied, together or not with systemic irradiation, on cellulite hyperalgesia and skin temperature among 25 female participants. The group that received only LED treatment showed an increase in pain threshold of 8% and 20% on the right and left sides, respectively, while the group treated with LED + ILIB showed an increase in pain threshold of 32% on both sides. Local photobiomodulation produced a skin temperature decrease of 0.4 °C, while the combination of local and systemic irradiation produced an average skin temperature decrease of 1.2 °C. Our results clearly demonstrate a significantly beneficial effect of LED therapy for cellulite treatment, especially when administered in combination with mILIB, leading to a significant reduction of pain hypersensitivity and skin temperature, indicating a regional subcutaneous improvement of the inflammatory status.

Effect of laser photobiomodulation combined with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells using artificial intelligence: An in vitro study.

AIM: To evaluate in vitro the effect of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) combined or not with 30-nm hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANp), on the osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) by morphometric analysis using artificial intelligence programs (TensorFlow and ArcGIS). METHODS: UC-MSCs were isolated and cultured until 80% confluence was reached. The cells were then plated according to the following experimental groups: G1 -control (DMEM), G2 -BMP-2, G3 -BMP-7, G4 -PBM (660 nm, 10 mW, 2.5 J/cm2, spot size of 0.08 cm2), G5 -HANp, G6 -HANp + PBM, G7 -BMP-2 + PBM, and G8 -BMP-7 + PBM. The MTT assay was used to analyze cell viability at 24, 48 and 72 h. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by Alizarin Red staining after 7, 14 and 21 days. For morphometric analysis, areas of osteogenic differentiation (pixel2) were delimited by machine learning using the TensorFlow and ArcGIS 10.8 programs. RESULTS: The results of the MTT assay showed high rates of cell viability and proliferation in all groups when compared to control. Morphometric analysis revealed a greater area of osteogenic differentiation in G5 (HANp = 142709,33±36573,39) and G6 (HANp + PBM = 125452,00±24226,95) at all time points evaluated. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that HANp, whether combined with PBM or not, may be a promising alternative to enhance the cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation of hUC-MSCs.

Influence of photobiomodulation and radiofrequency on the healing of pressure lesions in mice.

The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of photobiomodulation and radiofrequency on the healing of pressure injuries in mice. A total of 70 animals were randomly assigned to seven experimental groups. A pressure injury was induced in the dorsal region of the mice by the application of two magnets. The photobiomodulation treatment was administered at a dosage of 3.6 J per session. In the radiofrequency group, the treatment time was four minutes and the power was 22 watts. The analyses included the lesion area, infrared thermography, and the collection of material for cytokine, histological, and histochemical analyses following euthanasia. In the macroscopic analyses, the 660 nm photobiomodulation group demonstrated superior outcomes in comparison to the control group. With regard to the microscopic analyses, the greatest difference between the groups was observed when TNF-α was evaluated in the photobiomodulation group. It can be observed that the groups irradiated by electrophysical means (i.e., a combination of radiofrequency with PBM 830 nm-660 nm) exhibited a positive influence on the repair process, with the greatest impact observed in the group irradiated by a combination of radiofrequency and 660 nm photobiomodulation.

Influence of photobiomodulation on energy contribution in normoxia and hypoxia conditions in amateur runners: a single-blinded and randomized crossover pilot study.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in hypoxia (HYP) and normoxia (NOR) on time to exhaustion and the energetic contribution of treadmill running in amateur athletes. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 29 years, were submitted to an incremental test to determine the iV̇O2max, and subsequently on separated days, to the PBMT application (irradiation = 720 s; wavelength = 850 nm), followed by four efforts to exhaustion, in treadmill running, under different conditions [NOR + placebo (PLA); NOR + PBMT; HYP + PLA; HYP + PBMT], in random order, to access energy contribution and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit alternative (MAODALT). Time to exhaustion and absolute aerobic contribution were lower in HYP than NOR, for both PLA and PBMT conditions (p < 0.05). In the percentage energy contribution of each metabolism during exhaustion effort, aerobic participation was lower, while MAODALT was higher in HYP than NOR, only in the PLA situation; alactic anaerobic participation was higher in HYP than NOR in the PBMT application situation (p = 0.002). The PBMT does not promote additional benefits over time to exhaustion in NOR and HYP conditions, however PBMT during exhaustive efforts in HYP results in an increase in anaerobiosis.

Diabetic rats skin wounds treated with heterologous fibrin sealant followed by photobiomodulation therapy.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels causing sometimes impairment of the body's ability to repair itself. Promising treatments for tissue repair have included photobiomodulation therapy and heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation therapy by LED, both as a standalone treatment and in conjunction with heterologous fibrin biopolymer in treatment of skin lesions of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using alloxan. Full-thickness skin wounds were induced on the backs of 56 Wistar rats, which were randomly allocated into four groups: control group, heterologous fibrin biopolymer group, photobiomodulation therapy by LED group, and photobiomodulation therapy by LED combined with heterologous fibrin biopolymer group. The treatments spanned two experimental periods, lasting 7 and 14 days. Notably, the HFB group exhibited results similar to those of the LED group concerning wound regression, while demonstrating superior resistance to healing. Interestingly, the LED + HFB group showed greater skin damage at 7 days, but an improved repair process at 14 days compared to the control group. The findings indicate that combining photobiomodulation by LED with HFB did not enhance wound healing in diabetic rats beyond the effects of each treatment alone. Both treatments were effective individually, with HFB showing particular strength in promoting collagen maturation and improving tissue biomechanical properties. This study contributes to the ongoing body of research on skin repair with this innovative HFB. Future clinical trials will be essential to validate this proposition.

Effect of photobiomodulation and corticopuncture methods on tooth displacement and gene expression: animal study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and type I collagen (COL1) and the rate of tooth movement comparing 3 accelerated tooth movement (ATM) methods: Corticopuncture (CP), photobiomodulation (PBM) and the combined technique (CP + PBM) on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. METHODS: Orthodontic tooth movement was induced in 24 male Wistar rats. CP procedure included three perforations: two in the palate and one mesial to the molars. GaAlAs diode laser irradiation was performed on days 0, 2, 4 and 6, totaling 4 irradiations. 14 days (810 nm, 100 mW, 15 s). Gingival tissue was collected from the cervical area of both first molars and qPCR was performed to isolate and quantify mRNA levels. RESULTS: All ATM groups showed increased tooth displacement compared to control after 14 days (20% for PBM; 40% for CP and 60% for CP + PBM). PBM showed higher VEGF expression on days 1,3 and 7 followed by CP and CP + PBM. PRX1 levels increased on days 1 and 3 in PBM and CP + PBM. GLUT1 increased on day 3 in all groups. No difference was found on levels of VEGF, PRX1 and GLUT1 among the groups on day 14, except for COL1 which increased significantly in PBM group. CONCLUSION: All ATM methods showed higher expression of all of VEGF, PRX1, GLUT1, COL1 than control group. PBM and CP + PBM groups had more expression related to angiogenesis, glucose uptake, oxidative stress and collagen synthesis.

The effects of photobiomodulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on chronic neck pain: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation (PBM) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are used to reduce neck pain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate and 1-month post-treatment effects of 10 treatment sessions of PBM and TENS delivered over 2 weeks on pain intensity in individuals with neck pain. METHODS: Individuals with neck pain were randomized into four groups: PBM+TENS, PBM, TENS, and Sham. PRIMARY OUTCOME: pain intensity at rest. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: pain intensity during movement, pressure pain threshold (PPT), temporal summation (TS), conditioned pain modulation (CPM), cervical range of motion (ROM), psychosocial factors, drug intake for neck pain, and global perceived effect (GPE). All outcome assessments were made pre- and post-treatment. Mean differences and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated for between-group comparisons. RESULTS: A total of 144 participants were recruited. No significant between-group difference was observed for pain intensity at rest, TS, CPM, ROM, psychosocial factors, and drug intake. The PBM+TENS showed a reduction in pain intensity during movement and GPE compared to the PBM (MD: 1.0 points; 95 % CI: 0.0, 2.0; MD: 2.0 points; 95 % CI: 1.0, 3.0) and Sham (MD: 2.0 points; 95 % CI: 1.0, 3.0; MD: 2.0 points; 95 % CI: 1.0, 3.0) groups. PBM+TENS presented a medium effect size to increase local PPT compared to PBM and Sham groups. TENS presented a medium effect size to increase local PPT compared to PBM and Sham groups. TENS presented a medium effect size to increase distant PPT compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PBM or TENS was not effective for reducing pain intensity at rest. The combination of PBM and TENS was effective in improving pain intensity during movement, local hyperalgesia, and the GPE. TENS reduced local and distant hyperalgesia.