RESUMO
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) cause serious damage to mammals, but few studies have investigated the impacts of these toxins on pregnant and lactating mammals. This study investigated the effects of ZEN on AFB1-induced intestinal and ovarian toxicity in pregnant and lactating rats. Based on the results, AFB1 reduces the digestion, absorption, and antioxidant capacity in the intestine, increases intestinal mucosal permeability, destroys intestinal mechanical barriers, and increases pathogenic bacteria' relative abundances. Simultaneously, ZEN can exacerbate the intestinal injury caused by AFB1. The intestines of the offspring were also damaged, but the damage was less severe than that observed for the dams. While AFB1 activates various signalling pathways in the ovary and affects genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, ZEN may exacerbate or antagonize the AFB1 toxicity on gene expression in the ovary through key node genes and abnormally expressed genes. Our study found that mycotoxins can not only directly damage the ovaries and affect gene expression in the ovaries but can also impact ovarian health by disrupting intestinal microbes. Mycotoxins are an important environmental pathogenic factor for intestinal and ovarian disease in pregnancy and lactation mammals.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Tricotecenos , Zearalenona , Animais , Ratos , Gravidez , Feminino , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Tricotecenos/toxicidade , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidade , Ovário , Lactação , Intestinos , MamíferosRESUMO
In this study, a methodology was developed that can be used as input for risk-based monitoring plans for chemical contaminants in food products. The novel methodology was applied to a case study in which cereals and fish were evaluated simultaneously for the possible presence of mycotoxins and heavy metals. The methodology was based on hazard quotients that were estimated by dividing the daily intake - using concentrations of the contaminants in the different food products and consumption of the respective products combined per product group - by the health based guidance value (HBGV) or reference points used for assessing potential health concerns (RPHC). The most relevant hazard-product combinations were further ranked based on the volume of import of the ingredients, per import country and a defined contaminant prevalence level per country. For fish, the hazard quotients were around ten times lower compared to the highest hazard quotients in cereals. Consumption of molluscs, mackerel-type fish and herring-type fish contaminated with mercury contributed most to the HBGV or RPHC. The top 25 hazard-product combinations for various age groups included: aflatoxin B1 in combination with wheat, rice (products), maize (products), and pasta, zearalenone in combination with wheat (products), T2/HT2-toxin in combination with rice (products), and DON in combination with wheat (products). The methodology presented showed to be useful in identifying the most relevant hazard-food-age group combinations and the most relevant import countries linked to these that should be included in the monitoring. As such, the method can help risk managers in establishing risk-based monitoring programs.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Animais , Grão Comestível/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Zearalenona/análise , TriticumRESUMO
The common mycotoxins in polluted grains are aflatoxin B1(AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Because of the potential threat to humans and animals, it is necessary to detect mycotoxin contaminants rapidly. At present, later flow immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most frequently used methods for rapid analysis. However, multistep sample pretreatment processes and organic solvents are also required to extract mycotoxins from grains. In this study, we developed a one-step and "green" sample pretreatment method without using organic solvents. By combining with LFIA test strips and a handheld detection device, an on-site method for the rapid detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON was developed. The LODs for AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn are 0.90 µg/kg, 7.11 µg/kg and 10.6 µg/kg, respectively, and the working ranges are from 1.25 µg/kg to 40 µg/kg, 20 µg/kg to 2000 µg/kg and 35 µg/kg to 1500 µg/kg, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to the detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn, rice and peanut, with recoveries of 89 ± 3%-106 ± 3%, 86 ± 2%-108 ± 7% and 90 ± 2%-106 ± 10%, respectively. The detection results for the AFB1, ZEN and DON residues in certified reference materials by this method were in good agreement with their certificate values.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Oryza , Zearalenona , Animais , Humanos , Arachis , Aflatoxina B1 , Zea mays , Micotoxinas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
Microbial remediation of environmental pollutants can be advanced by carrier based cells immobilization. Whereas the effects of microorganisms immobilized on biochar for removal of zearalenone (ZEN) still remain unknown. Herein, this work presented the characterization of rice straw biochar (RSB) around modification in immobilizing Bacillus subtilis 168 and the role in fighting ZEN in vitro. Specifically, 10% of RSB with pH 5 condition were optimal for bearing cells, where majority of cells loaded inside the pore and minority on surface with agglomeration or scattering status. Octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-inclusion RSB showed better performances including over 93% of ZEN detoxification rate (32.48% in free cells), cells preservation, and stability of detoxification in simulated gastrointestinal environment. RSB treated with sulphuric acid made nutrients adsorption generally less than 6.5%. No residues of α-ZEL and α-ZAL were found in ZEN biotransformation process whether by free cells or composites. Mechanism discussion implied that predominant monolayer chemisorption by RSB and subsequent biodegradation by extracellular enzymes from microorganism involved in ZEN-removal process. Collectively, these findings contribute to provide an applying strategy for coordination of biochar and microorganisms as potentially mycotoxin detoxifying agent in agricultural feed bioremediation and environmental decontamination processes.
Assuntos
Oryza , Zearalenona , Zearalenona/química , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Carvão VegetalRESUMO
The occurrence of zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), ß-zearalenol (ß-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), ß-zearalanol (ß-ZAL), and zearalanone (ZAN)) was investigated in 78 cereal flour from Korea using UHPLC-MS/MS. Among these mycotoxins, ZEN was the most abundant in the analyzed samples at an incidence rate of 41% and concentration range of 0.5-536 µg/kg. The highest contamination and incidence rate of ZEN were found in corn flour samples, while oat flour samples showed the lowest contamination and incidence rate of this mycotoxin. α-ZEL, ß-ZEL, and ZAN were detected only in corn flour samples but at lower frequencies of 23%, 17%, and 15%, respectively, while α-ZAL and ß-ZAL were not detected in any sample. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the simultaneous occurrence of ZEN and its major metabolites in commercially available cereal flour from Korea. Among the tested samples, only four were contaminated with ZEN at levels exceeding the maximum regulatory level established in Korea. The co-occurrence of ZEN, α-ZEL, ß-ZEL, and ZAN was observed in 14% of all samples. Although ZEN metabolites were detected at relatively lower levels than ZEN, the relatively high co-occurrence rate of those mycotoxins is of significant concern from a food safety perspective, since they can synergistically contribute to the overall toxicity and estrogenic effects.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Zearalenona/análise , Farinha , Grão Comestível/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , República da CoreiaRESUMO
A novel fluorescence immunoassay based on MnO2 nanoflowers loading multicolor quantum dots and glutathione destroying MnO2 nanoflowers to release quantum dots combined with magnetic separation is developed for rapid, ultra-sensitive, and simultaneous quantitative detection of ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in cereal samples. The test linear range of assay is from 0.001 to 200 µg L-1. The limit of detection for ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone is 0.0001 µg L-1, 0.0001 µg L-1, 0.0003 µg L-1, and 0.0001 µg L-1, respectively. The simultaneous detection of four mycotoxins can be achieve within 30 min. The test results of four mycotoxins in the incurred corn, rice, and oat samples have been confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, the differences between results are considered no significantly different (p > 0.05). This multiplexed test scheme has provided a potential analysis strategy for multiple food risk factors.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Micotoxinas/análise , Zearalenona/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Aflatoxina B1/análise , Compostos de Manganês , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Óxidos , Imunoensaio/métodos , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
Microfiltration is a common step in liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a method of choice in determining several mycotoxins in a solution at once. However, microfiltration may entail filter-analyte interactions that can affect the accuracy of the procedure, and underestimate exposure. The aim of our study was to assess how five different membrane materials for syringe filters (nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulphone, mixed cellulose ester, and cellulose acetate) affect microfiltration and recovery of EU-regulated mycotoxins, including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and ochratoxin A. Polytetrafluoroethylene filters turned out to least affect microfiltration through mycotoxin loss, followed by more commonly used nylon filters, whereas the remaining three filter membrane materials had such a negative effect on recoveries that we found them incompatible with the procedure. Our findings clearly suggest that it is important to select a proper filter type that suits analyte properties and solution composition and to discard the first few filtrate drops to ensure the accuracy of the analytical procedure.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Micotoxinas/análise , Nylons/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Zearalenona/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi and induces cytotoxicity by the generation of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the nephroprotective effects of crocin and nano-crocin against ZEA-induced toxicity in HEK293 cell line via modulation of oxidative stress and special formulation to make nano-crocin. METHOD: Nano-crocin physicochemical properties, such as size, load, appearance, and drug release profile were determined. Also, the viability of intoxicated HEK293 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase lipid Peroxidation (LPO), and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured. RESULT: The best nano-crocin formulation with superior entrapment effectiveness (54.66 ± 6.02), more significant drug loading (1.89 ± 0.01), better zeta potential (-23.4 ± 2.844), and smaller particle size (140.3 ± 18.0 nm) was chosen. This study showed that treatment with crocin and nano-crocin in ZEA-induced cells, significantly decreased LDH and LPO levels and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels compared to the control group. Moreover, nano-crocin had a more curative effect against oxidative stress than crocin. CONCLUSION: Niosomal structure of crocin, when administered with the special formulation, may be more beneficial in reducing ZEA-induced in vitro toxicity than conventional crocin.
Assuntos
Zearalenona , Humanos , Células HEK293 , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Carotenoides/uso terapêutico , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Although humans and animals are usually exposed to combinations of toxic substances, little is known about the interactive toxicity of mycotoxins and farm chemicals. Therefore, we can not precisely evaluate the health risks of combined exposure. In the present work, using different approaches, we examined the toxic impacts of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our findings showed that the lethal toxicity of zearalenone to embryonic fish with a 10-day LC50 of 0.59 mg L-1 was lower than trifloxystrobin (0.037 mg L-1). Besides, the mixture of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin triggered acute synergetic toxicity to embryonic fish. Moreover, the contents of CAT, CYP450, and VTG were distinctly altered in most single and combined exposures. Transcriptional levels of 23 genes involved in the oxidative response, apoptosis, immune, and endocrine systems were determined. Our results implied that eight genes (cas9, apaf-1, bcl-2, il-8, trb, vtg1, erß1, and tg) displayed greater changes when exposed to the mixture of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin compared with the corresponding individual chemicals. Our findings indicated that performing the risk assessment based on the combined impact rather than the individual dosage response of these chemicals was more accurate. Nevertheless, further investigations are still necessary to reveal the modes of action of mycotoxin and pesticide combinations and alleviate their effects on human health.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Zearalenona , Animais , Humanos , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Larva , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Rice is the second most important cereal crop and is vital for the diet of billions of people. However, its consumption can increase human exposure to chemical contaminants, namely mycotoxins and metalloids. Our goal was to evaluate the occurrence and human exposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and inorganic arsenic (InAs) in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal and evaluate their correlation. The analysis of mycotoxins involved ELISA, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.8, 1 and 1.75 µg kg-1 for OTA, AFB1, and ZEN, respectively. InAs analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; LOD = 3.3 µg kg-1). No sample showed contamination by OTA. AFB1 was present in 2 (4.8%) samples (1.96 and 2.20 µg kg-1), doubling the European maximum permitted level (MPL). Concerning ZEN, 88.89% of the rice samples presented levels above the LOD up to 14.25 µg kg-1 (average of 2.75 µg kg-1). Regarding InAs, every sample presented concentration values above the LOD up to 100.0 µg kg-1 (average of 35.3 µg kg-1), although none surpassed the MPL (200 µg kg-1). No correlation was observed between mycotoxins and InAs contamination. As for human exposure, only AFB1 surpassed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Children were recognized as the most susceptible group.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Oryza , Zearalenona , Criança , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análise , Oryza/química , Projetos Piloto , Portugal , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Zearalenona/análise , Aflatoxina B1/análise , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.
Assuntos
Fusarium , Micotoxinas , Toxina T-2 , Tricotecenos do Tipo B , Zearalenona , Micotoxinas/análise , Avena/microbiologia , Grão Comestível/química , Zearalenona/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Toxina T-2/análise , Escócia , GlucosídeosRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on piglet Sertoli cell (SC)-mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) based on mitochondrial fission, and to explore the molecular mechanism of ZEA-induced cell damage. After the SCs were exposed to the ZEA, the cell viability decreased, the Ca2+ levels increased, and the MAM showed structural damage. Moreover, glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75) and mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 (Miro1) were upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels. However, phosphofurin acidic cluster protein 2 (PACS2), mitofusin2 (Mfn2), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) were downregulated at the mRNA and protein levels. A pretreatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) decreased the ZEA-induced cytotoxicity toward the SCs. In the ZEA + Mdivi-1 group, the cell viability increased, the Ca2+ levels decreased, the MAM damage was repaired, and the expression levels of Grp75 and Miro1 decreased, while those of PACS2, Mfn2, VDAC1, and IP3R increased compared with those in the ZEA-only group. Thus, ZEA causes MAM dysfunction in piglet SCs through mitochondrial fission, and mitochondria can regulate the ER via MAM.
Assuntos
Células de Sertoli , Zearalenona , Masculino , Animais , Suínos , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Dinâmica Mitocondrial , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismoRESUMO
A macrolide antibiotic, lasiodiplodin was isolated from the endophytic fungus (EF) Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae J-10 associated with the medicinal plant Sarcandra glabra. In vitro antifungal assay demonstrated the inhibitory activity of lasiodiplodin against the growth of six phytopathogenic fungi, with the IC50 values ranging between 15.50 and 52.30 µg/mL. The highest antifungal activities were recorded against Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum capsici, and Pestalotiopsis theae, with IC50 values of 15.50, 15.90, and 17.55 µg/mL, respectively. The underlying mechanism of the antifungal activity of lasiodiplodin against E. turcicum included the alteration of its colony morphology and disturbance of its cell membrane integrity. In addition, the optimization of L. pseudotheobromae J-10 culture conditions increased lasiodiplodin yield to 52.33 mg/L from 0.59 mg/L at pre-optimization. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of antifungal compound from the EF L. pseudotheobromae J-10 associated with S. glabra, as well as on the optimization of L. pseudotheobromae J-10 culture conditions to increase lasiodiplodin yield. The results of this study support that lasiodiplodin is a natural compound with high potential bioactivity against phytopathogens, and provide a basis for further study of the EF associated with S. glabra.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Zearalenona , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Zearalenona/farmacologiaRESUMO
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogen-like mycotoxin, which mainly led to reproductive toxicity. The study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of ZEA-induced dysfunction of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) in piglet Sertoli cells (SCs) via the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. In this study, SCs were used as a research object that was exposed to ZEA, and ERS inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyrate acid (4-PBA) was used as a reference. The results showed that ZEA damaged cell viability and increased Ca2+ levels; damaged the structure of MAM; up-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75) and mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 (Miro1), while inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), mitofusin2 (Mfn2) and phosphofurin acidic cluster protein 2 (PACS2) were down-regulated. After a 3 h 4-PBA-pretreatment, ZEA was added for mixed culture. The results of 4-PBA pretreatment showed that inhibition of ERS reduced the cytotoxicity of ZEA against piglet SCs. Compared with the ZEA group, inhibition of ERS increased cell viability and decreased Ca2+ levels; restored the structural damage of MAM; down-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of Grp75 and Miro1; and up-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of IP3R, VDAC1, Mfn2, and PACS2. In conclusion, ZEA can induce MAM dysfunction in piglet SCs via the ERS pathway, whereas ER can regulate mitochondria through MAM.
Assuntos
Zearalenona , Masculino , Animais , Suínos , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo EndoplasmáticoRESUMO
To ensure food safety and quality, the development of rapid detection of mycotoxins using sensitive and accurate methods is essential. Zearalenone is one of the mycotoxins found in cereals, and its toxicity poses a serious risk to humans. For this concern, a simple ceria silver co doped zinc oxide (Ce-Ag/ZnO) catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation approach. The physical properties of the catalyst were characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, FESEM, and TEM. The Ce-Ag/ZnO catalyst was used as an electrode material for the detection of ZEN in food samples due to its synergistic effect and high catalytic activity. The sensor exhibits good catalytic performance with a detection limit of 0.26 µg/mL. Moreover, the efficiency of the prepared sensor was confirmed by selectivity in interference studies and real-time analysis in food samples. Our research is an essential technique for using trimetallic heterostructures to study the construction of sensors.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Nanotubos , Zearalenona , Óxido de Zinco , Humanos , Óxido de Zinco/química , Zinco , Prata/química , Nanotubos/químicaRESUMO
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an important secondary metabolite of Fusarium fungi, exposure to which can cause reproductive disorders through its effects on ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) in many mammals, especially in pigs. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) on the ZEN-induced negative effects in porcine GCs (pGCs). The pGCs were treated with 30 µM ZEN and/or 20 µM C3G for 24 h; they were divided into a control (Ctrl) group, ZEN group, ZEN+C3G (Z+C) group, and a C3G group. Bioinformatics analysis was used to systematically screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the rescue process. Results showed that C3G could effectively rescue ZEN-induced apoptosis in pGCs, and notably increase cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, 116 DEGs were identified, and the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway was the center of attention, of which five genes and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and/or Western blot (WB). As analyzed, ZEN inhibited mRNA and protein levels of integrin subunit alpha-7 (ITGA7), and promoted the expression of cell cycle inhibition kinase cyclin-D3 (CCND3) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A). After the knock-down of ITGA7 by siRNA, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression decreased, and apoptosis rates and pro-apoptotic proteins increased. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that C3G exhibited significant protective effects on the ZEN-induced inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis via the ITGA7-PI3K-AKT pathway.
Assuntos
Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Zearalenona , Feminino , Suínos , Animais , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Integrinas/metabolismo , Apoptose , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Células da Granulosa/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
The study investigated the short-term effects of a single oral bolus of zearalenone (ZEN) on the rumen microbiota and fermentation patterns in four rumen-cannulated Holstein cows fed a forage diet with daily 2 kg/cow concentrate. During the baseline day, cows received uncontaminated concentrate, followed by ZEN-contaminated concentrate on the second day, and again the uncontaminated concentrate on day three. Free rumen liquid (FRL) and particle-associated rumen liquid (PARL) were collected at different hours post-feeding on all days to analyze the prokaryotic community composition, absolute abundances of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and anaerobic fungi, as well as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles. The ZEN reduced the microbial diversity in FRL but not in the PARL fraction. The abundance of protozoa was higher after ZEN exposure in PARL, which may be related to their strong biodegradation capacity that, therefore, promoted protozoal growth. In contrast, α-zearalenol might compromise anaerobic fungi as indicated by reduced abundances in FRL and fairly negative correlations in both fractions. Total SCFA significantly increased in both fractions after ZEN exposure, while the SCFA profile only changed marginally. Concluding, a single ZEN challenge caused changes in the rumen ecosystem soon after intake, including ruminal eukaryotes, that should be the subject of future studies.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Zearalenona , Feminino , Bovinos , Animais , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Fermentação , Ração Animal/análise , Lactação/metabolismoRESUMO
Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by fungi on raw materials, such as cereals, represent a serious health hazard. Animals are exposed to them mainly through the ingestion of contaminated feed. This study presents data about the presence and co-occurrence of nine mycotoxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxins A and B, zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and sterigmatocystin (STER), in 400 samples of compound feed for cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep (100 samples each) collected in Spain (2019-2020). Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and ZEA were quantified using a previously validated HPLC method using fluorescence detection; whereas DON and STER were quantified using ELISA. Moreover, the obtained results were compared with those obtained in this country and published in the last 5 years. The mycotoxin presence in Spanish feed, especially for ZEA and DON, has been demonstrated. The maximum individual levels found were: AFB1: 6.9 µg/kg in a sample of feed for poultry; OTA: 65.5 µg/kg in a sample of feed for pigs, DON: 887 µg/kg in a sample of feed for sheep, and ZEA: 816 µg/kg in a sample of feed for pigs. Nevertheless, regulated mycotoxins appear, in general, at levels below those regulated by the EU; in fact, the percentage of samples containing concentrations above these limits was very low (from 0% for DON to 2.5% for ZEA). The co-occurrence of mycotoxins has also been demonstrated: 63.5% of the analyzed samples presented detectable levels of two to five mycotoxins. Due to the fact that the distribution of mycotoxins in raw materials can change greatly from year to year with climate conditions or market globalization, regular mycotoxin monitorization in feed is needed to prevent the integration of contaminated materials in the food chain.
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas , Micotoxinas , Ocratoxinas , Zearalenona , Bovinos , Animais , Suínos , Ovinos , Micotoxinas/análise , Ocratoxinas/análise , Aves Domésticas , Espanha , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Aflatoxinas/análise , Zearalenona/análise , Esterigmatocistina/análiseRESUMO
Pigs are the most sensitive animal to zearalenone (ZEN) contamination, especially after weaning, with acute deleterious effects on different health parameters. Although recommendations not to exceed 100 µg/kg in piglets feed exists (2006/576/EC), there are no clear regulations concerning the maximum limit in feed for piglets, which means that more investigations are necessary to establish a guidance value. Due to these reasons, the present study aims to investigate if ZEN, at a concentration lower than the EC recommendation for piglets, might affect the microbiota or induce changes in SCFA synthesis and can trigger modifications of nutritional, physiological, and immunological markers in the colon (intestinal integrity through junction protein analysis and local immunity through IgA production). Consequently, the effect of two concentrations of zearalenone were tested, one below the limit recommended by the EC (75 µg/kg) and a higher one (290 µg/kg) for comparison reasons. Although exposure to contaminated feed with 75 µg ZEN/kg feed did not significantly affect the observed parameters, the 290 µg/kg feed altered several microbiota population abundances and the secretory IgA levels. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the adverse effects that ZEN can have in the colon of young pigs in a dose-dependent manner.
Assuntos
Zearalenona , Animais , Suínos , Zearalenona/análise , Desmame , Colo/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
Edible and medicinal plants (EMPs) are widely used but are easily infected by harmful fungi which produce mycotoxins. Herein, 127 samples from 11 provinces were collected to investigate 15 mycotoxins based on geographic, demographic, processing, and risk characteristics. A total of 13 mycotoxins were detected, and aflatoxin B1 (0.56~97.00 µg/kg), deoxynivalenol (9.41~1570.35 µg/kg), fumonisin B1 (8.25~1875.77 µg/kg), fumonisin B2 (2.74~543.01 µg/kg), ochratoxin A (0.62~19.30 µg/kg), and zearalenone (1.64~2376.58 µg/kg) occurred more frequently. Mycotoxin levels and species were significantly different by region, types of EMPs, and method of processing. The margin of exposure (MOE) values was well below the safe MOE (10,000). AFB1 exposure from Coix seed and malt consumption in China was of high health concern. The hazard Index (HI) method showed the range of 113.15~130.73% for malt, indicating a public health concern. In conclusion, EMPs should be concerned because of the cumulative effects of co-occurred mycotoxins, and safety management strategies should be developed in follow-up studies.
