In-nest mortality and pathology of hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) embryos and hatchlings in St. Kitts and Nevis.

Strategies to improve the hatch success and survival of critically endangered hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) require knowledge of threats to them including pathological conditions. The objective of this study was to describe the mortality and pathology of embryos and dead-in-nest hatchlings on St. Kitts and Nevis. Over the 2019/20 and 2020/21 nesting seasons, the combined mean (SD) hatch success for the two islands was 81.9% (13.2%) and deceased individuals within excavated nests were early-stage embryos (70.7%), late-stage embryos (17.7%), pipped-hatchlings (8.2%) or dead-in-nest hatchlings (3.4%). From 2017 to 2021, a post-mortem examination was performed on 183 turtles, including histology for 116. Anatomical malformations affected 77 (42.1%) examined turtles and included abnormal scute shape or number (22.4%), dysmelia (8.7%), schistosomus reflexus (7.7%) and compressed carapace (7.7%). Microscopic lesions were found in 49.1% of turtles and included tissue mineralization (26.7%, including renal, fetal membrane, liver, heart or muscle), chorioallantoitis (16.2%) and skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis (10%). Inflammatory lesions associated with fungal or bacterial infections were in the skin (n = 3), chorioallantois (n = 4), lung (n = 3) or yolk sac (n = 1). These lesions may reflect non-specific terminal conditions but their presence in-nest helps explain some of the mortality and pathology documented in hatchlings that die during rehabilitative care. All of the gonads adequately represented for histological determination of sex were female (n = 62), supporting concern for feminization of Caribbean hawksbill turtle nests. The study identifies lesions that could affect hatch and emergence success. The high frequency of skeletal malformations indicates the need for investigations addressing regional impact and pathogenesis, especially genetic and environmental aetiologies including nest temperature. Immediate examination of live hatchlings on nest emergence is warranted to better determine the prevalence of non-fatal malformations that could impact fitness and population genetics.

Epidemiology of feline bartonellosis and molecular characteristics of Bartonella henselae in Bangladesh.

Bartonellosis, a neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans, continues to threaten human and animal health significantly. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of feline bartonellosis and the molecular characteristics of Bartonella spp. in cats. From June 2018 to June 2020, 304 oral swabs were randomly collected from Bangladesh's Dhaka, Mymensingh, and Rajshahi districts. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect data. Oral swabs were subjected to PCR targeting htrA gene to confirm Bartonella spp., which was subsequently validated through sequencing. Risk factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of feline bartonellosis was found to be 15.1 %. The following factors were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Bartonella infection in risk factor analysis: cats aged ≥ 1 year (OR: 3.23, 95 % CI: 1.38-24.40), local breed cats (OR: 3.37, 95 % CI: 1.05-10.81), cats carrying fleas (OR: 2.33, 95 % CI: 1.93-13.45), antifleacidal drugs inconsistently administered cats (OR: 6.74, 95 % CI: 3.17-14.31), outdoor access cats (OR: 2.54, 95 % CI: 1.16-5.57). Notably, zoonotic B. henselae was confirmed through sequencing, establishing it as the causal agent of cat scratch disease. Phylogenetic analysis showed homology with B. henselae sequences from Brazil, Saint Kitts, and Nevis. We recommend consistent and appropriate flea control measures to curb its spread among Bangladeshi cats. Moreover, limiting outdoor exposure or implementing preventive measures for outdoor cats could reduce the disease burden. The associated human health risk can be decreased by effectively controlling this disease within the cat population.

Taxing women's bodies: the state of menstrual product taxes in the Americas.

The taxation of menstrual products has been identified as unfair, imposing economic burden on people who menstruate based simply on a biological difference. These taxes have been described as major contributors to menstrual poverty. Although they have been debated among governments, and a focus of political activism, academic literature has largely neglected the issue. Here I comprehensively reviewed the status of menstrual product taxes for all countries and populated territories in the Americas in 2022. Data from 57 countries and territories, and 78 states (those of the United States and Brazil) were included. Since 2012, 10 countries and territories have eliminated taxation on menstrual products-Jamaica, Canada, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Ecuador, and Barbados. Nevertheless, menstrual product taxes were still applied in 63.2% of locations in 2022, with an average tax rate of 11.2% (ranging from 1.0% in Costa Rica to 22.0% in Uruguay). The average woman of reproductive age in the Americas experienced a menstrual product tax rate of 5.8% in 2022. In sum, despite activism and progress, most of the region continues to employ discriminatory taxation against people who menstruate, with particularly high taxation rates concentrated in South America.

[Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in motorcyclists in Latin America and the Caribbean during the first decade of action for road safetyMortalidad y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad de los motociclistas en América Latina y el Caribe en la primera década de seguridad vial]. / Mortalidade e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade de motociclistas na América Latina e Caribe na primeira década de segurança viária.

Objective: To identify the temporal trend in mortality and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) due to motorcycle accidents in males from Latin America and the Caribbean from 2010 to 2019, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method: In this ecological study, the time series was analyzed using a piecewise linear regression model (joinpoint) to estimate and test the annual percent change and the average annual percent change with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The super-region defined by GBD 2019 as Latin America and the Caribbean ranked first globally in mortality and DALY for male motorcyclists aged 15-49 in 2019. Rates increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, with a significant reduction in both after this period. During the analyzed decade, the Tropical Latin America sub-region (Brazil and Paraguay) had the highest mortality and DALY rates in the population of interest; nevertheless, this was the only sub-region achieving a significant reduction in these rates. The Caribbean sub-region (Bermuda, Dominica, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, U.S. Virgin Islands, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) showed a significant increase in both rates over the same period, while Andean Latin America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru) and Central Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, and Venezuela) remained stable. Conclusions: The data underscore the importance of developing surveillance actions aimed at preventing motorcycle accidents, since the observed declining rates are still insufficient to address the morbidity and mortality associated with road accidents as a public health problem.

Objetivo: Determinar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad y los años de vida perdidos por muerte o ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) de hombres por accidentes de motocicleta en América Latina y el Caribe en el período 2010-2019, a partir de las estimaciones del estudio de la carga mundial de enfermedades (CME). Métodos: En este estudio ecológico se analizaron las series temporales mediante el modelo de regresión lineal segmentada (joinpoint), con cálculo y comprobación del cambio porcentual anual y del cambio porcentual anual promedio, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La región de América Latina y el Caribe definida por el estudio de la CME ocupó el primer lugar a nivel mundial en mortalidad y AVAD de motociclistas varones de 15 a 49 años en el 2019. Las tasas tuvieron un notable aumento del 2010 al 2013, y ambas registraron una reducción importante después de ese período. En la década analizada, la subregión de América Latina Tropical (Brasil y Paraguay) presentó las mayores tasas de mortalidad y de AVAD en la población de estudio, pero fue la única con una reducción importante de las mismas. La subregión del Caribe (Antigua y Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermudas, Cuba, Dominica, Granada, Guyana, Haití, Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, Saint Kits y Nevis, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Lucía, Suriname, y Trinidad y Tabago) mostró un aumento importante de ambas tasas, mientras que América Latina Andina (Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú) y América Latina Central (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá y Venezuela) se mantuvieron estables. Conclusiones: Los datos refuerzan la importancia de las actividades de vigilancia destinadas a prevenir los accidentes de motocicleta, puesto que la reducción observada de las tasas aún es insuficiente para abordar la morbimortalidad por accidentes de tráfico como problema de salud pública.

Mortalidade e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade de motociclistas na América Latina e Caribe na primeira década de segurança viária

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar a tendência temporal da mortalidade e dos anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapaci- dade (DALY) de homens por acidente motociclístico na América Latina e Caribe no período de 2010 a 2019, utilizando estimativas do estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD). Métodos. Este estudo ecológico analisou a série temporal pelo modelo de regressão linear segmentada (joinpoint), estimando-se e testando-se a variação percentual anual e a variação percentual anual média, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A grande região da América Latina e Caribe definida pelo GBD ocupou o primeiro lugar global em mortalidade e DALY de motociclistas homens de 15 a 49 anos em 2019. As taxas aumentaram significa- tivamente de 2010 a 2013, havendo redução significativa de ambas após esse período. Durante a década analisada, a sub-região da América Latina Tropical (Brasil e Paraguai) apresentou as maiores taxas de mortali- dade e DALY na população em estudo, porém foi a única com redução significativa das mesmas; a sub-região do Caribe (Bermudas, Dominica, Suriname, Guiana, Belize, Bahamas, Porto Rico, Santa Lúcia, República Dominicana, Haiti, São Cristóvão e Névis, Ilhas Virgens/EUA, Granada, Trinidad e Tobago, Barbados, São Vicente e Granadinas, Antígua e Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) apresentou aumento significativo de ambas as taxas, enquanto América Latina Andina (Equador, Bolívia e Peru) e América Latina Central (Colômbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, México, Nicarágua, Panamá, Honduras e Venezuela) permaneceram estáveis. Conclusões. Os dados reforçam a importância das ações de vigilância destinadas à prevenção de acidentes motociclísticos, uma vez que os resultados de queda nas taxas ainda são insuficientes frente à morbimortali- dade no trânsito como problema de saúde pública.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify the temporal trend in mortality and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) due to motorcycle accidents in males from Latin America and the Caribbean from 2010 to 2019, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method. In this ecological study, the time series was analyzed using a piecewise linear regression model (joinpoint) to estimate and test the annual percent change and the average annual percent change with a 95% confidence interval. Results. The super-region defined by GBD 2019 as Latin America and the Caribbean ranked first globally in mortality and DALY for male motorcyclists aged 15-49 in 2019. Rates increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, with a significant reduction in both after this period. During the analyzed decade, the Tropical Latin America sub-region (Brazil and Paraguay) had the highest mortality and DALY rates in the population of interest; never- theless, this was the only sub-region achieving a significant reduction in these rates. The Caribbean sub-region (Bermuda, Dominica, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, U.S. Virgin Islands, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) showed a significant increase in both rates over the same period, while Andean Latin America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru) and Central Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, and Venezuela) remained stable. Conclusions. The data underscore the importance of developing surveillance actions aimed at preventing motorcycle accidents, since the observed declining rates are still insufficient to address the morbidity and mortality associated with road accidents as a public health problem.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad y los años de vida perdidos por muerte o ajusta- dos por discapacidad (AVAD) de hombres por accidentes de motocicleta en América Latina y el Caribe en el período 2010-2019, a partir de las estimaciones del estudio de la carga mundial de enfermedades (CME). Métodos. En este estudio ecológico se analizaron las series temporales mediante el modelo de regresión lineal segmentada (joinpoint), con cálculo y comprobación del cambio porcentual anual y del cambio porcentual anual promedio, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La región de América Latina y el Caribe definida por el estudio de la CME ocupó el primer lugar a nivel mundial en mortalidad y AVAD de motociclistas varones de 15 a 49 años en el 2019. Las tasas tuvieron un notable aumento del 2010 al 2013, y ambas registraron una reducción importante después de ese período. En la década analizada, la subregión de América Latina Tropical (Brasil y Paraguay) presentó las mayores tasas de mortalidad y de AVAD en la población de estudio, pero fue la única con una reducción impor- tante de las mismas. La subregión del Caribe (Antigua y Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermudas, Cuba, Dominica, Granada, Guyana, Haití, Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, Saint Kits y Nevis, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Lucía, Suriname, y Trinidad y Tabago) mostró un aumento importante de ambas tasas, mientras que América Latina Andina (Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú) y América Latina Central (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá y Venezuela) se mantuvieron estables. Conclusiones. Los datos refuerzan la importancia de las actividades de vigilancia destinadas a prevenir los accidentes de motocicleta, puesto que la reducción observada de las tasas aún es insuficiente para abordar la morbimortalidad por accidentes de tráfico como problema de salud pública.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

An independent federation of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, consisting of Saint Christopher, Nevis, and Sombrero. Its capital is Basseterre. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, settled by the British in 1625, the first of the Leeward Islands to be colonized by them. It was held jointly by the French and English 1628-1713, but returned to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was held by the French 1782-83. Under the British for the next 200 years, it gained its independence in 1983. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1045; Embassy, telephone 202-686-2636)

Federación independiente de las Islas de Sotavento en las Indias Occidentales, constituída por Saint Christopher, Nevis y Sombrero. Su capital es Basseterre. Fue descubierta por Colón en 1493, colonizada por los británicos en 1625, habiendo sido la primera de las Islas de Sotavento que fue colonizada por ellos. Fue sometida conjuntamente por los franceses y británicos entre 1628-1713, pero devuelta a Gran Bretaña por el Tratado de Utrecht en 1713. Fue gobernada por Francia entre 1782-83. Bajo el dominio británico durante los próximos 200 años, obtuvo la independencia en 1983.

Federação independente das Ilhas de Sotavento nas Índias Ocidentais, consistindo em Saint Christopher, Nevis e Sombrero. Sua capital é Basseterre. Foi descoberta por Colombo em 1493, povoada pelos britânicos em 1625, a primeira das ilhas de Sotavento a ser colonizada por eles. Foi ocupada conjuntamente pelos franceses e ingleses entre 1628-1713, mas voltou a Grã-Bretanha pelo Tratado de Utrecht em 1713. Foi ocupada pelos franceses entre 1782-83. Sob domínio britânico durante os 200 anos seguintes, ganhou sua independência em 1983.

Caribbean People

People native to or inhabitants of islands in the Caribbean Sea or CARIBBEAN including ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA; ARUBA; BAHAMAS; BARBADOS; BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS; CARIBBEAN NETHERLANDS; CUBA; CURACAO; DOMINICA; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; GRENADA; GUADELOUPE; HAITI; JAMAICA; MARTINIQUE; PUERTO RICO; SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS; SAINT LUCIA; SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES; SINT MAARTEN; TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO; and UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Personas nativas o habitantes de islas en el Mar Caribe o CARIBE incluyendo ANTIGUA Y BARBUDA, ARUBA, BAHAMAS, BARBADOS, ISLAS VIRGENES BRITÁNICAS, PAÍSES BAJOS DEL CARIBE, CUBA, CURAZAO, DOMINICA, REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA, GRANADA, GUADALUPE, HAITÍ, JAMAICA, MARTINICA, PUERTO RICO, SAN CRISTÓBAL Y NIEVES, SANTA LUCÍA, SAN VICENTE Y LAS GRANADINAS, SAN MAARTÉN, TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO e ISLAS VIRGENES DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS.

Pessoas nativas ou habitantes de ilhas no Mar do Caribe ou CARIBE, incluindo ANTIGUA E BARBUDA, ARUBA, BAHAMAS, BARBADOS, ILHAS VIRGENS BRITÂNICAS, PAÍSES BAIXOS CARIBENHOS, CUBA, CURAÇAO, DOMINICA, REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA, GRANADA, GUADALUPE, HAITI, JAMAICA, MARTINICA, PORTO RICO, SÃO CRISTÓVÃO E NÉVIS, SANTA LÚCIA, SÃO VICENTE E GRANADINAS, SÃO MARTINHO (PAÍSES BAIXOS), TRINIDAD E TOBAGO, e ILHAS VIRGENS AMERICANAS.

Mortalidade e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade de motociclistas na América Latina e Caribe na primeira década de segurança viária / Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in motorcyclists in Latin America and the Caribbean during the first decade of action for road safety / Mortalidad y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad de los motociclistas en América Latina y el Caribe en la primera década de seguridad vial

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar a tendência temporal da mortalidade e dos anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade (DALY) de homens por acidente motociclístico na América Latina e Caribe no período de 2010 a 2019, utilizando estimativas do estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD). Métodos. Este estudo ecológico analisou a série temporal pelo modelo de regressão linear segmentada (joinpoint), estimando-se e testando-se a variação percentual anual e a variação percentual anual média, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A grande região da América Latina e Caribe definida pelo GBD ocupou o primeiro lugar global em mortalidade e DALY de motociclistas homens de 15 a 49 anos em 2019. As taxas aumentaram significativamente de 2010 a 2013, havendo redução significativa de ambas após esse período. Durante a década analisada, a sub-região da América Latina Tropical (Brasil e Paraguai) apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade e DALY na população em estudo, porém foi a única com redução significativa das mesmas; a sub-região do Caribe (Bermudas, Dominica, Suriname, Guiana, Belize, Bahamas, Porto Rico, Santa Lúcia, República Dominicana, Haiti, São Cristóvão e Névis, Ilhas Virgens/EUA, Granada, Trinidad e Tobago, Barbados, São Vicente e Granadinas, Antígua e Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) apresentou aumento significativo de ambas as taxas, enquanto América Latina Andina (Equador, Bolívia e Peru) e América Latina Central (Colômbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, México, Nicarágua, Panamá, Honduras e Venezuela) permaneceram estáveis. Conclusões. Os dados reforçam a importância das ações de vigilância destinadas à prevenção de acidentes motociclísticos, uma vez que os resultados de queda nas taxas ainda são insuficientes frente à morbimortalidade no trânsito como problema de saúde pública.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the temporal trend in mortality and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) due to motorcycle accidents in males from Latin America and the Caribbean from 2010 to 2019, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method. In this ecological study, the time series was analyzed using a piecewise linear regression model (joinpoint) to estimate and test the annual percent change and the average annual percent change with a 95% confidence interval. Results. The super-region defined by GBD 2019 as Latin America and the Caribbean ranked first globally in mortality and DALY for male motorcyclists aged 15-49 in 2019. Rates increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, with a significant reduction in both after this period. During the analyzed decade, the Tropical Latin America sub-region (Brazil and Paraguay) had the highest mortality and DALY rates in the population of interest; nevertheless, this was the only sub-region achieving a significant reduction in these rates. The Caribbean sub-region (Bermuda, Dominica, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, U.S. Virgin Islands, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) showed a significant increase in both rates over the same period, while Andean Latin America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru) and Central Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, and Venezuela) remained stable. Conclusions. The data underscore the importance of developing surveillance actions aimed at preventing motorcycle accidents, since the observed declining rates are still insufficient to address the morbidity and mortality associated with road accidents as a public health problem.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad y los años de vida perdidos por muerte o ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) de hombres por accidentes de motocicleta en América Latina y el Caribe en el período 2010-2019, a partir de las estimaciones del estudio de la carga mundial de enfermedades (CME). Métodos. En este estudio ecológico se analizaron las series temporales mediante el modelo de regresión lineal segmentada (joinpoint), con cálculo y comprobación del cambio porcentual anual y del cambio porcentual anual promedio, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La región de América Latina y el Caribe definida por el estudio de la CME ocupó el primer lugar a nivel mundial en mortalidad y AVAD de motociclistas varones de 15 a 49 años en el 2019. Las tasas tuvieron un notable aumento del 2010 al 2013, y ambas registraron una reducción importante después de ese período. En la década analizada, la subregión de América Latina Tropical (Brasil y Paraguay) presentó las mayores tasas de mortalidad y de AVAD en la población de estudio, pero fue la única con una reducción importante de las mismas. La subregión del Caribe (Antigua y Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermudas, Cuba, Dominica, Granada, Guyana, Haití, Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, Saint Kits y Nevis, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Lucía, Suriname, y Trinidad y Tabago) mostró un aumento importante de ambas tasas, mientras que América Latina Andina (Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú) y América Latina Central (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá y Venezuela) se mantuvieron estables. Conclusiones. Los datos refuerzan la importancia de las actividades de vigilancia destinadas a prevenir los accidentes de motocicleta, puesto que la reducción observada de las tasas aún es insuficiente para abordar la morbimortalidad por accidentes de tráfico como problema de salud pública.

Asbestos awareness among the residents of St. Kitts and Nevis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: High levels of public awareness regarding the hazards of asbestos, rights to health, and benefits of an asbestos-free country can increase advocacy and political commitment to a total ban on asbestos. We aimed to investigate asbestos awareness and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the adult population of St. Kitts and Nevis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 1009 participants completed an online questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic data and asbestos awareness. We applied multiple regression models to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors, levels of asbestos knowledge, and attitudes toward asbestos management. RESULTS: We found that 70% of residents of St. Kitts and Nevis considered asbestos exposure to be a general public concern and believed the government should prevent it. Of all participants, 54% were in favor of completely banning the use and importation of all asbestos products and materials; those with higher levels of asbestos knowledge were more likely to favor a total ban. Higher proportions and odds of favoring a total asbestos ban were also observed in participants aged ≥ 30 years, women, those with higher education, and those living in St. Kitts (vs. Nevis). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support implementing policies to regulate and outright ban the use of asbestos products and materials in St. Kitts and Nevis. This data can be used to develop tailored campaigns to improve asbestos knowledge among sociodemographic groups with lower asbestos awareness, such as in the wider Caribbean and other under-resourced countries.

Comparative cost of diets for low-income families in the Caribbean.

Objective: To assess the ability of low-income families to obtain a standard basket of healthy foods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The costs of 191 food items were averaged from supermarkets, municipal markets, wholesalers, and community food outlets in high- and low-income areas in three Caribbean countries. The analysis compared foods not only by selecting high- and low-ranked commodities but by the proportions of those foods, by food group, that will be required to meet a low-cost, nutritionally balanced diet of 2 400 kcal. Results: The main finding was that low-income households will need between 22% and 47% of their earnings to obtain a healthy diet. Despite higher food prices in Saint Kitts and Nevis, low-income households there will need a smaller proportion of their income to obtain a similar basket of foods than in Jamaica or Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Conclusions: While the COVID-19 pandemic has added economic stressors to low-income households the basic vulnerability of the poor to obtain a healthy diet remains. Despite country variations, the findings point to the need for an increase in the minimum wage, particularly in Jamaica. It is essential to embed policies that ensure reduced economic and social vulnerability at the household level.

Comparative cost of diets for low-income families in the Caribbean

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the ability of low-income families to obtain a standard basket of healthy foods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. The costs of 191 food items were averaged from supermarkets, municipal markets, wholesalers, and community food outlets in high- and low-income areas in three Caribbean countries. The analysis compared foods not only by selecting high- and low-ranked commodities but by the proportions of those foods, by food group, that will be required to meet a low-cost, nutritionally balanced diet of 2 400 kcal. Results. The main finding was that low-income households will need between 22% and 47% of their earnings to obtain a healthy diet. Despite higher food prices in Saint Kitts and Nevis, low-income households there will need a smaller proportion of their income to obtain a similar basket of foods than in Jamaica or Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Conclusions. While the COVID-19 pandemic has added economic stressors to low-income households the basic vulnerability of the poor to obtain a healthy diet remains. Despite country variations, the findings point to the need for an increase in the minimum wage, particularly in Jamaica. It is essential to embed policies that ensure reduced economic and social vulnerability at the household level.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad de las familias de bajos ingresos para obtener una cesta estándar de alimentos saludables antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se promediaron los costos de 191 alimentos en supermercados, mercados municipales, mayoristas y puestos de venta de alimentos en la comunidad en zonas de altos y bajos ingresos de tres países del Caribe. En el análisis se compararon los comestibles por grupo de alimentos mediante una selección de productos de alto y bajo rango, así como por las proporciones necesarias para tener un régimen alimentario nutricionalmente equilibrado de 2 400 kcal y de bajo costo. Resultados. La conclusión principal fue que los hogares de bajos ingresos necesitan entre 22% y 47% de sus ingresos para tener un régimen alimentario saludable. A pesar de los elevados precios de los alimentos en Saint Kitts y Nevis, los hogares de bajos ingresos necesitarán una proporción menor de sus ingresos para obtener una cesta de alimentos similar en Jamaica o San Vicente y las Granadinas. Conclusiones. La vulnerabilidad básica de las personas pobres para tener un régimen alimentario saludable persiste, a lo que se suma que la pandemia de COVID-19 ha agregado factores económicos estresantes a los hogares de bajos ingresos. A pesar de las variaciones entre países, los resultados apuntan a la necesidad de incrementar el salario mínimo, particularmente en Jamaica. Es esencial incorporar políticas que garanticen una reducción de la vulnerabilidad económica y social a nivel de los hogares.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a capacidade das famílias de baixa renda de adquirir uma cesta básica de alimentos saudáveis antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Calculou-se a média do custo de 191 produtos alimentícios em supermercados, mercados municipais, atacadistas e estabelecimentos comunitários em áreas de alta e baixa renda em três países do Caribe. A análise comparou os alimentos não apenas pela escolha de produtos classificados em posição alta e baixa, mas também pelas proporções desses alimentos, por grupo alimentar, necessárias para ter uma alimentação de baixo custo e nutricionalmente equilibrada, com 2 400 kcal. Resultados. A principal constatação foi que as famílias de baixa renda precisarão gastar entre 22% e 47% de sua renda para ter uma alimentação saudável. Apesar do maior preço dos alimentos em Saint Kitts e Nevis, as famílias de baixa renda nesse país precisarão usar uma menor proporção da renda para comprar uma cesta de alimentos semelhante à adquirida na Jamaica ou em São Vicente e Granadinas. Conclusões. Embora a pandemia de COVID-19 tenha agregado fatores de estresse econômico às famílias de baixa renda, persiste a vulnerabilidade subjacente das pessoas pobres em relação à obtenção de uma alimentação saudável. Apesar das variações entre os países, as constatações indicam a necessidade de um aumento do salário mínimo, sobretudo na Jamaica. É essencial a incorporação de políticas que reduzam a vulnerabilidade econômica e social no âmbito familiar.

COVID-19 and the social distribution of hunger in three Caribbean Small Island Developing States

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic’s consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Determinar qué cambios ha ocasionado la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en los ingresos y los medios de subsistencia, el consumo de alimentos y el hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe: Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos. En este estudio transversal realizado en julio del 2020, para seleccionar a los participantes se utilizaron guías telefónicas y listas de números de teléfono celular. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas en persona y por teléfono. Los participantes calificaron cuál había sido la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia; el hambre se evaluó mediante la escala de la encuesta sobre seguridad alimentaria en los hogares “Adult Food Security Module”. Para estudiar cómo variaban los resultados según el grupo sociodemográfico, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable, con razones de probabilidades (odds ratios u OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC). Resultados. El análisis incluyó a 880 participantes. De estos, 40% (344/871) declararon haber pasado algún grado de hambre y 18% (153/871) lo calificaron de moderado a grave. Casi tres cuartos de los hogares informaron que sus medios de subsistencia habían tenido algún tipo de repercusión (640/880) y 28% (243/880) la calificaron de moderada a grave. Las mujeres tenían un 60% más de probabilidades de valorar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia de moderada a grave (OR 1,59; IC de 95% 1,09, 2,31) y un 70% más de probabilidades de haber tenido un nivel de hambre de moderado a grave (OR 1,70; IC de 95% 1,37, 2,09). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los medios de subsistencia y el hambre fueron mayores en aquellos participantes con educación primaria y secundaria en comparación con aquellos con educación terciaria. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 está afectando desproporcionadamente a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Los programas de protección social son un componente clave de las iniciativas dirigidas a paliar las consecuencias de la pandemia; sin embargo, debe garantizarse que el acceso a estos programas es equitativo.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Determinar mudanças na renda e na subsistência, no consumo de alimentos e na fome devido à doença causada pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (SIDS, na sigla em inglês) no Caribe: Jamaica, São Cristóvão e Névis, e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em julho de 2020. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio da utilização de listas telefônicas e números de celular. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas presenciais e telefônicas. Os participantes avaliaram o impacto da COVID-19 em seus meios de subsistência, e o módulo de segurança alimentar para adultos foi utilizado para avaliar a fome. Para examinar como esses resultados variavam por grupo sociodemográfico, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariável, com razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC) relatados de 95%. Resultados. A análise incluiu 880 participantes. Entre eles, 40% (344/871) relataram alguma forma de fome, com 18% (153/871) classificados como fome moderada a grave. Quase três quartos das famílias relataram algum impacto em sua subsistência (640/880), com 28% (243/880) classificando esse impacto como moderado a grave. As mulheres tiveram 60% mais probabilidade de relatar que seus meios de subsistência foram afetados moderada a gravemente pela COVID-19 (RC 1,59; IC 95% 1,09, 2,31) e 70% mais probabilidade de passar fome de moderada a grave (RC 1,70; IC 95% 1,37, 2,09). Os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre a subsistência e a fome foram maiores nas pessoas com ensino fundamental e médio, em comparação com o ensino superior. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 está afetando de forma desproporcional os segmentos mais vulneráveis da população. Programas de proteção social são um componente essencial dos esforços para aliviar as consequências da pandemia; entretanto, o acesso equitativo deve ser garantido.

Presence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Feces of the Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.

Although, historically, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was restricted to humans, since 2005 these strains emerged in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, a One Health approach was applied to analyze the diversity and characteristics of S. aureus strains isolated from the invasive species of mongoose (Urva auropunctata) in St. Kitts. Fecal samples collected from these animals (n = 81) were cultured on selective agar. The isolated S. aureus strains were identified using MALDI-TOF and further characterized by whole genome sequence analysis. The fecal microbiome study identified the presence of S. aureus in 5 animals. Both MSSA (n = 3) and MRSA (n = 2) strains were identified. The two MRSA isolated were nearly identical ST5 SCCmec IVa (2B) strains. The two MSSA isolated were a new ST7434, pertaining to clonal complex 30, and the other belonged to ST5, but unrelated to the MRSA ST5. The SCCmec IVa (2B) is, however, the main SCCmec in human MRSA of different STs identified in St Kitts, indicating potential horizontal transmission events. In conclusion, a new type of MSSA, ST7434, was found and MRSA ST5 t002 SCCmec IVa (2B) found its way into wildlife on a small Caribbean Island. Further One Health studies are necessary to determine the role of MRSA in wildlife.

Mortality attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative risk assessment analysis.

INTRODUCTION: We quantified the proportion and the absolute number of deaths attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using an estimation approach. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We combined T2DM prevalence estimates from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, relative risks between T2DM and all-cause mortality from a meta-analysis of cohorts in LAC, and death rates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We estimated population-attributable fractions (PAFs) and computed the absolute number of attributable deaths in 1990 and 2019 by multiplying the PAFs by the total deaths in each country, year, sex, and 5-year age group. RESULTS: Between 1985 and 2014 in LAC, the proportion of all-cause mortality attributable to T2DM increased from 12.2% to 16.9% in men and from 14.5% to 19.3% in women. In 2019, the absolute number of deaths attributable to T2DM was 349 787 in men and 330 414 in women. The highest death rates (deaths per 100 000 people) in 2019 were in Saint Kitts and Nevis (325 in men, 229 in women), Guyana (313 in men, 272 in women), and Haiti (269 in men, 265 in women). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial burden of all deaths is attributed to T2DM in LAC. To decrease the mortality attributable to T2DM in LAC, policies are needed to strengthen early diagnosis and management, along with the prevention of complications.

Benchmarking alcohol policy based on stringency and impact: The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index.

This study developed a measurement tool to assess stringency and 'on-the-ground' impact of four key alcohol policy domains to create an alcohol policy index suitable for benchmarking alcohol policy and assessing change over time in middle- and high-income countries. It involved a collaboration between researchers in 12 diverse countries: New Zealand; Australia; England; Scotland; Netherlands; Vietnam; Thailand; South Africa; Turkey; Chile; Saint Kitts and Nevis and Mongolia. Data on the four most effective alcohol policy domains (availability, pricing policy, alcohol marketing, drink driving) were used to create an alcohol policy index based on their association with alcohol per capita consumption (APC) of commercial (recorded) alcohol. An innovation was the inclusion of measures of impact along with the stringency of the legislation or regulation. The resulting International Alcohol Control (IAC) Policy Index showed a very high negative correlation (-0.91) with recorded APC. Greater affordability of alcohol, an impact measure taking into account prices paid and countries' Gross Domestic Product, was predictive of higher APC (-0.80). Countries in which more modes of alcohol marketing are legally allowed and used had higher APC. Legislation on outlet density and drink driving predicted APC whereas trading hours did not. While stringency and impact measures varied between domains in terms of relationship with APC, overall, there was a strong correlation between impact and stringency (0.77). The IAC Policy Index, which includes measures of policy stringency and 'on-the-ground' impacts in relation to four key policy areas, was found to be strongly associated with commercial alcohol consumed in a number of diverse country settings. It showed a larger relationship than previous indices that include more policy dimensions. The index provides a relatively simple tool for benchmarking and communication with policy makers to encourage a strong focus on uptake of these four most effective alcohol policies.

The Governance of Helmet Safety to Prevent Traumatic Brain Injury in the Caribbean.

BACKGROUND: The Caribbean is a unique region of islands and cays home to nearly 43 million people. A significant challenge facing this population is the burden of traumatic brain injury, which disproportionately affects younger individuals and carries a significant economic burden. A preventive measure to reduce this burden is consistent wearing of helmets. This study aims to assess TBI prevention through helmet safety in Caribbean nations in order to demonstrate the regional impact of public health solutions. METHODS: We assess the member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and sought to evaluate CARICOM nations' TBI prevention through helmet safety with relation to public health, policy, laws, infrastructure, and regulations. We produced the Rolle Scoring System (RSS) to ascertain the influence of governance around helmet safety for TBI prevention. The RSS aims to provide a quantifiable method of how well a CARICOM nation is performing in efforts to reduce TBI. The RSS is broken down into 2 categories, with scores ranging from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The range of possible scores a CARICOM nation could receive was 8 to 40. RESULTS: Fourteen CARICOM nations were ultimately incorporated into our analysis. From the initial cohort, 3 were removed. These nations were Anguilla, Saint Kitts & Nevis, and Montserrat. We analyzed values derived from the RSS, finding a mean Rolle score of 22. We further subdivided the nations into low Rolle score (8-24) and high Rolle score (>24). Trinidad and Tobago had the highest Rolle score at 29. Haiti was found to have the lowest Rolle score at 8. CONCLUSION: Several Caribbean nations have demonstrated leadership pertaining to TBI prevention through helmet safety. The regional momentum of helmet safety in the Caribbean can serve as a model for other geographical regional blocs that share interests and culture to consider comprehensive approaches to public health challenges.

COVID-19 and the social distribution of hunger in three Caribbean Small Island Developing States / La COVID-19 y la distribución social del hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe / COVID-19 e a distribuição social da fome em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic's consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar qué cambios ha ocasionado la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en los ingresos y los medios de subsistencia, el consumo de alimentos y el hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe: Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos. En este estudio transversal realizado en julio del 2020, para seleccionar a los participantes se utilizaron guías telefónicas y listas de números de teléfono celular. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas en persona y por teléfono. Los participantes calificaron cuál había sido la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia; el hambre se evaluó mediante la escala de la encuesta sobre seguridad alimentaria en los hogares "Adult Food Security Module". Para estudiar cómo variaban los resultados según el grupo sociodemográfico, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable, con razones de probabilidades (odds ratios u OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC). Resultados. El análisis incluyó a 880 participantes. De estos, 40% (344/871) declararon haber pasado algún grado de hambre y 18% (153/871) lo calificaron de moderado a grave. Casi tres cuartos de los hogares informaron que sus medios de subsistencia habían tenido algún tipo de repercusión (640/880) y 28% (243/880) la calificaron de moderada a grave. Las mujeres tenían un 60% más de probabilidades de valorar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia de moderada a grave (OR 1,59; IC de 95% 1,09, 2,31) y un 70% más de probabilidades de haber tenido un nivel de hambre de moderado a grave (OR 1,70; IC de 95% 1,37, 2,09). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los medios de subsistencia y el hambre fueron mayores en aquellos participantes con educación primaria y secundaria en comparación con aquellos con educación terciaria. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 está afectando desproporcionadamente a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Los programas de protección social son un componente clave de las iniciativas dirigidas a paliar las consecuencias de la pandemia; sin embargo, debe garantizarse que el acceso a estos programas es equitativo.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar mudanças na renda e na subsistência, no consumo de alimentos e na fome devido à doença causada pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (SIDS, na sigla em inglês) no Caribe: Jamaica, São Cristóvão e Névis, e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em julho de 2020. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio da utilização de listas telefônicas e números de celular. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas presenciais e telefônicas. Os participantes avaliaram o impacto da COVID-19 em seus meios de subsistência, e o módulo de segurança alimentar para adultos foi utilizado para avaliar a fome. Para examinar como esses resultados variavam por grupo sociodemográfico, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariável, com razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC) relatados de 95%. Resultados. A análise incluiu 880 participantes. Entre eles, 40% (344/871) relataram alguma forma de fome, com 18% (153/871) classificados como fome moderada a grave. Quase três quartos das famílias relataram algum impacto em sua subsistência (640/880), com 28% (243/880) classificando esse impacto como moderado a grave. As mulheres tiveram 60% mais probabilidade de relatar que seus meios de subsistência foram afetados moderada a gravemente pela COVID-19 (RC 1,59; IC 95% 1,09, 2,31) e 70% mais probabilidade de passar fome de moderada a grave (RC 1,70; IC 95% 1,37, 2,09). Os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre a subsistência e a fome foram maiores nas pessoas com ensino fundamental e médio, em comparação com o ensino superior. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 está afetando de forma desproporcional os segmentos mais vulneráveis da população. Programas de proteção social são um componente essencial dos esforços para aliviar as consequências da pandemia; entretanto, o acesso equitativo deve ser garantido.

Comparative cost of diets for low-income families in the Caribbean / Costo comparativo del régimen alimentario de las familias de bajos ingresos en el Caribe / Custo comparativo da alimentação para famílias de baixa renda no Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the ability of low-income families to obtain a standard basket of healthy foods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. The costs of 191 food items were averaged from supermarkets, municipal markets, wholesalers, and community food outlets in high- and low-income areas in three Caribbean countries. The analysis compared foods not only by selecting high- and low-ranked commodities but by the proportions of those foods, by food group, that will be required to meet a low-cost, nutritionally balanced diet of 2 400 kcal. Results. The main finding was that low-income households will need between 22% and 47% of their earnings to obtain a healthy diet. Despite higher food prices in Saint Kitts and Nevis, low-income households there will need a smaller proportion of their income to obtain a similar basket of foods than in Jamaica or Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Conclusions. While the COVID-19 pandemic has added economic stressors to low-income households the basic vulnerability of the poor to obtain a healthy diet remains. Despite country variations, the findings point to the need for an increase in the minimum wage, particularly in Jamaica. It is essential to embed policies that ensure reduced economic and social vulnerability at the household level.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad de las familias de bajos ingresos para obtener una cesta estándar de alimentos saludables antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se promediaron los costos de 191 alimentos en supermercados, mercados municipales, mayoristas y puestos de venta de alimentos en la comunidad en zonas de altos y bajos ingresos de tres países del Caribe. En el análisis se compararon los comestibles por grupo de alimentos mediante una selección de productos de alto y bajo rango, así como por las proporciones necesarias para tener un régimen alimentario nutricionalmente equilibrado de 2 400 kcal y de bajo costo. Resultados. La conclusión principal fue que los hogares de bajos ingresos necesitan entre 22% y 47% de sus ingresos para tener un régimen alimentario saludable. A pesar de los elevados precios de los alimentos en Saint Kitts y Nevis, los hogares de bajos ingresos necesitarán una proporción menor de sus ingresos para obtener una cesta de alimentos similar en Jamaica o San Vicente y las Granadinas. Conclusiones. La vulnerabilidad básica de las personas pobres para tener un régimen alimentario saludable persiste, a lo que se suma que la pandemia de COVID-19 ha agregado factores económicos estresantes a los hogares de bajos ingresos. A pesar de las variaciones entre países, los resultados apuntan a la necesidad de incrementar el salario mínimo, particularmente en Jamaica. Es esencial incorporar políticas que garanticen una reducción de la vulnerabilidad económica y social a nivel de los hogares.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a capacidade das famílias de baixa renda de adquirir uma cesta básica de alimentos saudáveis antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Calculou-se a média do custo de 191 produtos alimentícios em supermercados, mercados municipais, atacadistas e estabelecimentos comunitários em áreas de alta e baixa renda em três países do Caribe. A análise comparou os alimentos não apenas pela escolha de produtos classificados em posição alta e baixa, mas também pelas proporções desses alimentos, por grupo alimentar, necessárias para ter uma alimentação de baixo custo e nutricionalmente equilibrada, com 2 400 kcal. Resultados. A principal constatação foi que as famílias de baixa renda precisarão gastar entre 22% e 47% de sua renda para ter uma alimentação saudável. Apesar do maior preço dos alimentos em Saint Kitts e Nevis, as famílias de baixa renda nesse país precisarão usar uma menor proporção da renda para comprar uma cesta de alimentos semelhante à adquirida na Jamaica ou em São Vicente e Granadinas. Conclusões. Embora a pandemia de COVID-19 tenha agregado fatores de estresse econômico às famílias de baixa renda, persiste a vulnerabilidade subjacente das pessoas pobres em relação à obtenção de uma alimentação saudável. Apesar das variações entre os países, as constatações indicam a necessidade de um aumento do salário mínimo, sobretudo na Jamaica. É essencial a incorporação de políticas que reduzam a vulnerabilidade econômica e social no âmbito familiar.

Novel Cyclovirus Species in Dogs with Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis.

Nested PCRs with circovirus/cyclovirus pan-rep (replicase gene) primers detected eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses in three (samples CN9E, CN16E and CN34) of 18 canine parvovirus-2-positive fecal samples from household dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis on the Caribbean island of Nevis. The complete genomes of CRESS DNA virus CN9E, CN16E and CN34 were determined by inverse nested PCRs. Based on (i) genome organization, (ii) location of the putative origin of replication, (iii) pairwise genome-wide sequence identities, (iv) the presence of conserved motifs in the putative replication-associated protein (Rep) and the arginine-rich region in the amino terminus of the putative capsid protein (Cp) and (v) a phylogenetic analysis, CN9E, CN16E and CN34 were classified as cycloviruses. Canine-associated cycloviruses CN16E and CN34 were closely related to each other and shared low genome-wide nucleotide (59.642-59.704%), deduced Rep (35.018-35.379%) and Cp (26.601%) amino acid sequence identities with CN9E. All the three canine-associated cycloviruses shared < 80% genome-wide pairwise nucleotide sequence identities with cycloviruses from other animals/environmental samples, constituting two novel species (CN9E and CN16E/34) within the genus Cyclovirus. Considering the feeding habits of dogs, we could not determine whether the cycloviruses were of dietary origin or infected the host. Interestingly, the CN9E putative Rep-encoding open reading frame was found to use the invertebrate mitochondrial genetic code with an alternative initiation codon (ATA) for translation, corroborating the hypothesis that cycloviruses are actually arthropod-infecting viruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and complete genome analysis of cycloviruses from domestic dogs.

Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Dermatophilus congolensis from Cattle in Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Dermatophilosis is a form of dermatitis caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. The disease usually presents as localized purulent dermatitis, crusty hair masses or widespread matting of the hair. This condition is most common in domestic ruminants; but it can also affect other wild animals and humans. Antimicrobial therapy is used in many regions to treat clinical dermatophilosis with varying results. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of D. congolensis isolates. Fifty-two isolates were obtained from animals showing clinical signs of the disease at farms in St. Kitts. The isolates were then confirmed as D. congolensis by phenotypic tests, PCR and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16 antimicrobial agents were determined, using the broth microdilution method. Although most antimicrobials showed MICs in line with published values, the tetracycline results displayed a clear bimodal distribution over the tested range, with most isolates showing low MICs and 6 isolates much higher values (+/- 100-fold increase). These results indicate the presence of acquired tetracycline resistance in D. congolensis on the island of St. Kitts. Whether the current observation has implications for efficacy of treating the disease must be confirmed in further research.