Exploring the Efficacy of Four Apiaceae Essential Oils against Nine Stored-Product Pests in Wheat Protection.

The Apiaceae family, known for aromatic plants producing bioactive essential oils (EOs), holds significance across sectors, including agrochemicals. This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of four Apiaceae EOs from Crithmum maritimum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill, Smyrnium olusatrum L., and Elwendia persica (Boiss.) Pimenov and Kljuykov against various significant storage pests (Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Trogoderma granarium Everts, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jacquelin du Val, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), Acarus siro L., and Tenebrio molitor L.) on wheat. Insect mortality rates were monitored at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. Smyrnium olusatrum EO exhibited the highest efficacy, followed by T. ammi, C. maritimum, and E. persica EOs, although efficacy varied by species, developmental stage, and concentration. Notably, complete mortality occurred for several pests at 1000 ppm of S. olusatrum and T. ammi EOs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed key compounds in these EOs, including myrcene, germacrone, and curzerene in S. olusatrum EO, and thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene in T. ammi EO. These findings emphasize their potential as botanical insecticides. Smyrnium olusatrum and T. ammi EOs emerge as promising eco-friendly pest management options due to their efficacy, highlighted compound composition, and availability of biomass from both wild and cultivated sources.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 11 (22 March 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), the Americas region has experienced intermediate levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) activity, showing a decreasing trend. Concurrently, there has been a decline in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, currently at low levels. Both ILI and SARI activities have been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been notably influenced by moderate activity in North America and the Caribbean, while SARI activity has been particularly impacted by trends in North America. Regarding respiratory virus circulation, regional SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased after an observed increase in previous weeks, although it remains moderate compared to previous epidemic waves. Additionally, an epidemic activity of influenza has been observed for this time of year, alongside a declining activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), which is currently at low levels. North America: Despite a slight decline in previous EWs, ILI cases have maintained medium-high levels, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases and respiratory virus-related hospitalizations have continued to decline. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels, showing a slight decrease over the past four EWs. Predominant influenza viruses during this period have been type A , with A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) circulating concurrently, along with lesser circulation of influenza B/Victoria. RSV activity has declined over the past four EWs, maintaining moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the same period to low levels compared to previous waves. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has significantly decreased over the past four EWs to medium-low levels. Influenza activity has remained epidemic, gradually declining, while RSV activity has also decreased to moderate levels. In Mexico, influenza circulation has fluctuated at epidemic levels over the past four EWs, with SARS-CoV-2 circulation remaining at intermediate levels compared to previous waves. In the United States, influenza activity has consistently remained above the epidemic threshold, while RSV and SARSCoV- 2 activities have decreased to low levels. ILI cases have remained stable at medium levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown a downward trend over the past four EWs after reaching similar elevated levels as the previous season. Caribbean: Following a previous increase, ILI cases have markedly decreased over the past four weeks, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases have continued to decline, with most positive cases associated with influenza. Influenza activity has decreased over the past four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. Predominant viruses during this period have been influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained low, and SARS-CoV-2 activity has also declined to low levels. By countries: Increased influenza activity has been observed in Suriname and the Cayman Islands. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Dominica, Saint Lucia, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Central America: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases have shown a slight increase but remain at low levels, with most positive cases attributed to influenza. Influenza activity has increased to intermediate levels over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has also remained at low levels. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the past four EWs to low levels, while SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza has been observed, reaching moderate levels, while SARI cases have remained at epidemic levels, primarily associated with influenza. In Honduras, there has been a new increase in SARI cases, reaching epidemic levels, associated with a rise in positive cases for influenza. In Nicaragua, activity for both RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 has decreased to low levels. In Panama, influenza activity has shown a pronounced increase to moderate levels over the past four EWs, while ILI and SARI cases have remained low. have continued to decline to low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has remained at low levels over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline to moderate levels. By countries: In Bolivia, an increase in ILI and SARI cases has been observed, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold associated with positive cases for influenza. Influenza has shown a marked increase in activity, surpassing the elevated threshold. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the last four EWs to medium-low levels; SARI activity has been around the epidemic threshold during these last four EWs, with positive cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased to medium-high levels, influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has remained at moderate levels over the last four EWs. SARI activity has fluctuated around the moderate threshold, with positive SARI cases attributable to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and, to a lesser extent, RSV. In Peru, after a marked increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity in previous weeks, a decrease has been observed in the last four EWs to low levels. In Venezuela, fluctuating influenza activity has been observed below the epidemic threshold over the last four EWs. Brazil and Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity have remained at low levels over the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has shown an increase over the last four EWs, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold in some countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline with elevated levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positivity, although remaining at moderate levels, has shown a marked decrease over the last four EWs, and influenza activity is below the epidemic threshold. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at elevated levels, albeit decreasing, and influenza activity has shown an increase during the last four EWs, surpassing the epidemic threshold. In Chile, an increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed over the last four EWs at moderate levels, along with an increase in influenza activity, which has surpassed the epidemic threshold. ILI cases have shown a pronounced increase with epidemic levels; SARI cases have slightly surpassed the epidemic threshold, with the majority of positive cases for both ILI and SARI attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and to a lesser extent, influenza. In Paraguay, the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has shown a decrease over the last four EWs, reaching low levels, while influenza and RSV activity have remained low. ILI and SARI activity have remained below the epidemic threshold. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued below the epidemic threshold, albeit with a slight increase in the last four weeks, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles intermedios en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, con una tendencia decreciente. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y Caribe, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad detectada en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional tras un ascenso observado en semanas previas, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido, aunque que se mantiene moderada en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año, y una actividad en descenso del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que se encuentra actualmente en niveles bajos. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras un ligero descenso en SE previas, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG y hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios se han mantenido un descenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación mostrando un ligero descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A, circulando de forma concurrente influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 e influenza A(H3N2), y con circulación en menor medida de influenza B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles bajos en comparación con ola previas. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles mediobajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino y la actividad del VRS ha mantenido un descenso encontrándose en niveles medios. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles intermedios en comparación con olas previas. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido constante por encima del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 han mantenido un descenso hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI se han mantenido estables en niveles medios. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE. Caribe: Tras el incremento observado en SE previas, los casos de ETI han mostrado un marcado descenso en las cuatro últimas semanas hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, y se ha observado circulación concurrente en menor medida de influenza tipo A(H3N2) y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso hasta niveles bajos. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad elevada de influenza en Surinam y las Islas Caimán. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Dominica, Santa Lucia, Guyana y San Vicente y las Granadinas. América Central: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han presentado un ligero incremento, aunque se mantiene en niveles bajos, siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento situándose en niveles intermedios en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 has descendido durante las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos y la actividad de IRAG se encuentra en torno a niveles epidémicos. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados; en cuanto a los casos de IRAG se mantienen en niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría asociados a su vez a influenza. En Honduras, se ha observado de nuevo un incremento en los casos de IRAG que se encuentran en niveles epidémicos, asociado a un ascenso en los casos positivos a influenza. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido hasta niveles bajos. En Panamá, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un pronunciado incremento hasta niveles moderados en las cuatro últimas SE, los casos de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV- 2 e influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles medios. Por países: En Bolivia, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI e IRAG asociado a casos positivos a influenza y con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico. La influenza ha mostrado un marcado incremento en la actividad, superando el umbral elevado. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles medio-bajos; la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en descenso en torno al umbral epidémico durante estas últimas cuatro SE, con los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un incremento en la actividad situándose en niveles medio-altos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles medios en las cuatro últimas SE. La actividad de IRAG ha fluctuado en torno al umbral moderado, los casos IRAG positivos han sido atribuibles a influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS. En Perú tras un marcado incremento en la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 en semanas previas, se ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. En Venezuela durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido y en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha mostrado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico en algunos países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles elevados. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. El porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, aunque permanece con niveles moderados, ha mostrado un marcado descenso en las cuatro últimas SE y la actividad de influenza se encuentra por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, aunque en descenso, y la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un ascenso durante la cuatro últimas SE superando el umbral epidémico. En Chile, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad del SARS.CoV-2 en las cuatro últimas SE con niveles moderados, y a su vez se ha observado un ascenso en la actividad de influenza que ha superado el umbral epidémico. Los casos de ETI han presentado un ascenso pronunciado con niveles epidémicos; los casos de IRAG han superado ligeramente el umbral epidémico, la mayoría de los casos positivos tanto de ETI como de IRAG son atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, encontrándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza y VRS se han mantenido bajas. La actividad de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, aunque con un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Susceptibility of flexible plastic foodstuffs packaging against Monomorium indicum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) household ants.

Ants belonging to the Monomorium indicum (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) species are ubiquitous insects that are commonly associated with household settings in Pakistan. Packaged foodstuffs are easily destroyed by household ants when packaging is made with materials that have a high susceptibility. This study evaluated the susceptibility of three common flexible plastic packaging materials namely: opaque polyethylene, transparent polyethylene and polypropylene, which were each tested at thicknesses of 0.02 mm for their susceptibility against M. indicum. Except opaque polyethylene which is only available at 0.02 mm thickness, both transparent polyethylene and polypropylene were tested at higher thickness of 0.04 mm and 0.06 mm also against M. indicum. In order to simulate household settings, experiments were conducted at the faculty building of the agriculture and environment department of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan during summer vacations when the building was quiet. Different corners were selected near water sources for maximum exposure to the largest number of ants. Experimental cages used for the experiment were built with wood and 2 mm iron gauze to allow only ants to enter the cages. Daily activity of ants was used as an infestation source in cages. Experiments were run over three time spans of fifteen days each from June 20th 2022 to August 15th 2022. Results showed all packaging materials were susceptible against M. indicum at the 0.02 mm thickness level. Polypropylene was susceptible at 0.04 mm thickness but resistant to ants at 0.06 mm thickness, whereas polyethylene was still susceptible to ants at the higher thickness of 0.06 mm. Correlation of packaging damage with weather factors showed that temperature had a positive relationship, while relative humidity had a negative association with M. indicum attack. Overall correlation of packaging damage with packaging thickness showed packaging thickness was negatively associated with packaging damage from the ants. Because major cutting role is performed by the mandibles, we studied mandibles of ants and three frequent pests of packaged foodstuff namely Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium. The results showed that ants had the largest mandible and frontal mandibular tooth lengths compared with the mandibles and frontal teeth of the common stored product pests, indicating M. indicum household ants have a higher pest status for packaged foodstuffs compared to common stored product pests. Although the thickness of the flexible plastic packaging was a major factor against household ants, the study results recommend the use of polypropylene with a thickness of at least 0.06 mm as foodstuff packaging against household ants compared with polyethylene packaging, which was found to be susceptible to ants even at 0.06 mm thickness.

Correlation study on microbial communities and volatile flavor compounds in cigar tobacco leaves of diverse origins.

To elucidate the significant influence of microorganisms on geographically dependent flavor formation by analyzing microbial communities and volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) in cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) obtained from China, Dominica, and Indonesia. Microbiome analysis revealed that the predominant bacteria in CTLs were Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus, while the predominant fungi were Aspergillus, Wallemia, and Sampaiozyma. The microbial communities of CTLs from different origins differed to some extent, and the diversity and abundance of bacteria were greater than fungi. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 64 VFCs were identified, mainly ketones, of which 23 VFCs could be utilized to identify the geographical origins of CTLs. Sixteen VFCs with OAV greater than 1, including cedrol, phenylacetaldehyde, damascone, beta-damascone, and beta-ionone, play important roles in shaping the flavor profile of CTLs from different origins. Combined with the correlation analysis, bacterial microorganisms were more closely related to key VFCs and favored a positive correlation. Bacillus, Vibrio, and Sphingomonas were the main flavor-related bacteria. The study demonstrated that the predominant microorganisms were essential for the formation of key flavor qualities in CTLs, which provided a theoretical reference for flavor control of CTLs by microbial technology. KEY POINTS: • It is the high OAV VFCs that determine the flavor profile of CTLs. • The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and the carotenoid synthesis pathway are key metabolic pathways for the formation of VFCs in CTLs. • Microbial interactions influence tobacco flavor, with bacterial microorganisms contributing more to the flavor formation of CTLs.

"I think they should give primary health care a little more priority". The primary health care in Caribbean SIDS: what can be said about adaptation to the changing climate? The case of Dominica- a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Adaptation to climate change (CC) is a priority for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean, as these countries and territories are particularly vulnerable to climate-related events. Primary health care (PHC) is an important contributor to CC adaptation. However, knowledge on how PHC is prepared for CC in Caribbean SIDS is very limited. The aim of this paper is to discuss health system adaptation to climate change, with a focus on PHC. METHODS: We explored the perspectives of PHC professionals in Dominica on PHC adaptation to climate change. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each of the seven health districts in Dominica, a Caribbean SIDS, between November 2021 and January 2022. The semi-structured interview guide was based on the Essential Public Health Functions: assessment, access to health care services, policy development and resource allocation. Data coding was organized accordingly. RESULTS: Findings suggest that health care providers perceive climate change as contributing to an increase in NCDs and mental health problems. Climate-related events create barriers to care and exacerbate the chronic deficiencies within the health system, especially in the absence of high-level policy support. Healthcare providers need to take a holistic view of health and act accordingly in terms of disease prevention and health promotion, epidemiological surveillance, and ensuring the widest possible access to healthcare, with a particular focus on the environmental and social determinants of vulnerability. CONCLUSION: The primary health care system is a key stakeholder in the design and operationalization of adaptation and transformative resilience. The Essential Public Health Functions should integrate social and climate and other environmental determinants of health to guide primary care activities to protect the health of communities. This study highlights the need for improved research on the linkages between climate events and health outcomes, surveillance, and development of plans informed by contextual knowledge in the SIDS.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 7 (23 February 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), there has been a decline in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) activity in the Americas region, stabilizing at medium levels. Similarly, a decrease has been observed in the activity of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI), currently at low levels. In both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been mainly linked to moderate activity observed in North America, which showed a mild increase in the past four weeks. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained moderate at the regional level compared to previous epidemic waves. Influenza activity has increased over the past four weeks period; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity, while remaining moderate, has also declined. North America: ILI cases, after a slight decrease in previous EWs, have remained at medium-high levels, with most cases attributable to influenza, although showing a decline in this proportion. SARI cases have decreased, with most cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels after a slight decrease in recent EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). RSV activity has declined in the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity has slightly decreased in the last four EWs and remains below late 2023 levels. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased in the last four EWs to medium levels. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels, and RSV activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemic levels in the last four EWs, while an increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. In the United States, influenza activity has remained above the epidemic threshold with a slight increase in the last four EWs, RSV activity has decreased to moderate levels. Although SARS-CoV-2 has remained at high levels, it has shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last four EWs. Caribbean: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks associated with an increase in positive influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cases, while SARI cases have remained on the decline. Influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. During the last four EWs, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels, although showing a decreasing trend. By countries: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in Belize and Suriname. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Belize, Dominica, Jamaica, The Cayman Islands, and Guyana. Central America: After an increase observed in previous weeks, ILI cases have decreased in the last four weeks, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. SARI cases have also shown a decrease, reaching low levels. After the increase observed in previous weeks, influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, reaching low levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, A(H3N2). RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels as well. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined in the last four EWs after an initial increase over the preceding four EWs. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza was observed in late January 2024, with a steady decline in the number of reported ILI cases in the last three EWs, reaching moderate activity levels, while SARI cases have remained declining at epidemic levels. In Honduras, after the increase in ILI and SARI cases associated with positive influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cases observed in previous weeks, a decrease has been detected in the last three EWs, reaching levels below the epidemic threshold. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has increased slightly in the past EW after declining over the prior four EWs; both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 levels have remained low. After reaching high levels in early January 2024 in Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased. However, after fluctuating around the epidemic threshold in the last four EWs, influenza activity levels rose sharply in the most recent EW. ILI and SARI cases, have steadily declined in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, and SARI cases, have increased in recent weeks with the highest proportion of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined over the past four EWs. By countries: In Bolivia, influenza circulation has increased in the most recent EW with influenza A(H3N2) dominating. SARI and ILI numbers have, however, remained low. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity have declined after an initial increase in mid-January 2024. SARI cases, after the increase associated with positive influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cases, have experienced a decrease in the last four EWs. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 has remained stable at moderate levels of circulation; influenza activity has declined and has remained below the epidemic threshold for the past four weeks, and RSV activity has remained stable at high levels. SARI cases have increased in the most recent EW, associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 positivity. In Peru, SARS-CoV-2 activity has steadily declined over the past four EWs. Influenza activity in Venezuela has remained fluctuating below the epidemic threshold over the past four EWs with A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B/Victoria each contributing almost equally. Brazil and the Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels during the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARSCoV- 2 positivity has remained at high levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. However, SARS-CoV-2 activity has persisted at elevated levels over the past four epidemiological weeks. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased in the past two EWs, remaining at high levels. In Chile, after a marked decrease, SARS-CoV-2 activity has recently increased again in the last four EWs, with ILI cases remaining above the epidemic threshold, and, SARI cases below the epidemic threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a decrease in the last four EWs, reaching low levels, and influenza activity has decreased to levels below the epidemic threshold, SARI and ILI activity has been below epidemic levels, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemic threshold, with most of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE), se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, estabilizándose en niveles medios. De igual forma, se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos, la actividad observada se ha asociado con casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en América del Norte, que ha mostrado un leve aumento en las últimas cuatro semanas. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido moderada a nivel regional en comparación con olas epidémicas anteriores, observándose una ligera disminución en las últimas cuatro SE. Asimismo, la actividad de influenza ha aumentado y se mantiene en niveles epidémicos; La actividad del virus respiratorio sincicial (VSR), aunque sigue siendo moderada, también ha disminuido. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras de una ligera disminución en SE anteriores, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos, siendo la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza, aunque mostrando una disminución en esta proporción. Los casos de IRAG han disminuido, y la mayoría de los casos son atribuibles a la influenza y, en menor medida, al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de la influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos después de una ligera disminución en las SE recientes. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza B/Victoria y, en menor medida, influenza A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La positividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido ligeramente en las últimas cuatro SE, y se mantiene por debajo de los niveles de finales de 2023. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido notablemente en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles medios. La actividad de la influenza se mantiene en niveles epidémicos y la actividad del VSR se ha mantenido estable en niveles altos durante este período. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las últimas cuatro SE, y se ha observado un aumento en la circulación de SARS-CoV-2. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por encima del umbral epidémico con un ligero aumento en las cuatro últimas SE, la actividad del VSR ha disminuido a niveles moderados y, aunque el SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles altos, ha mostrado una tendencia decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VSR y SARS-CoV-2, tras alcanzar niveles similares a los de la temporada anterior, han mostrado una tendencia a la baja en las últimas cuatro SE. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un aumento en las últimas cuatro semanas asociado con un aumento de casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2, mientras que los casos de IRAG se han mantenido en descenso. La actividad de influenza ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las últimas cuatro SE, los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido del A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, el B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, aunque muestra una tendencia decreciente. Por países: Se ha observado una elevada actividad de influenza en Belice y Surinam. Se ha observado una actividad elevada del SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, Dominica, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán y Guyana. Centroamérica: Tras un aumento observado en semanas anteriores, los casos de ETI han disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2 y, en menor medida, a influenza. Los casos de IRAG también han mostrado un descenso, alcanzando niveles bajos. Tras el incremento observado en semanas anteriores, la actividad de influenza ha disminuido en las cuatro últimas SE, alcanzando niveles bajos. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido del B/Victoria y, en menor medida, el A(H3N2). La actividad del RSV ha disminuido a niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2, ha descendido hasta niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, tras un aumento inicial respecto de las cuatro SE anteriores. En Guatemala, desde finales de enero de 2024 se ha observado un aumento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza, con una disminución constante en el número de casos de ETI reportados en las últimas tres SE, alcanzando niveles de actividad moderados, mientras que los casos de IRAG se han mantenido en descenso en niveles epidémicos. En Honduras, tras el aumento de casos de ETI e IRAG asociados a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2 observado en semanas anteriores, se ha detectado una disminución en las últimas tres SE, alcanzando niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha aumentado ligeramente en la última SE después de haber disminuido durante las cuatro SE anteriores; tanto los niveles de influenza como de SARS-CoV-2 se han mantenido bajos. En Panamá, después de alcanzar niveles elevados a principios de enero de 2024, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido. Sin embargo, después de fluctuar alrededor del umbral epidémico en las últimas cuatro SE, los niveles de actividad de influenza aumentaron bruscamente en la SE más reciente. Los casos de ETI e IRAG han disminuido constantemente en las últimas cuatro SE, y la mayoría de los casos positivos son atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos y los casos de IRAG han aumentado en la última semana con la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación de A(H3N2) y B/Victoria en menor medida. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En Bolivia la circulación de influenza ha aumentado en la última SE, predominando la influenza A(H3N2). Sin embargo, las cifras de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido bajas. En Colombia, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido tras un aumento inicial a mediados de enero de 2024. Los casos de IRAG, tras el aumento asociado a influenza y SARS-CoV-2, han experimentado una disminución en las últimas cuatro SE. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido estable en niveles medios de circulación; la actividad de influenza ha continuado en descenso y se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico durante las últimas cuatro SE, y la actividad del VRS se ha mantenido estable en niveles elevados. Los casos de IRAG han aumentado en la SE más reciente, asociado a una mayor positividad del SARS-CoV-2. En Perú, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha mantenido un descenso constante durante las últimas cuatro SE. La actividad de influenza en Venezuela se ha mantenido fluctuante por debajo del umbral epidémico durante las últimas cuatro SE, con A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2) e influenza B/Victoria contribuyendo casi por igual. Brasil y Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI se ha mantenido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles de circulación bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09, seguidos por B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La positividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados. Por países: En Argentina los niveles de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico. Sin embargo, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2se ha mantenido en niveles elevados en las últimas cuatro SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha aumentado en las últimas dos SE, manteniéndose en niveles elevados. En Chile, tras una marcada disminución, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un ascenso en las últimas cuatro SE, con los casos de ETI permaneciendo por encima del umbral epidémico y los casos de IRAG se por debajo de este umbral, en su mayoría atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. y, en menor medida, influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado una disminución en las cuatro últimas SE, alcanzando niveles bajos, y la actividad de influenza ha disminuido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, la actividad de ETI e IRAG ha estado por debajo de niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado en niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, y la mayoría de los pocos casos positivos son atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 6 (16 February 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), intermediate levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) activity have been observed in the Americas region. Simultaneously, there has been a decrease in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, currently at low levels. In both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been mainly linked to moderate activity observed in North America and elevated activity observed in the Caribbean, while SARI activity has been particularly influenced by activity detected in North America. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, there has been an increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity at the regional level, which remains moderate compared to previous epidemic waves. Additionally, epidemic influenza activity has been observed for this time of year, with moderate activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) showing a decline in the last four EWs. North America: ILI cases, after a slight decrease in previous EWs, have remained at medium-high levels, with the majority of cases attributable to influenza, although showing a corresponding decrease in this proportion. SARI cases have shown a decrease, with most cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic circulation levels after a slight decrease in previous EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a decline in the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased in the last four EWs to low levels compared to previous waves. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased in the last four EWs to medium levels. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels, and RSV activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemic levels in the last four EWs, while an increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed to intermediate levels compared to previous waves. In the United States, influenza activity has remained above the epidemic threshold with a slight increase in the last three EWs, RSV activity has decreased to moderate levels, and although SARS-CoV-2 has remained at high levels, it has shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar elevated levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last four EWs. ILI cases have remained stable at epidemic levels. Caribbean: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks associated with an increase in positive cases of influenza, while SARI cases have remained in decline, with the majority associated with SARS-CoV-2 followed by influenza. Influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. During the last four EWs, the predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation to a lesser extent of influenza A(H3N2) and B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels, although showing a decreasing trend. By countries: Increased influenza activity has been observed in Jamaica and Suriname. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Belize, Dominica, Haiti, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Guyana. Central America: Following the increase observed in previous weeks in ILI cases associated with positive cases of SARS-CoV-2, ILI activity has shown a decrease in the last four weeks, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. SARI cases have also shown a decrease, reaching low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, reaching low levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria and to a lesser extent A(H3N2). RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased in the last four EWs to low levels. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity remains at moderate levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza and to a lesser extent SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching moderate levels of activity, while SARI cases have remained in decline at epidemic levels. In Honduras, following the increase in ILI and SARI cases associated with positive cases of influenza observed in previous weeks, a decrease has been detected in the last four EWs, reaching levels below the epidemic threshold. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has shown a decrease to low levels in the last four weeks, and both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 levels have remained low. In Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity, after reaching high levels, has shown a decrease to low levels in the last four EWs. ILI and SARI cases, following the increase observed in previous EWs, have shown a decrease in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, and SARI cases, after an increase, have shown a decrease with the highest proportion of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained low in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with circulation to a lesser extent of B/Victoria and A(H3N2). RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels and on the rise. By countries: In Bolivia, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a marked decrease in the last EW to medium levels, with SARI activity below the epidemic threshold. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a pronounced increase in the last four EWs, reaching high levels; SARI cases, after the recent increase associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2, have experienced a decrease in the last two EWs, and deaths among SARI cases positive for SARS-CoV-2 have increased in the last two EWs. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 has shown a decrease in activity to medium-low levels, influenza activity has continued to decline below the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has shown a slight increase in the last four EWs. Following the recent increase in SARI cases associated with positive cases of influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and to a lesser extent RSV, a decrease in activity has been observed in the last four EWs, maintaining epidemic levels. In Venezuela, fluctuating influenza activity below the epidemic threshold has been observed in the last four EWs. Brazil and Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity have remained on a decreasing trend in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 with a rising percentage of positive cases. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the rise at high levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold, showing a slight increase in the last three EWs. Additionally, an increase in the positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching high levels in the last four EWs. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the rise at high levels. In Chile, following the marked decrease in SARS-CoV-2 activity recently experienced, an increase has been observed again in the last four EWs, with ILI cases at epidemic levels and SARI cases below this threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and to a lesser extent influenza, whose activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a decrease in the last four EWs, reaching moderate levels, and influenza activity has decreased to levels below the epidemic threshold. SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels with a downward trend, and the majority of positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemic threshold, with a slight increase in the last four weeks, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles intermedios en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y la actividad elevada observada en el Caribe, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad detectada en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional se ha observado un ascenso en la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 que se mantiene moderada en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año, y una actividad moderada del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras un ligero descenso en SE previas, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza, aunque mostrando un descenso a su vez en esta proporción. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado un decremento con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación tras mostrar un ligero descenso en SE previas. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza B/Victoria y, en menor medida, influenza A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles bajos en comparación con ola previas. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles medios. La actividad de influenza se mantiene en niveles epidémicos, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido estable en niveles altos durante este periodo. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido en fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, a su vez se ha observado un incremento en la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 hasta niveles intermedios en comparación con olas previas. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por encima del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento en la últimas tres SE, la actividad del VRS ha descendido hasta niveles medios y el SARS-CoV-2 aunque ha permanecido en niveles elevados ha mostrado una tendencia decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de ETI se han mantenido estables en niveles epidémicos.. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas asociado a un incremento en los casos positivos a influenza, mientras que los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso, siendo la mayoría asociados a SARS-CoV-2 seguido de influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, y se ha observado circulación concurrente en menor medida de influenza tipo A(H3N2) y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, aunque mostrando una tendencia decreciente. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad aumentada de influenza en Jamaica y Surinam. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARSCoV- 2 en Belice, Dominica, Haití, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán y Guyana. América Central: tras el incremento observado en las semanas previas en los casos de ETI asociados a casos positivos a SARS-CoV-2, la actividad de ETI ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV- 2 e influenza. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un descenso situándose en niveles bajos, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, situándose en niveles bajos. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de B/Victoria y en menor medida de A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se mantiene en niveles moderados. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados, en cuanto a los casos de IRAG se mantienen en descenso con niveles epidémicos. En Honduras, tras el incremento en casos de ETI e IRAG asociados a casos positivos a influenza observado en semanas previas, se ha detectado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, alcanzando niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso hasta niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas semanas, y los niveles tanto de influenza como de SARS-CoV-2 se han mantenido bajos. En Panamá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de ETI e IRAG tras el incremento observado en SE previas, han presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos, y los casos de IRAG tras un incremento han mostrado un descenso con la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación en menor medida de B/Victoria y A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados y en ascenso. Por países: En Bolivia, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un marcado descenso en la última SE hasta niveles medios, con actividad de IRAG por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un pronunciado incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles elevados; los casos de IRAG tras presentar el incremento observado recientemente asociado a casos positivos a influenza y SARS-CoV-2, ha experimentado un descenso en las dos últimas SE, las defunciones entre los casos IRAG positivos a SARS-CoV-2 han aumentado en las dos últimas SE. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso en la actividad situándose en niveles medio-bajos, la actividad de influenza a su vez ha continuado en descenso situándose por debajo del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS ha presentado un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas SE. Tras el incremento observado recientemente en los casos de IRAG asociado a los casos positivos a influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS, en las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado un descenso en la actividad manteniéndose en niveles epidémicos. En Venezuela durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido con tendencia decreciente en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 con un porcentaje de casos positivos en ascenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos de circulación durante las últimas cuatro SE. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en ascenso en niveles altos. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico, mostrando un ligero incremento en las tres últimas SE. A su vez se ha observado un aumento en el porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, alcanzando niveles elevados en las cuatro últimas SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en ascenso en niveles elevados. En Chile, tras el marcado descenso en la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 experimentado recientemente, se ha observado de nuevo un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, con los casos de ETI en niveles epidémicos y los casos de IRAG por debajo de este umbral, siendo en su mayoría atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza, cuya actividad ha superado el umbral epidémico. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, encontrándose en niveles moderados y la actividad de influenza ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con una tendencia descendente y la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, aunque con un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 5 (9 February 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), there has been a decline in the activity of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in the Americas region, stabilizing at medium levels. Similarly, a decrease has been observed in the activity of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI), currently at low levels. In both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been mainly linked to moderate activity observed in North America and the Caribbean, which is currently declining, while SARI activity has been particularly influenced by activity in North America. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, a moderate activity of SARS-CoV-2 has been maintained at the regional level compared to previous epidemic waves. Likewise, an epidemic activity of influenza has been observed for this time of year with a decreasing trend, and a moderate activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has shown a decline. North America: ILI cases, after a slight decrease in previous EWs, have remained at medium-high levels, with the majority of cases attributable to influenza, although showing a decline in this proportion. SARI cases have decreased, with the majority of cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels after a slight decrease in previous EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a decline in the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased in the last four EWs to low levels. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased in the last four EWs to medium levels. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels, and RSV activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemic levels in the last four EWs, while an increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. In the United States, influenza activity has remained above the epidemic threshold with a slight increase in the last two EWs, RSV activity has decreased to moderate levels, and although SARS-CoV-2 has remained at high levels, it has shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last four EWs. Caribbean: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks associated with an increase in positive influenza cases, while SARI cases have remained on the decline. Influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. During the last four EWs, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels, although showing a decreasing trend. By countries: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in Jamaica. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Belize, Dominican Republic, Dominica, Jamaica, Barbados, the Cayman Islands, and Guyana. Central America: After an increase observed in previous weeks, ILI cases have shown a decrease in the last four weeks, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. SARI cases have also shown a decrease, reaching low levels. Influenza activity, after the increase observed in previous weeks, has shown a decrease in the last two EWs, reaching medium levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a decrease to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity, although remaining at low levels, has increased in the last four EWs. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a marked increase in the last four EWs to high levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching moderate activity levels, while SARI cases have remained on the decline at epidemic levels. In Honduras, after the increase in ILI and SARI cases associated with positive influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cases observed in previous weeks, a decrease has been detected in the last two EWs, reaching levels below the epidemic threshold. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has shown a decrease to low levels in the last four weeks, and both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 levels have remained low. In Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity, after reaching high levels, has shown a decrease, and influenza activity has fluctuated around the epidemic threshold in the last four EWs. ILI and SARI cases, after the increase observed in previous EWs, have shown a decrease in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, and SARI cases, after an increase, have shown a decrease with the highest proportion of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with circulation of B/Victoria and A(H3N2) to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels and increasing. By countries: In Bolivia, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has remained high. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a pronounced increase in the last four EWs, reaching high levels; SARI cases, after the recent increase associated with positive influenza and SARSCoV- 2 cases, have experienced a decrease in the last two EWs. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 has shown a decrease in activity, reaching medium-low levels; influenza activity has continued to decline around epidemic thresholds, and RSV activity has shown a slight increase in the last four EWs. Following the recent increase in SARI cases associated with positive influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and to a lesser extent RSV cases, a decrease has been observed in the last four EWs, remaining at epidemic levels. In Venezuela, a fluctuating influenza activity below the epidemic threshold has been observed in the last four EWs. Brazil and the Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, with a percentage of positive cases increasing. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels during the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the rise at high levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. However, an increase in the positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching high levels in the last four EWs. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained stable at high levels. In Chile, after a marked decrease, SARS-CoV-2 activity has recently increased again in the last four EWs, with ILI cases at epidemic levels and SARI cases below this threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza, whose activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a decrease in the last two EWs, reaching moderate levels, and influenza activity has decreased to levels below the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemic threshold, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE), se ha registrado un descenso en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, situándose en niveles medios. Del mismo modo se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y el Caribe, que actualmente está en descenso, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional se ha mantenido una actividad moderada de SARS-CoV-2 en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año con tendencia decreciente, y una actividad moderada del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que ha mostrado un descenso. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras un ligero descenso en SE previas, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza, aunque mostrando un descenso a su vez en esta proporción. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado un decremento con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación tras mostrar un ligero descenso en SE previas. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza B/Victoria y, en menor medida, influenza A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles bajos. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles medios. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido estable en niveles altos durante este periodo. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, a su vez se ha observado un incremento en la circulación del SARS-CoV-2. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por encima del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento en la últimas dos SE, la actividad del VRS ha descendido hasta niveles medios y el SARS-CoV-2 aunque ha permanecido en niveles elevados ha mostrado una tendencia decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2, tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa, han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas asociado a un incremento en los casos positivos a influenza, mientras que los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de A(H3N2) y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, aunque mostrando una tendencia decreciente. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad elevada de influenza en Jamaica. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, República Dominicana, Dominica, Jamaica, Barbados, las Islas Caimán y, Guyana. América Central: tras un incremento observado en las semanas previas, los casos de ETI han mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un descenso situándose en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza tras el incremento observado en semanas previas, he presentado un descenso en las dos últimas SE, situándose en niveles medios. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de B/Victoria y en menor medida de A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2, aunque ha permanecido en niveles bajos, ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un marcado incremento en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles elevados. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados; en cuanto a los casos de IRAG se mantienen en descenso con niveles epidémicos. En Honduras, tras el incremento en casos de ETI e IRAG asociados a casos positivos a influenza observado en semanas previas, se ha detectado un descenso en las dos últimas SE, alcanzando niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso hasta niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas semanas, y los niveles tanto de influenza como de SARSCoV- 2 se han mantenido bajos. En Panamá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados ha presentado un descenso y la actividad de influenza ha fluctuado en torno al umbral epidémico en las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de ETI e IRAG tras el incremento observado en SE previas, han presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Andina: Los casos de ETI se ha mantenido estables en niveles bajos, y los casos de IRAG tras un incremento en recientes semanas han mostrado un descenso en las catro últimas SE, con la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación en menor medida de B/Victoria y A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados y en ascenso. Por países: En Bolivia, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido elevada. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un pronunciado incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles elevados; los casos de IRAG tras presentar el incremento observado recientemente asociado a casos positivos a influenza y SARS-CoV-2, ha experimentado un descenso en las dos últimas SE. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso en la actividad situándose en niveles medio-bajos, la actividad de influenza a su vez ha continuado en descenso en torno al umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS ha presentado un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas SE. Tras el incremento observado recientemente en los casos de IRAG, asociado a casos positivos a influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS, en las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado un descenso manteniéndose en niveles epidémicos. En Venezuela durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 con un porcentaje de casos positivos en ascenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos de circulación durante las últimas cuatro SE. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en ascenso en niveles altos. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. Sin embargo, se ha observado un aumento en el porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, alcanzando niveles elevados en las cuatro últimas SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido estable en niveles elevados. En Chile, tras el marcado descenso la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 experimentado recientemente, se ha observado de nuevo un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, con los casos de ETI en niveles epidémicos y los casos de IRAG por debajo de este umbral, siendo en su mayoría atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza, cuya actividad ha superado el umbral epidémico. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un descenso en las dos últimas SE, encontrándose en niveles moderados, y la actividad de influenza ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 4 (2 February 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), there has been a decline in the activity of Influenza-Like Illnesses (ILIs) in the Americas region, reaching low levels, along with a decrease in Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs), both associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been primarily related to moderate activity observed in North America and the Caribbean, which is currently declining, while SARI activity has been particularly influenced by moderate activity in North America. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, moderate activity of SARS-CoV-2 has been maintained at the regional level compared to previous epidemic waves. Additionally, epidemic activity of influenza has been observed for this time of year with a decreasing trend, and moderate activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has shown a slight decrease. North America: ILI cases have shown a marked decrease, with most cases attributable to influenza, although there has also been a decrease in this proportion. Similarly, SARI cases have decreased, with most cases attributable to influenza and to a lesser extent to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic circulation levels, with a decrease in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a slight decrease in the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity continues at moderate levels, showing a decrease in the last four EWs. By country: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained high in the last four EWs, although showing a decreasing trend. Influenza activity has also shown a decrease but remains above the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemic levels in the last four EWs, and a slight increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. In the United States, influenza activity has remained above the epidemic threshold with a slight increase in the last EW, and RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activity, although remaining at high levels, have shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last four EWs Caribbean: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks associated with an increase in positive cases of influenza, while SARI cases have remained on the decline. Influenza activity has shown a decrease in the last four EWs, reaching intermediate levels of circulation. During the last four EWs, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased in the last four EWs, reaching high levels. By country: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, the Cayman Islands, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Barbados, the Cayman Islands, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Central America: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. SARI cases have also shown an increase, with a slight increase in the proportion of positive cases for SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has increased in the last four EWs, reaching moderate levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria and, to a lesser extent, A(H3N2). RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity, although remaining at low levels, has increased in the last four EWs. By country: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a marked increase in the last three EWs, reaching high levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, with activity levels considered moderate, while SARI cases have also shown a slight increase, with positive cases attributable to both influenza and RSV, also at epidemic levels. In Honduras, a slight increase has been observed in both ILI and SARI cases associated with positive influenza cases, with activity fluctuating around epidemic levels. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has shown a decrease to low levels in the last four weeks. In Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a decrease after reaching high levels, and influenza activity has fluctuated around the epidemic threshold in the last four EWs. ILI and SARI cases have shown an increase in the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, while SARI cases have shown an increase associated with an increase in positivity for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. Influenza activity has remained at low levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with circulation of B/Victoria and A(H3N2) to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels. By country: In Bolivia, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has remained high. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a pronounced increase in the last four EWs, reaching high levels, with SARI cases increasing associated with positive cases of influenza followed by SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 activity remains active, while influenza activity has continued to decrease around the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has shown a slight increase in the last four EWs. This has been accompanied by an increase in SARI cases in the last four EWs, with epidemic levels in the last EW, with most positive cases predominantly for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, RSV. In Venezuela, fluctuating activity of influenza and RSV has been observed. Brazil and the Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 with a rising percentage of positive cases. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARSCoV- 2 activity has continued to rise at high levels. By country: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. However, an increase in SARS-CoV- 2 positivity has been observed, reaching high levels in the last four EWs. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Chile, a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed, with ILI cases at epidemic levels and SARI cases below this threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Paraguay, SARSCoV- 2 circulation has remained high in the last four EWs, and influenza activity has decreased below the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued below the epidemic threshold, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARSCoV- 2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE), se ha registrado un descenso en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, situándose en niveles bajos, al igual que una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), ambas asociadas a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y el Caribe, que actualmente está en descenso, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad moderada en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional se ha mantenido una actividad moderada de SARS-CoV-2 en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año con tendencia decreciente, y una actividad moderada del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que ha mostrado un ligero descenso. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI han presentado un marcado descenso con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza, aunque mostrando un descenso a su vez en esta proporción. Del mismo modo, los casos de IRAG han mostrado un decremento con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación presentando un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza B/Victoria y, en menor medida, influenza A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un ligero descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 continúa en niveles moderados, presentando un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido elevada en las últimas cuatro SE, aunque muestra una tendencia decreciente. La actividad de influenza ha mostrado asimismo un descenso, aunque permanece por encima del umbral epidémico, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido estable en niveles altos durante este periodo. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido en fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y se ha observado un ligero incremento en la circulación del SARS-CoV-2. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por encima del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento en la última SE y la actividad del VRS y el SARS-CoV-2 aunque han permanecido en niveles elevados ha mostrado una tendencia decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE.. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas asociado a un incremento en los casos positivos a influenza, mientras que los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles intermedios de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de A(H3N2) y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, situándose en niveles elevados. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad elevada de influenza en, República Dominicana, Jamaica, santa Lucía las Islas Caimán y Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, República Dominicana, Dominica, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, Barbados, las Islas Caimán, Guyana y Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.. América Central: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un ascenso en las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un ascenso, con un ligero aumento en la proporción de casos positivos a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, situándose en niveles medios. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de B/Victoria y en menor medida de A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2, aunque ha permanecido en niveles bajos, ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un marcado incremento en las tres últimas SE hasta niveles elevados. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados, en cuanto a los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un ligero ascenso con los casos positivos atribuibles tanto a influenza como a VRS, con niveles asimismo epidémicos. En Honduras, se ha observado un ligero incremento tanto en los casos de ETI como de IRAG asociados a casos positivos a influenza cuya actividad se encuentra fluctuante en torno a niveles epidémicos. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso hasta niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas semanas. En Panamá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados ha presentado un descenso y la actividad de influenza ha fluctuado en torno al umbral epidémico en las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de ETI e IRAG han presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos, mientras que los casos de IRAG han mostrado un ascenso asociado al aumento en la proporción de positivos a SARS-CoV-2, influenza y VRS. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación en menor medida de B/Victoria y A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados Por países: En Bolivia, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido elevada. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un pronunciado incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles elevados, los casos de IRAG han presentado un incremento asociado a casos positivos a influenza en primer lugar seguido de SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 mantiene niveles de actividad, igualmente la actividad de influenza ha continuado en descenso en torno al umbral epidémicos y la actividad del VRS ha presentado un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas SE. Esto se ha acompañado de un incremento en los casos de IRAG en las cuatro últimas SE, con niveles epidémicos en la última SE, siendo los casos positivos mayoritariamente a influenza y SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS. En Venezuela se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza y de VRS. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 con un porcentaje de casos positivos en ascenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos de circulación durante las últimas cuatro SE. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en ascenso en niveles altos. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. Sin embargo, se ha observado un aumento en el porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, alcanzando niveles elevados en las cuatro últimas SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido estable en niveles elevados en este periodo. En Chile, se ha observado un descenso en la actividad de SARS-CoV-2, con los casos de ETI en niveles epidémicos y los casos de IRAG por debajo de este umbral, siendo en su mayoría atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido elevada en las cuatro últimas SE y la actividad de influenza ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase gene rdtps1 contributes to thermal acclimation in Rhyzopertha dominica.

BACKGROUND: The lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), a worldwide primary pest of stored grain, causes serious economic losses and threatens stored food safety. R. dominica can respond to changes in temperature, especially the adaptability to heat. In this study, transcriptome analysis of R. dominica exposed to different temperatures was performed to elucidate differences in gene expression and the underling molecular mechanism. RESULTS: Isoform-sequencing generated 17,721,200 raw reads and yielded 20,416 full-length transcripts. A total of 18,880 (92.48%) transcripts were annotated. We extracted RNA from R. dominica reared at 5 °C (cold stress), 15 °C (cold stress), 27 °C (ambient temperature) and 40 °C (heat stress) for RNA-seq. Compared to those of control insects reared at 27 °C, 119, 342, and 875 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 5 °C, 15 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that pathways associated with "fatty acid metabolism", "fatty acid biosynthesis", "AMPK signaling pathway", "neuroactive ligand receptor interaction", and "longevity regulating pathway-multiple species" were significantly enriched. The functional annotation revealed that the genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), fatty acid synthase (FAS), phospholipases (PLA), trehalose transporter (TPST), trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS), and vitellogenin (Vg) were most likely involved in temperature regulation, which was also validated by RT-qPCR. Seven candidate genes (rdhsp1, rdfas1, rdpla1, rdtpst1, rdtps1, rdvg1, and rdP450) were silenced in the RNA interference (RNAi) assay. RNAi of each candidate gene suggested that inhibiting rdtps1 expression significantly decreased the trehalose level and survival rate of R. dominica at 40 °C. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that trehalose contributes to the high temperature resistance of R. dominica. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and provides a potential target for the pest management in R. dominica.

A winning formula: sustainable control of three stored-product insects through paired combinations of entomopathogenic fungus, diatomaceous earth, and lambda-cyhalothrin.

This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Metarhizium robertsii, diatomaceous earth (Protect-It), and lambda-cyhalothrin, for the long-term protection of stored wheat against three destructive grain insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma granarium. Different treatments were applied, both alone and in paired combinations in laboratory and persistence trials. Single treatments exhibited significantly lower mortality rates in comparison to the paired treatments for all tested insect species. Among the single treatments, lambda-cyhalothrin (Lamb) resulted in significantly higher mortality rates in laboratory trials, followed by diatomaceous earth (DE) and M. robertsii (Mr), with insignificant differences between Mr and DE. Evidently, DE exhibited the highest persistence after 120 days of storage for all insect species and initial exposures, although variations in mortality rates among treatments were mostly insignificant. Overall, the most effective treatment in terms of mortality in laboratory, and persistence trials, and progeny production was DE + Lamb, followed by Mr + Lamb, and Mr + DE for all tested insect species. In general, the most susceptible insect species was R. dominica, followed by T. castaneum and T. granarium. This research highlights the effectiveness of M. robertsii, DE, and lambda-cyhalothrin in providing prolonged protection of stored wheat against all the examined grain insect species.

The active space of sperm whale codas: inter-click information for intra-unit communication.

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are social mega-predators who form stable matrilineal units that often associate within a larger vocal clan. Clan membership is defined by sharing a repertoire of coda types consisting of specific temporal spacings of multi-pulsed clicks. It has been hypothesized that codas communicate membership across socially segregated sympatric clans, but others propose that codas are primarily used for behavioral coordination and social cohesion within a closely spaced social unit. Here, we test these hypotheses by combining measures of ambient noise levels and coda click source levels with models of sound propagation to estimate the active space of coda communication. Coda clicks were localized off the island of Dominica with a four- or five-element 80 m vertical hydrophone array, allowing us to calculate the median RMS source levels of 1598 clicks from 444 codas to be 161 dB re. 1 µPa (IQR 153-167), placing codas among the most powerful communication sounds in toothed whales. However, together with measured ambient noise levels, these source levels lead to a median active space of coda communication of ∼4 km, reflecting the maximum footprint of a single foraging sperm whale unit. We conclude that while sperm whale codas may contain information about clan affiliation, their moderate active space shows that codas are not used for long range acoustic communication between units and clans, but likely serve to mediate social cohesion and behavioral transitions in intra-unit communication.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 3 (26 January 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), a decline in the activity of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) has been observed in the Americas region, reaching intermediate levels. Additionally, there is a moderate-to-low and decreasing activity of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI), associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. The moderate ILI activity has been mainly linked to North America and the Caribbean, currently on the decline, while SARI activity has been particularly influenced by the observed activity in North America. Concerning the circulation of respiratory viruses, a moderate level of SARS-CoV-2 activity has been maintained at the regional level compared to previous epidemic waves. Likewise, there has been an observed epidemic level of influenza activity for this time of the year with a slight decrease, along with a stably moderate activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). North America: Cases of ILI have significantly decreased, with most cases attributable to influenza, although there is also a decline in this proportion. Similarly, SARI cases have shown a decrease, with most cases attributable to influenza and to a lesser extent to SARSCoV-2. Influenza activity has remained epidemic, showing a decrease in the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria, and to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). RSV activity has slightly decreased in the last EW, maintaining moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity continues at moderate levels, showing a decrease in the last four EWs. By country: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained high in the last four EWs, albeit showing a decreasing trend. Influenza activity has also decreased but remains above the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has fluctuated at epidemic levels in the last four EWs, and a slight increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. SARI activity has decreased to epidemic levels, with the majority of positive cases being influenza during this period. In the United States, influenza activity has remained stable above the epidemic threshold, and although RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activities have remained at high levels, they have shown a slight decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels as the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last three EWs. Caribbean: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks associated with an increase in positive cases of influenza, while SARI cases have remained in decline. Influenza activity has decreased in the last two EWs, reaching intermediate circulation levels. During this period, predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2), and to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased in the last four EWs, reaching high levels. By countries: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Belize, Dominica, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Barbados, the Cayman Islands, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Central America: ILI cases have shown an increase in the last four weeks, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV2. SARI cases have shown a slight increase, with a slight rise in the proportion of positive cases for SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has increased in the last three EWs, reaching moderate levels. During this period, predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria, and to a lesser extent, A(H3N2). RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity, although remaining at low levels, has shown an increase in the last four EWs. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a marked increase in the last two EWs, reaching intermediate levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching epidemic activity levels. Regarding SARI cases, there has also been a slight increase with positive cases attributable to both influenza and RSV, reaching epidemic levels. In Honduras, a slight increase has been observed in both ILI and SARI cases associated with positive cases of influenza, with activity at epidemic levels. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has shown a decrease to low levels in the last three weeks. In Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a pronounced increase, and influenza activity has slightly increased to epidemic levels. Both ILI and SARI cases have increased in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, while SARI cases have shown an increase associated with an increase in the proportion of positives for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and to a lesser extent, RSV. Influenza activity has remained low in the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with lesser circulation of B/Victoria and A(H3N2). RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at high levels. By countries: In Bolivia, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has remained high. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a pronounced increase, reaching medium-high levels in the last four EWs. SARI cases have increased, associated with positive cases of influenza first, followed by SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. In Ecuador, although SARS-CoV-2 remains at high levels, it has shown a decrease. Similarly, influenza activity has continued to decrease at epidemic levels, and RSV activity has shown a slight increase in the last three EWs. This has been accompanied by an increase in SARI cases in the last four EWs, reaching epidemic levels in the last EW, with the majority of positive cases being influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, RSV. In Venezuela, an increase has been observed in influenza and RSV activity. Brazil and the Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and a pronounced increase in the percentage of positive cases. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels in the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the rise at high levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. However, an increase in the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positivity has been observed, reaching high levels in the last four EWs. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained stable at high levels during this period. In Chile, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained very high, with ILI cases at epidemic levels and SARI cases below this threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has increased in the last four EWs, reaching high levels, and influenza activity has increased to epidemic levels. SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued below the epidemic threshold, with the majority of scarce positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE), se ha observado en la región de las Américas un descenso en la actividad de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI), situándose en niveles intermedios, y una actividad moderada-baja también en descenso de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), asociada ambas a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad moderada de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad en Norteamérica y Caribe, que actualmente se encuentra en descenso mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, se ha mantenido a nivel regional una actividad de SARS-CoV-2 moderada en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad de influenza, considerada epidémica para esta época del año con un ligero descenso, y una actividad de Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) moderada que se mantiene estable. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI han presentado un marcado descenso con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza, aunque mostrando un descenso a su vez en esta proporción. Del mismo modo, los casos de IRAG han mostrado un decremento con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación presentando un descenso en la cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza B/Victoria y, en menor medida, influenza A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un ligero descenso en la última SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 continúa en niveles moderados, presentando un decremento en las cuatro últimas SE. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido elevada en las últimas cuatro SE, aunque muestra una tendencia decreciente. La actividad de influenza ha mostrado asimismo un descenso, aunque permanece por encima del umbral epidémico, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido estable en niveles altos durante este periodo. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y se ha observado un ligero incremento en la circulación del SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de IRAG ha presentado un descenso a niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos a influenza en este periodo. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido estable por encima del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS y el SARS-CoV-2 aunque han permanecido en niveles elevados has mostrado una tendencia ligeramente decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las tres últimas SE. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas asociado a un incremento en los casos positivos a influenza, mientras que los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas dos SE, alcanzando niveles intermedios de circulación. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de A(H3N2) y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, situándose en niveles elevados. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad elevada de influenza en, República Dominicana, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán, Guyana y Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, Dominica, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, Barbados, las Islas Caimán, Guyana y Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. América Central: Los casos de ETI han mostrado un ascenso en las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado un ligero ascenso, con un ligero aumento en la proporción de casos positivos a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las tres últimas SE, situándose en niveles medios. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido de B/Victoria y en menor medida de A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2, aunque ha permanecido en niveles bajos, ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un marcado incremento en las dos últimas SE hasta niveles intermedios. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV- 2, encontrándose en niveles de actividad epidémicos, en cuanto a los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un ligero ascenso con los casos positivos atribuibles tanto a influenza como a VRS, con niveles asimismo epidémicos. En Honduras, se ha observado un ligero incremento tanto en los casos de ETI como de IRAG asociados a casos positivos a influenza cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso hasta niveles bajos en las tres últimas semanas. En Panamá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un pronunciado ascenso y la actividad de influenza ha ascendido ligeramente hasta niveles epidémicos. los casos de ETI e IRAG han presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos, mientras que los casos de IRAG han mostrado un ascenso asociado al aumento en la proporción de positivos a SARS-CoV-2, influenza y en menor medida VRS. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación en menor medida de B/Victoria y A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados Por países: En Bolivia, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido elevada. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un pronunciado incremento situándose en niveles medio-altos en las cuatro últimas SE, los casos de IRAG han presentado un incremento asociado a casos positivos a influenza en primer lugar seguido de SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 aunque permanece en niveles elevados ha presentado un descenso, igualmente la actividad de influenza ha continuado en descenso en niveles epidémicos y la actividad del VRS ha presentado un ligero incremento en las tres últimas SE. Esto se ha acompañado de un incremento en los casos de IRAG en las cuatro últimas SE, con niveles epidémicos en la última SE, siendo los casos positivos mayoritariamente a influenza y SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS. En Venezuela se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de influenza y de VRS. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 con un porcentaje de casos positivos en pronunciado ascenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos de circulación durante las últimas cuatro SE. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en ascenso en niveles altos. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. Sin embargo, se ha observado un aumento en el porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, alcanzando niveles elevados en las cuatro últimas SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido estable en niveles elevados en este periodo. En Chile, se ha mantenido una actividad muy elevada de SARS-CoV-2, con los casos de ETI en niveles epidémicos y los casos de IRAG por debajo de este umbral, siendo en su mayoría atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha ascendido en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles elevados y la actividad de influenza ha ascendido a niveles epidémicos, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida ha influenza. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Stability evaluation of candidate reference genes for real-time qPCR normalization in Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrycidae).

Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious stored grain insect pest around the world. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used experimental method in molecular biology for detecting the expression of target genes. As appropriate reference genes are essential for normalizing gene expression, the selection of suitable reference genes is the basis of RT-qPCR experiments. In this study, the expression profiles of 7 candidate reference genes of rps3, rps6, rps13, actin, gadph, tubulin, and 18S rRNA were analyzed under 4 different experimental conditions. The expression stability of candidate genes was evaluated using the ΔCt, GeNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and RefFinder methods. The results revealed that different reference genes were suitable for various experiments. Specifically, rps3 and rps6 were appropriate for the developmental stages and all samples: 18S rRNA and rps13 for temperature-related experiments, actin and rps6 for sex-related experiments, and rps6 and gadph for starvation stress. Our results lay essential groundwork for the normalization of RT-qPCR analyses and contribute to genomic and gene functional research of R. dominica.

The distribution of insect pests and the associated loss of stored sorghum in the Kena district of Konso Zone, South-Western Ethiopia.

Sorghum is a staple crop grown in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of Ethiopia. But storage insect pests are its key constraints that have been causing considerable loss. Accordingly, an assessment of the prevalence of insect pests and the associated loss of sorghum stored under farmers' traditional storages was done in randomly selected major sorghum-growing kebeles of Kena District using a nested design between November 1, 2019 and December 30, 2020. It was conducted through the sampling of one kg of grain from a total of 360 randomly selected farmers' storages. Pests' abundance was determined by dividing the total number of individual species by the total number of samples. A count and weight method was used to estimate percent grain damage and weight loss by pests. Sitophilus zeamais, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitotroga cereallella, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Plodia interpunctella were the pests identified from grain samples. When compared to mid-latitude, where they were found in the range between 2.36± 0.21 and 17.50±0.98 mean number of species, all of these pests had a considerably (p < 0.05) larger distribution in low-land kebeles, where they predominated in the range between 5.44±2.00 and 23.61±1.75 amean number. During the nine-month storage period, the degree of pest infestation, percentage of grain damage, and weight loss were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the bamboo bins when no management measures were implemented in the mid-land and low-land kebeles, respectively, than in the barn. Consequently, bamboo bin storage was considered ineffective for sufficient sorghum grain protection against pests and the associated loss over a longer storage period. But barn storage and the use of cultural pest management practices performed better in protecting stored sorghum from pests. Therefore, improving the bamboo bin storage method is needed to improve its grain protection efficacy.

Indigenous Peoples' Lands are critical for safeguarding vertebrate diversity across the tropics.

Indigenous Peoples are long-term custodians of their lands, but only recently are their contributions to conservation starting to be recognized in biodiversity policy and practice. Tropical forest loss and degradation are lower in Indigenous lands than unprotected areas, yet the role of Indigenous Peoples' Lands (IPL) in biodiversity conservation has not been properly assessed from regional to global scales. Using species distribution ranges of 11,872 tropical forest-dependent vertebrates to create area of habitat maps, we identified the overlap of these species ranges with IPL and then compared values inside and outside of IPL for species richness, extinction vulnerability, and range-size rarity. Of assessed vertebrates, at least 76.8% had range overlaps with IPL, on average overlapping ~25% of their ranges; at least 120 species were found only within IPL. Species richness within IPL was highest in South America, while IPL in Southeast Asia had highest extinction vulnerability, and IPL in Dominica and New Caledonia were important for range-size rarity. Most countries in the Americas had higher species richness within IPL than outside, whereas most countries in Asia had lower extinction vulnerability scores inside IPL and more countries in Africa and Asia had slightly higher range-size rarity in IPL. Our findings suggest that IPL provide critical support for tropical forest-dependent vertebrates, highlighting the need for greater inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in conservation target-setting and program implementation, and stronger upholding of Indigenous Peoples' rights in conservation policy.

Development, application and evaluation of three novel TaqMan qPCR assays for phosphine resistance monitoring in major stored product pests Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica.

BACKROUND: Stored product protection from insect pests relies heavily on the use of phosphine. The most serious drawback of phosphine is the development of resistance in major stored product insects worldwide, including the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Two genetic loci are responsible for phosphine resistance: the rph1 (S349G mutation in the cyt-b5-r homolog) in T. castaneum and the rph2 (P45/49S mutation in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene) in T. castaneum and R. dominica. RESULTS: In this study, we have developed and applied high-throughput, practical and specific molecular diagnostics (TaqMan qPCR) for monitoring mutations S349G, P45S and P49S. In our pilot monitoring application, we have included phosphine-resistant and susceptible populations from different parts of the world (USA, Australia, Brazil) and European strains from Greece and Serbia. Our results for the resistant T. castaneum showed a P45S mutant allele frequency (MAF) of 100% and 75.0% in the populations from Serbia and Brazil, respectively. Regarding the susceptible T. castaneum, P45S was detected in Greece (MAF = 62.5%) and was absent in Australia (MAF = 0.0%). Additionally, the S349G mutation was found to be fixed in all resistant populations, while it was also detected in susceptible ones (frequencies: 65.0% and 100.0%). The only case where both mutations were fixed (100%) was a resistant population from Serbia. In R. dominica, the P49S mutation was found only in the two resistant R. dominica populations from Serbia and Greece (50.0% and 100%) and was absent from the susceptible one from Greece; thus, P49S seems to be a satisfactory indicator for monitoring phosphine resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Our P49S detection assay in R. dominica seems to be a viable option in this direction, yet its utilization needs additional large-scale confirmatory work. The identification of additional resistance markers also should be prioritized. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Real-world evaluation of smartphone-based artificial intelligence to screen for diabetic retinopathy in Dominica: a clinical validation study.

OBJECTIVE: Several artificial intelligence (AI) systems for diabetic retinopathy screening have been validated but there is limited evidence on their performance in real-world settings. This study aimed to assess the performance of an AI software deployed within the diabetic retinopathy screening programme in Dominica. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional clinical validation study. Patients with diabetes aged 18 years and above attending the diabetic retinopathy screening in primary care facilities in Dominica from 5 June to 3 July 2021 were enrolled.Grading was done at the point of care by the field grader, followed by counselling and referral to the eye clinic. Images were then graded by an AI system. Sensitivity, specificity with 95% CIs and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for comparing the AI to field grader as gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 587 participants were screened. The AI had a sensitivity and specificity for detecting referable diabetic retinopathy of 77.5% and 91.5% compared with the grader, for all participants, including ungradable images. The AUC was 0.8455. Excluding 52 participants deemed ungradable by the grader, the AI had a sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 91.5%, with an AUC of 0.9648. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that AI has the potential to be deployed to assist a diabetic screening programme in a middle-income real-world setting and perform with reasonable accuracy compared with a specialist grader.

Hurricane risk assessment in a multi-hazard context for Dominica in the Caribbean.

Hurricanes can trigger widespread landslides and flooding creating compound hazards and multiple risks for vulnerable populations. An example is the island of Dominica in the Caribbean, where the population lives predominantly along the coast close to sea level and is subject to storm surge, with steep topography rising behind, with a propensity for landslides and flash river flooding. The simultaneous occurrence of the multiple hazards amplifies their impacts and couples with physical and social vulnerabilities to threaten lives, livelihoods, and the environment. Neglecting compound hazards underestimates overall risk. Using a whole island macroscale, (level-I) analysis, susceptibility scenarios for hurricanes, triggered landslides, and floods were developed by incorporating physical process parameters. The susceptibilities were combined with vulnerability indicators to map spatial patterns of hurricane multi-risks in Dominica. The analysis adopted a coupled approach involving the frequency ratio (FR), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and geographic information system (GIS). Detailed hazard modelling was done at selected sites (level-II), incorporating storm surge estimates, landslide runout simulations, and steady flow analysis for floods. High-resolution terrain data and simulation models, the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) and the hydrologic engineering center's river analysis system (HEC-RAS), were employed. Ground validation confirmed reasonable agreement between projected and observed scenarios across different spatial scales. Following the United Nations Office for disaster risk reduction (UNDRR) call for the inclusion of local, traditional, and indigenous knowledge, feedback, and expert opinion to improve understanding of disaster risk, 17 interviews with local experts and 4 participatory workshops with residents were conducted, and findings were incorporated into the analysis, so as to gain insights into risk perceptions. The study's outcomes encompass projections and quantification of hurricane compound hazards, vulnerabilities, accumulated risks, and an understanding of local priorities. These findings will inform decision-making processes for risk mitigation choices and community actions by providing a new framework for multi-hazard risk assessment that is easy to implement in combining different data forms.