Força de trabalho no SAMU 192 do Brasil 2015-2019: Composição, capacidade operacional e procedimentos atribuídos. / Dotación de SAMU 192 en Brasil: Composición, operatividad y procedimientos asignados / Força de trabalho do SAMU 192 no Brasil: Composição, capacidade operacional e procedimentos atribuídos

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a força de trabalho no atendimento pré-hospitalar público do Brasil, segundo a composição por categorias profissionais, capacidade operacional estimada e a produção atribuída de procedimentos entre 2015 e 2019. Método: Estudo censitário, observacional e descritivo realizado com dados extraídos de sistemas de monitoramento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Projeções de dimensionamento quantificaram a capacidade operacional real baseadas no quantitativo pretendido para operar a capacidade instalada. Cerca de 21,9 milhões de procedimentos foram analisados quanto aos profissionais envolvidos. Resultados: A força de trabalho cresceu 14,3% (média 2,8% aa), alcançando 41mil profissionais.  Na Central de Regulação das Urgências, ocupações finalísticas cresceram até 17,1% e as não finalísticas cresceram até 61,1%. Nos recursos móveis, o quantitativo de médicos cresceu 29,8% (5,9% aa), Técnicos de Enfermagem (TE) 15,1% (3,0% aa) e enfermeiros 27,4% (5,5% aa). Apesar do crescimento, as estimativas de dimensionamento demonstraram insuficiência de TE, Médicos e condutores de ambulância, resultando em déficits de até 30% em unidades de suporte básico de vida (USB) e até 63% nas unidades de suporte avançado (USA). TE realizaram 81,2% dos atendimentos nas USB. Médicos e enfermeiros, em conjunto, realizaram 60% dos atendimentos de USA, sendo que participação de médicos diminui 2,2% a cada ano (odds ratio 0,978). A Enfermeiros foram atribuídos 30% dos atendimentos de USA. Conclusão: Apesar do crescimento, a força de trabalho é insuficiente para operar a capacidade instalada, o que fragiliza o modelo e cerceia o direito do cidadão ao cuidado oportuno de urgência.

Con 20 años de implantación en Brasil, el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Emergência (SAMU 192) llega al 85% de la población, con centros de regulación de emergencia (CRU) y recursos móviles (RM), atendidos por equipos de Soporte Vital Básico (SVB) y Avanzado Soporte Vital (ELA). Objetivo: Describir y analizar la plantilla del SAMU 192, según categorías profesionales, capacidad operativa y atribución de producción de procedimientos en el período de 2015 a 2019. Método: Estudio censal, observacional, descriptivo y exploratorio que utiliza datos de la cantidad y RM, asociado a los datos públicos oficiais sobre la fuerza de trabajo y su producción, extraídos de los sistemas catastrales nacionales del Sistema Único de Salud. Se desarrollaron modelos de proyección de dimensionamiento para cuantificar la capacidad operativa de la fuerza laboral existente, de acuerdo con la composición mínima del equipo, los patrones de jornada laboral y los modelos operativos. Resultados: La plantilla del SAMU 192 creció un 14,3% (RM 17,2% e CRU 3,4%), llegando a 41.490 profesionales em 2019. En el CRU, los profesionales en actividades finales crecieron por encima del 14,4%, mientras que las ocupaciones administrativas y otras profesiones de educación superior no previstas en la normativa creció un 61,1% y un 59,0%, respectivamente. En BLS RM, los técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería representan más del 51% de la fuerza total, mientras que los condutores representam el 42,4%. La participación de enfermeros y médicos creció un 27,4% y un 29,8%, respectivamente. Los modelos de dimensionamiento revelaron que los profesionales de BLS (30 horas/semana) podrían operar hasta el 67,0% de RM. En el ALS, el número de enfermeros proyecta capacidad operativa superior al 100%, mientras que el número de médicos (24 horas/semana) proyecta funcionamiento de hasta el 36,5% de la RM, alcanzando el 64,2% en modelos con 40 horas semanais. Los técnicos de enfermería fueron responsables por hasta el 81,2% de las atenciones y el 75,6% de los transportes del SVB. En el SAV, un equipo formado por "médico y enfermera" realizaba hasta el 69% de las atenciones de urgencia y transporte, con tendencia a la baja. Más del 30% de los cuidados y el 28% del transporte son atribuidos a enfermeros en ALS MR, en ausencia de médicos, con tendencia al aumento, fenómeno también observável en unidades aeromédicas y buques ALS. Conclusión: hubo un crecimiento en el número de profesionales que actúan en el SAMU 192, sin embargo, las proyecciones mostraron la insuficiencia en la cantidad para la operación de todos los RM y reflejaron tendencias como la notável actividad de los profesionales de enfermería en la atención de emergência y el transporte. La insuficiencia de las normas que estructuran el modelo y la ausencia de indicadores mínimos operativos pueden estar en la raíz de los desafíos de insuficiencia de profesionales.

Com 20 anos de implementação no Brasil, o Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU 192) chega a 85% da população, com centrais de regulação das urgências (CRU) e recursos móveis (RM), equipes de Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) e Suporte Avançado de Vida (SAV). Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a força de trabalho do SAMU 192, segundo as categorias profissionais, capacidade operacional e atribuição de produção de procedimentos no período de 2015 a 2019. Método: Estudo censitário, observacional, descritivo e exploratório que utiliza dados do quantitativo de CRU e RM, associados aos dados públicos oficiais sobre a força de trabalho e sua produção, extraídos de sistemas de cadastro nacional do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram desenvolvidos modelos de projeção de dimensionamento para quantificar a capacidade operacional a partir da força de trabalho existente, segunda composição de equipes mínimas, padrões de carga horária e modelos de operação. Resultados: A força de trabalho do SAMU 192 cresceu 14,3%, (RM 17,2% e CRU 3,4%), chegando a 41.490 profissionais em 2019. Na CRU, os profissionais nas atividades finais cresceram acima de 14,4%, enquanto as ocupações administrativas e as demais profissões de nível superior não previstas na regulamentação cresceram respectivamente 61,1% e 59,0%. Na RM de SBV, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem são mais de 51% do total da força, enquanto os condutores, alcançam 42,4%. A participação de enfermeiros e médicos cresceu respectivamente 27,4% e 29,8%. Os modelos de dimensionamento revelaram que os profissionais de SBV (30 horas/semana), foram capazes de operar até 67,0% da RM. No SAV, o quantitativo de enfermeiros projetam capacidade operacional acima de 100%, enquanto o de médicos (24 horas/semana), projeta operação de até 36,5% da RM, podendo chegar a 64,2% em modelos com 40h semanais. Técnicos de enfermagem foram responsáveis por até 81,2% os atendimentos e 75,6% dos transportes de SBV. No SAV, a equipe formada por "médico e enfermeiro" realiza até 69% dos atendimentos de emergência e transportes, com tendência de queda. Aos enfermeiros em RM de SAV, na ausência de médicos, são atribuídos mais de 30% dos atendimentos e 28% dos transportes, com tendência de elevação, fenômeno observável também em unidades aeromédicas e embarcações de SAV. Conclusão: Houve crescimento do conjunto de profissionais que atuam no SAMU 192, todavia, como projeções demonstraram a insuficiência no quantitativo para a operação de todos os RM eam tendências como a marcante atividade dos profissionais de enfermagem nos atendimentos de urgência e transportes. A insuficiência das normativas que estruturam o modelo e a ausência de indicadores mínimos de operação, pode estar na raiz dos desafios da insuficiência de profissionais.

Capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje de salud psicosocial en profesionales peruanos con seguro sanitario: estudio experimental / Training with a psychosocial health neurolearning approach in Peruvian professionals with health insurance: Experimental study

Introducción Los factores de riesgo psicosociales como determinantes de la salud en el trabajo pueden afectar tanto al bienestar físico como al bienestar psíquico del trabajador. En los sistemas de formación que incluyen contenidos cognitivo-preventivos, funcionan mejor cuando la construcción del conocimiento está basada en el neuroaprendizaje. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el grado de procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas (grupo A) versus inserción de frases persuasivas (grupo B), como efecto de una capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje de la salud psicosocial en el trabajo de un grupo de profesionales con seguro sanitario de la Amazonía peruana. Métodos Diseño experimental con pre/posprueba, que incluyó dos grupos experimentales más un grupo de control: n = 48 sujetos en total, 16 por cada grupo, con edades entre 22 y 36 años. La capacitación se desarrolló entre diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019 con una duración de 18 horas, espaciadas en seis semanas. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó un registro previamente validado por cinco expertos. Resultados La distribución de datos en los grupos fue adecuada tanto en preprueba como en posprueba, excepto en posprueba del grupo B (p = 0,002). En el grupo control los resultados del procesamiento de contenidos, tanto preprueba como en posprueba, se mantuvieron similares (p = 0,667). El procesamiento de contenidos sobre salud psicosocial en el trabajo en posprueba fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos de intervención y el grupo control (p = 0,001), distinguiéndose el procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas. Conclusiones Los resultados indican que la capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje, puede mejorar el procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas para el cumplimiento de normativas orientadas a promover la salud psicosocial en el trabajo.

Introduction Psychosocial risk factors as determinants of health at work can affect both the physical and psychological well-being of the worker. Training systems that include cognitive-preventive content work best when knowledge construction is based on neurolearning. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of content processing with the insertion of deterrent (group A) versus persuasive sentences (group B) as an effect of a training with a neurolearning approach to psychosocial health in the work of a group of professionals with health insurance in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods Experimental design with pre-/post-test, including two experimental groups plus a control group, n = 48 subjects in total and 16 per group, aged 22-36 years. The training took place between December 2018 and January 2019 with a duration of 18 hours spaced over six weeks. A register previously validated by five experts was used for data collection. Results The distribution of data in the groups was adequate in both pre-test and post-test, except in post-test in group "B" (p = 0.002). In the control group, the results of content processing in both pre-test and post-test remained similar (p = 0.667). The processing of psychosocial occupational health content in the post-test was significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p = 0.001), distinguishing the processing of content with the insertion of deterrent phrases. Conclusions The results indicate that training with a neurolearning approach can improve the processing of content with the insertion of deterrent phrases for compliance with regulations aimed at promoting psychosocial health at work.

Informing the development of the SUCCEED reporting guideline for studies on the scaling of health interventions: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Quality reporting contributes to effective translation of health research in practice and policy. As an initial step in the development of a reporting guideline for scaling, the Standards for reporting stUdies of sCaling evidenCEd-informED interventions (SUCCEED), we performed a systematic review to identify relevant guidelines and compile a list of potential items. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review according to Cochrane method guidelines. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, from their respective inceptions. We also searched websites of relevant organizations and Google. We included any document that provided instructions or recommendations, e.g., reporting guideline, checklist, guidance, framework, standard; could inform the design or reporting of scaling interventions; and related to the health sector. We extracted characteristics of the included guidelines and assessed their methodological quality using a 3-item internal validity assessment tool. We extracted all items from the guidelines and classified them according to the main sections of reporting guidelines (title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and other information). We performed a narrative synthesis based on descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of 7704 records screened (published between 1999 and 2019), we included 39 guidelines, from which data were extracted from 57 reports. Of the 39 guidelines, 17 were for designing scaling interventions and 22 for reporting implementation interventions. At least one female author was listed in 31 guidelines, and 21 first authors were female. None of the authors belonged to the patient stakeholder group. Only one guideline clearly identified a patient as having participated in the consensus process. More than half the guidelines (56%) had been developed using an evidence-based process. In total, 750 items were extracted from the 39 guidelines and distributed into the 7 main sections. CONCLUSION: Relevant items identified could inform the development of a reporting guideline for scaling studies of evidence-based health interventions. This and our assessment of guidelines could contribute to better reporting in the science and practice of scaling.

Training with a psychosocial health neurolearning approach in Peruvian professionals with health insurance: Experimental study. / Capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje de salud psicosocial en profesionales peruanos con seguro sanitario: estudio experimental.

Introduction: Psychosocial risk factors as determinants of health at work can affect both the physical and psychological well-being of the worker. Training systems that include cognitive-preventive content work best when knowledge construction is based on neurolearning. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of content processing with the insertion of deterrent (group A) versus persuasive sentences (group B) as an effect of a training with a neurolearning approach to psychosocial health in the work of a group of professionals with health insurance in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: Experimental design with pre-/post-test, including two experimental groups plus a control group, n = 48 subjects in total and 16 per group, aged 22-36 years. The training took place between December 2018 and January 2019 with a duration of 18 hours spaced over six weeks. A register previously validated by five experts was used for data collection. Results: The distribution of data in the groups was adequate in both pre-test and post-test, except in post-test in group "B" (p = 0.002). In the control group, the results of content processing in both pre-test and post-test remained similar (p = 0.667). The processing of psychosocial occupational health content in the post-test was significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p = 0.001), distinguishing the processing of content with the insertion of deterrent phrases. Conclusions: The results indicate that training with a neurolearning approach can improve the processing of content with the insertion of deterrent phrases for compliance with regulations aimed at promoting psychosocial health at work.

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo psicosociales como determinantes de la salud en el trabajo pueden afectar tanto al bienestar físico como al bienestar psíquico del trabajador. En los sistemas de formación que incluyen contenidos cognitivo-preventivos, funcionan mejor cuando la construcción del conocimiento está basada en el neuroaprendizaje. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el grado de procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas (grupo A) versus inserción de frases persuasivas (grupo B), como efecto de una capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje de la salud psicosocial en el trabajo de un grupo de profesionales con seguro sanitario de la Amazonía peruana. Métodos: Diseño experimental con pre/posprueba, que incluyó dos grupos experimentales más un grupo de control: n = 48 sujetos en total, 16 por cada grupo, con edades entre 22 y 36 años. La capacitación se desarrolló entre diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019 con una duración de 18 horas, espaciadas en seis semanas. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó un registro previamente validado por cinco expertos. Resultados: La distribución de datos en los grupos fue adecuada tanto en preprueba como en posprueba, excepto en posprueba del grupo B (p = 0,002). En el grupo control los resultados del procesamiento de contenidos, tanto preprueba como en posprueba, se mantuvieron similares (p = 0,667). El procesamiento de contenidos sobre salud psicosocial en el trabajo en posprueba fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos de intervención y el grupo control (p = 0,001), distinguiéndose el procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que la capacitación con aproximación al neuroaprendizaje, puede mejorar el procesamiento de contenidos con inserción de frases disuasivas para el cumplimiento de normativas orientadas a promover la salud psicosocial en el trabajo.

Encrucijadas sobre ¿qué vender?: máquinas expendedoras en entornos alimentarios universitarios / Crossroads about what to sell?: vending machines in university food environments

Introducción. Las máquinas expendedoras de bebidas y alimentos (MEBA) ganan presencialidad en universidades, lo que potencia aumento de peso en adultos jóvenes. Objetivo. reconocer la configuración de las MEBA para la construcción del ambiente alimentario saludable en una universidad de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Diseño descriptivo multimodos, con aproximación empírica de: entrevista a tomadores de decisión (n=6) de la institución educativa; análisis de ventas durante un año (n=12.955) en las MEBA (n=12); caracterización por densidad nutricional de la oferta (n=152) y rastreo a comunicaciones circulantes asociadas con alimentación. El análisis consideró cuatro momentos: I-Relaciones; II-Canal MEBA; III-Nutrición y IV-Interacción. Los I y II se enfocaron en los componentes político, sociocultural, físico y económico. El III estudió el aporte nutricional de bebidas y alimentos para integrar resultados en el IV. Resultados. La ausencia de política sobre alimentación institucional como la visibilización comunicativa parecen potenciar condiciones sociales que refuerzan lógicas de: "mal necesario", "perfil de consumo ya existente", "ausencia de ejercicios académicos" y "experiencias negativas con alimentación saludable". Cimientos para ofertar con mayor demanda bebidas como refrescos y agua y, en alimentos, chocolate en diferentes formulaciones. En la clasificación por densidad nutricional se encontró que las bebidas fueron clasificadas como "no saludable" (51,6%); "algo saludable" (28,1%) y "saludable" (20,3%). Los alimentos "algo saludable" (44,9%); "no saludable" (32,2%) y "saludable" (22,9%). Conclusiones. la universidad, espacio de formación, requiere realizar esfuerzos de comprensión sociocultural, gerencia alineada a normativas de promoción de salud para incidir en la calidad nutricional ofertada a la comunidad universitaria(AU)

Introduction. Food and beverage vending machines (MEBA) are gaining presence in universities, which promotes weight gain in young adults. Objective. to recognize the configuration of the MEBA for the construction of a healthy food environment in a university in Colombia. Materials and methods. multimodal descriptive design, with an empirical approach of: interview with decision makers of the educational institution (n=6); analysis of sales during one year (n=12,955) in the MEBAs (n=12); characterization by nutritional density of the offer (n=152) and tracking of circulating communications associated with food. The analysis considered four moments: I-Relationships; II-MEBA Channel; III-Nutrition and IV-Interaction. I and II focused on the political, sociocultural, physical and economic components. The III studied the nutritional contribution of drinks and foods to integrate results in the IV. Results. the absence of a policy on institutional food such as communicative visibility seems to enhance social conditions that reinforce logics of: "necessary evil", "already existing consumption profile", "absence of academic exercises" and "negative experiences with healthy eating". Foundations to offer with greater demand drinks such as soft drinks and water and, in food, chocolate in different formulations. In the classification by nutritional density, it was found that the drinks were classified as "unhealthy" (51.6%); "something healthy" (28.1%) and "healthy" (20.3%). "Somewhat healthy" foods (44.9%); "unhealthy" (32.2%) and "healthy" (22.9%). Conclusions. the university, a training space, requires efforts at sociocultural understanding, management aligned with health promotion regulations to influence the nutritional quality offered to the university community(AU)

Integrated knowledge translation guidelines for trainees in health research: an environmental scan.

BACKGROUND: Collaborative health research, such as integrated knowledge translation (IKT), requires researchers to have specific knowledge and skills in working in partnership with knowledge users. Graduate students are often not provided with the opportunity to learn skills in how to establish collaborative relationships with knowledge users in the health system or communities, despite its importance in research. The objective of this environmental scan is to identify available guidelines for graduate trainees to use an IKT approach in their research. METHODS: We conducted an environmental scan with three separate systematic searches to identify guidelines available to support graduate students in engaging in an IKT approach to research: (i) a customized Google search; (ii) a targeted Canadian university website search; and (iii) emails to administrators of graduate studies programmes asking for available guidelines and documents designed for graduate students. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction tool and analysed using a directed content analysis approach. Due to the minimal results included based on the a priori eligibility criteria, we returned to the excluded records to further review the current state of the environment on trainee support for IKT research. RESULTS: Our search strategy yielded 22 900 items, and after a two-step screening process with strict inclusion criteria three documents met the eligibility criteria. All three documents highlighted the need for an IKT plan for knowledge user involvement throughout the research process. Furthermore, documents emphasized the need for tangible steps to guide graduate students to engage in effective communication with knowledge users. Due to the lack of documents retrieved, we conducted a post hoc content analysis of relevant IKT documents excluded and identified five themes demonstrating increased education and engagement in an IKT approach at an interpersonal and organizational level. CONCLUSION: We identified three documents providing guidance to trainees using a collaborative approach in their health research. This scan highlighted two key findings including the importance of supporting trainees to engage knowledge users in research and preparing an IKT plan alongside a research plan. Further research is needed to co-design guidelines to support graduate students and trainees in engaging in an IKT approach.

Weekly updating of guideline recommendations was feasible: the Australian National COVID-19 clinical evidence Taskforce.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate how quickly evidence was incorporated into the Australian living guidelines for COVID-19 during the first 12 months of the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: For each study concerning drug therapies included in the guideline from April 3, 2020 to April 1, 2021, we extracted the publication date of the study, and the guideline version the study was included in. We analyzed two subgroups of studies as follows: those published in high impact factor journals and those with 100 or more participants. RESULTS: In the first year, we published 37 major versions of the guidelines, incorporating 129 studies that investigated 48 drug therapies informing 115 recommendations. The median time from first publication of a study to incorporation in the guideline was 27 days (interquartile range [IQR], 16 to 44), ranging from 9 to 234 days. For the 53 studies in the highest impact factor journals, the median was 20 days (IQR 15 to 30), and for the 71 studies with 100 or more participants the median was 22 days (IQR 15 to 36). CONCLUSION: Developing and sustaining living guidelines where evidence is rapidly incorporated is a resource- and time-intensive undertaking; however, this study demonstrates that it is feasible, even over a long period.

Guidelines for Reporting Outcomes in Trial Reports: The CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 Extension.

Importance: Clinicians, patients, and policy makers rely on published results from clinical trials to help make evidence-informed decisions. To critically evaluate and use trial results, readers require complete and transparent information regarding what was planned, done, and found. Specific and harmonized guidance as to what outcome-specific information should be reported in publications of clinical trials is needed to reduce deficient reporting practices that obscure issues with outcome selection, assessment, and analysis. Objective: To develop harmonized, evidence- and consensus-based standards for reporting outcomes in clinical trial reports through integration with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement. Evidence Review: Using the Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) methodological framework, the CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement was developed by (1) generation and evaluation of candidate outcome reporting items via consultation with experts and a scoping review of existing guidance for reporting trial outcomes (published within the 10 years prior to March 19, 2018) identified through expert solicitation, electronic database searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Methodology Register, gray literature searches, and reference list searches; (2) a 3-round international Delphi voting process (November 2018-February 2019) completed by 124 panelists from 22 countries to rate and identify additional items; and (3) an in-person consensus meeting (April 9-10, 2019) attended by 25 panelists to identify essential items for the reporting of outcomes in clinical trial reports. Findings: The scoping review and consultation with experts identified 128 recommendations relevant to reporting outcomes in trial reports, the majority (83%) of which were not included in the CONSORT 2010 statement. All recommendations were consolidated into 64 items for Delphi voting; after the Delphi survey process, 30 items met criteria for further evaluation at the consensus meeting and possible inclusion in the CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 extension. The discussions during and after the consensus meeting yielded 17 items that elaborate on the CONSORT 2010 statement checklist items and are related to completely defining and justifying the trial outcomes, including how and when they were assessed (CONSORT 2010 statement checklist item 6a), defining and justifying the target difference between treatment groups during sample size calculations (CONSORT 2010 statement checklist item 7a), describing the statistical methods used to compare groups for the primary and secondary outcomes (CONSORT 2010 statement checklist item 12a), and describing the prespecified analyses and any outcome analyses not prespecified (CONSORT 2010 statement checklist item 18). Conclusions and Relevance: This CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement provides 17 outcome-specific items that should be addressed in all published clinical trial reports and may help increase trial utility, replicability, and transparency and may minimize the risk of selective nonreporting of trial results.

Protocolo de manejo frente a casos sospechosos y confirmados de Coronavirus (Covid-19: Versión 53. 20/05/22

Actualización de los lineamientos para el manejo de casos sospechosos de COVID-19 en el marco del sistema de salud de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. La definición de caso, contacto y medidas a seguir detalladas en este protocolo están basadas en las Recomendaciones para el equipo de salud del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación a la fecha 1 que se encuentran en revisión permanente, en función de la evolución y nueva información que se disponga de la pandemia en curso. (AU)

The Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is central to the World Health Organisation Global Action Plan against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). If antibiotics are used without restraint, morbidity and mortality from AMR will continue to increase. In resource-rich settings, AMS can safely reduce antibiotic consumption. However, for children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the impact of different AMS interventions is unknown. AIM: To determine the impact of different AMS interventions on antibiotic use and clinical and microbiologic outcomes in children in LMIC. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed were searched for studies of AMS interventions in pediatric population in LMIC settings. Controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series studies were included. Outcomes assessed were antibiotic use, multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) rates, clinical outcomes and cost. RESULTS: Of 1462 studies, 34 met inclusion criteria including a total population of >5,000,000 in 17 countries. Twenty were in inpatients, 2 in ED, 10 in OPD and 2 in both. Seven studies were randomized controlled trials. All types of interventions reported a positive impact on antibiotic prescribing. AMS bundles with education, and clinical decision tools appeared more effective than guidelines alone. AMS interventions resulted in significantly decreased clinical infections (4/4 studies) and clinical failure (2/2) and reduced MDRO colonization rate (4/4). There was no concomitant increase in mortality (4/4 studies) or length of stay (2/2). CONCLUSION: Multiple effective strategies exist to reduce antibiotic consumption in LMIC. However, marked heterogeneity limit conclusions regarding the most effective approach, particularly regarding clinical outcomes. Overall, AMS strategies are important tools in the reduction of MDRO-related morbidity in children in LMIC.

Timeliness of reporting process in the national routine health information system: The case of 19-year experience of Field Health Services Information System in Palawan, the Philippines.

INTRODUCTION: Routine health information system (RHIS) has been repeatedly updated to provide quality information. However, its timeliness has rarely been tracked. This study investigated the reporting status and the timeliness of quarterly reports of the national RHIS in the Philippines, based on its 19 years-operation in Palawan. METHODS: We analyzed the timeliness of 94.7% (1568/1656) of the quarterly reports that we obtained the date of receipt submitted by 22 health centers in Palawan from 1996 to 2014. The RHIS update in 2008 increased the number of reporting items and extended the submission due date since 2009 while computerized 15 health centers since 2011. We performed Fisher's exact test to examine changing the proportion of timely reports and multiple comparisons with permutation tests for changing the mean of the quarterly median lead times, median delays and interquartile ranges (IQR), for four periods of different operational requirements in the RHIS. RESULTS: The update increased the timely reports from 6.7% (70/1045) to 22.4% (117/523) (p<0.001). The delay remained stable from 14.2 days to 16.1 days (p = 0.654). However, the IQR widened 2.31 times (p = 0.004) compared to 15.7. Despite the increased burden, the continued manual data processing decreased the delay by 7.1 days (p = 0.023) and remained the IQR stable at 1.19 times (p = 0.670), while 15 health centers were computerized, it increased the delay by 6.4 days (p = 0.037) and widened the IQR by 2.87 times (p = 0). CONCLUSIONS: More attention must be paid to controlling the timeliness of RHIS when we introduce new interventions and perform daily management. Extending the due date increased timely reports. However, introducing unfamiliar tasks increased delay and uncertainty in timeliness. In a low-resource setting, an effective intervention needs to consider modest operating procedure changes that extend the existing routines to which the staff in charge has already accustomed.

Challenges of Pediatric Anesthesia Services and Training Infrastructure in Tertiary Care Teaching Institutions in Pakistan: A Perspective From the Province of Sindh.

BACKGROUND: Pakistan is a lower middle-income country located in South Asia with a population of nearly 208 million. Sindh is its second largest province. The aim of this survey was to identify the current setup of pediatric services, staffing, equipment, and training infrastructure in the teaching hospitals of Sindh. METHODS: The survey was conducted between June 2018 and September 2018. A questionnaire was designed with input from experts and pretested. One faculty coordinator from each of 12 of the 13 teaching hospitals (7 government and 5 private) completed the form. Information was exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Frequency and percentages were computed for all variables. Confidentiality was ensured by anonymizing the data. RESULTS: Anesthesia services are provided by consultants with either membership or fellowship in anesthesia of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP). All drugs on the World Health Organization (WHO) essential medication list were available, although narcotic supply was often inconsistent. Weak areas identified were absence of standardization of practice regarding premedication, preoperative laboratory testing, pain assessment, and management. No national practice guidelines exist. Pulse oximeters and capnometers were available in all private hospitals but in only 86% and 44% of the government hospitals, respectively. Some training centers were not providing the training as outlined by the CPSP criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Several gaps have been identified in the practice and training infrastructure of pediatric anesthesia. There is a need for national guidelines, standardization of protocols, provision of basic equipment, and improved supervision of trainees. One suggestion is to have combined residency programs between private and government hospitals to take advantage of the strengths of both. Recommendations by this group have been shared with all teaching hospitals and training bodies.

Audiologists' knowledge of and adherence to biosafety measures / Conhecimento e adesão às práticas de biossegurança por profissionais que atuam em audiologia

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify biosafety measures taken by audiologists and their perception of the risks to which they are exposed. Methods: the sample comprised 63 speech-language-hearing therapists who work with clinical and occupational audiology in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The research was conducted online between April and May 2022 via Google Forms®, collecting data with the Audiology Biosafety Questionnaire proposed by Rocha et al. (2015). Results: most professionals reported taking the following measures: washing hands before patient visits (86%), washing hands in-between patient visits (81%), using hand sanitizers (87.5%), wearing white coats that covered their clothes (87%) and keeping them buttoned up (79%), keeping nails clean and trimmed (97%), disinfecting and separating used equipment (94%), and organizing the environment (97%). However, 41% of interviewees left the workplace wearing personal protective equipment, and only 22% and 14%, respectively, wore gloves when performing otoscopy and auditory examinations. Conclusion: research results show that most of the interviewed speech-language-hearing therapists who work in audiology know and practice the biosafety measures indicated in the existing norms.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as práticas de biossegurança adotadas por audiologistas, bem como sua percepção a respeito dos riscos aos quais estão expostos. Métodos: participaram deste estudo 63 fonoaudiólogos audiologistas clínicos e ocupacionais atuantes no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - RS. A pesquisa foi realizada de forma on-line, no período de abril a maio de 2022, por meio de um questionário eletrônico do Google Forms® e utilizou-se para a coleta de dados o Questionário de Biossegurança em Audiologia proposto por Rocha et al. (2015). Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais relatou adotar as seguintes práticas: higienização das mãos antes dos atendimentos (86%), higienização das mãos entre os atendimentos (81%), realização de antissepsia com álcool (87,5%), jaleco com barreira de proteção (87%) e abotoado (79%), unhas limpas e cortadas (97%), desinfecção e separação dos artigos utilizados (94%) e organização do ambiente (97%). Entretanto 41% dos entrevistados referiram deixar o local de trabalho com equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI), apenas 22% e 14%, respectivamente, relataram utilizar luvas na realização de meatoscopia e nos exames auditivos. Conclusão: os resultados desta pesquisa indicaram que a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos entrevistados, atuantes na área de audiologia, conhecem e praticam as medidas de biossegurança indicadas nas normativas vigentes.

Políticas públicas sobre violencia feminicida y feminicidio en México: una mirada desde las unidades de análisis y contexto / Políticas públicas sobre violência feminicida e feminicídio no México: um olhar das unidades de análise e contexto / Public policies on feminicide violence and femicide in Mexico: a look at the analysis and context units

El feminicidio es el asesinato de una mujer ­ o niña ­ por el hecho de ser mujer, es decir por razones de género. El término expresa la violencia extrema que se manifiesta en este acto, muchas veces perpetrado con particular crueldad, precedido de maltratos, secuestro, tortura sexual y seguido de la exposición del cadáver en el espacio público. Este texto tiene como objetivo reflexionar respecto al funcionamiento de las Unidades de Análisis y Contexto para la investigación de feminicidios, ­ creadas en el marco de las Declaratorias de Alerta de Violencia de Género en México (art. 22, LGAMVLV) ­, para observar las características jurídico-normativas, técnicas y de recursos que tienen y deberían tener de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales. Sostenemos que las unidades de inteligencia y de análisis de contextos son una herramienta para la investigación criminal, que pueden funcionar para comprener el feminicidio y las violencias interseccionales en el país. A través de un análisis descriptivo y documental, privilegiamos los informes oficiales de las Unidades de Análisis y Contexto sobre violencia contra las mujeres, analizamos los principales obstáculos para la implementación de dichas unidades, y desde la perspectiva de género y pertinencia cultural, la forma y estrategias en cómo se capta la información para distinguir entre homicidio y feminicidio, y mujeres indígenas y/o afromexicanas, en un contexto de violencias estructurales y del crimen organizado

Feminicídio é o assassinato de uma mulher ­ ou menina ­ pelo fato de ser mulher, ou seja, por razões de gênero. O termo expressa a extrema violência que se manifesta neste ato, muitas vezes perpetrado com particular crueldade, precedido de maus tratos, sequestro, tortura sexual e seguido da exposição do cadáver em espaço público. O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre o funcionamento das unidades de análise e contexto, criadas no contexto das Declarações de Alerta de Gênero no México, para observar as características jurídico-normativas, técnicas e de recursos que elas têm ou deveriam ter segundo as recomendações internacionais. Sustentamos que as unidades de inteligência e análise de contexto são uma ferramenta de investigação criminal, que pode servir para compreender o feminicídio e a violência interseccional no país. Através de uma análise descritiva e documental, privilegiamos os relatórios oficiais das unidades de análise e contexto sobre a violência contra a mulher, analisamos os principais entraves à implementação das referidas unidades e, na perspectiva da relevância cultural e de gênero, a forma e as estratégias em como as informações são coletadas para distinguir entre homicídio e feminicídio e mulheres indígenas e/ou afro-mexicanas, em um contexto de violência estrutural e crime organizado

Femicide is the murder of a woman ­ or girl ­ due to the fact of being a woman, that is, for reasons of gender. The term expresses the extreme violence that is manifested in this act, often perpetrated with particular cruelty, preceded by mistreatment, kidnapping, sexual torture and followed by the exposition of the corpse in public space. Objective: This text aims to reflect on the functioning of the Analysis and Context Units that have been created in Mexico, to observe the legal-regulatory, technical and resource characteristics that they have and should have in accordance with international recommendations. We sustain that the intelligence and context analysis units are a tool for criminal investigation, which can work to understand intersectional violence in Mexico. Through a descriptive and documentary analysis, we privilege the official reports of the Analysis and Context Units on violence against women, we analyze, based on the main obstacles to the implementation of said units, from the perspective of gender and relevance culture, as well as the way and strategies in how information is collected to distinguish between homicide and femicide, and to identify indigenous and/or Afro-Mexican women, and in a context of other structural violence and organized crime

Construção e validação de protocolo assistencial a idosos em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento / Construcción y validación de protocolo asistencial a adultos mayores en Unidades de Servicios de Emergencias / Construction and validity of care protocol for older adults in Emergency Care Units

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar o conteúdo de um protocolo de assistência à idosos em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica, desenvolvida mediante observação participante moderada, construção do protocolo e validação de conteúdo do instrumento. Para a construção do protocolo, realizaram-se 12 grupos focais com um total de 43 profissionais das Unidades de Pronto Atendimento de um município de médio porte do estado do Paraná. Posteriormente, o instrumento foi validado por sete especialistas da área. A validação de conteúdo foi estabelecida pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo maior que 0,80. Resultados O protocolo constitui 22 itens divididos em três partes, Acolhimento, Assistência e Alta, e seu conteúdo foi considerado válido pela obtenção do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,91. Conclusão O protocolo construído e validado pode ser utilizado no cuidado à população idosa nas Unidades de Pronto Atendimento, das quais se espera que qualifiquem a assistência e forneçam subsídios para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas voltadas a idosos.

Resumen Objetivo Construir y validar el contenido de un protocolo asistencial a adultos mayores en Unidades de Servicios de Emergencias. Métodos Investigación metodológica, desarrollada mediante observación participante moderada, construcción del protocolo y validación de contenido del instrumento. Para la construcción del protocolo, se realizaron 12 grupos focales con un total de 43 profesionales de las Unidades de Servicios de Emergencias de un municipio mediano del estado de Paraná. Luego, el instrumento fue validado por siete especialistas del área. La validación de contenido se estableció por el Índice de Validez de Contenido superior a 0,80. Resultados El protocolo constituye 22 ítems divididos en tres partes: Acogida, Atención y Alta, y su contenido fue considerado válido por la obtención del Índice de Validez de Contenido del 0,91. Conclusión El protocolo construido y validado se puede utilizar en el cuidado de la población de adultos mayores en las Unidades de Servicios de Emergencia, de las cuales se espera que califiquen la atención y ofrezcan subsidios para el fortalecimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a adultos mayores.

Abstract Objective To construct and validate the content of a care protocol for older adults in Emergency Care Units. Methods This is methodological research, developed through moderate participant observation, protocol construction and instrument content validity. To construct the protocol, 12 focus groups were conducted with a total of 43 professionals from the Emergency Care Units of a medium-sized municipality in the state of Paraná. Subsequently, the instrument was validated by seven experts in the field. Content validity was established by the Content Validity Index greater than 0.80. Results The protocol consists of 22 items divided into three parts, reception, care and discharge, and its content was considered valid by obtaining the Content Validity Index of 0.91. Conclusion The constructed and validated protocol can be used in care of older adults in Emergency Care Units, which are expected to qualify care and provide subsidies for the strengthening of public policies aimed at older adults.

Methodological options of the nominal group technique for survey item elicitation in health research: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a scoping review that identifies different nominal group technique (NGT) methods used to elicit items for health surveys, and their advantages and disadvantages. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a comprehensive search process from database inception to July 22, 2019 in Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane Central and Scopus without language restriction. We screened titles and abstracts. Data from potentially relevant articles were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer, with disagreements resolved by consensus or a third reviewer. RESULTS: We included 57 studies, which used between 1 and 41 nominal groups that included between 2 and 30 participants per group. We grouped the 30 identified decision points for the NGT process into two stages common to most qualitative group methods [Research objectives; Group characteristics] and three stages related to the nominal groups themselves [Eliciting survey items; Refining survey elicited items from stage 3; Evaluating and selecting final survey items]. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each option in relation to specific study contexts. CONCLUSION: Investigators should carefully consider their options for each of the identified decision points and document the reasons for their choices in their protocol to maximize validity and transparency.

A project report on the switch from in-class to online tuition in the preparatory course for the knowledge examination for foreign physicians - guidelines for the organization of the online summer semester 2020 at the faculty of medicine of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität of Münster.

Introduction: In Germany, foreign physicians are a fixed component of the medical profession. According to the German Medical Licensure Act, physicians having completed their qualification in another country are required to pass a knowledge examination which falls within the competence of examination offices or the regional governments. Project outline: The preparatory course consists of 10 modules. On Fridays, individual cases are discussed in small groups and specific examination techniques are trained. On Saturdays, illnesses are simulated by simulated patients. After each encounter, faculty experts, psychologists and peer group members provide the participants with 360° feedback. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the course which had been established 2 years beforehand has now been switched to an online class within one week. Friday units were visualized in power-point presentations and tutorial videos were discussed. On Saturdays, the cases were simulated by simulated patients and transmitted via a telemedicine platform. Results: The course could be conducted without interruptions (75 hours of in-class tuition and 75 hours of online tuition). In the oral evaluation the participants criticized telemedicine as a medium for imparting of practical skills. 7/22 (32%) of the participants underwent the knowledge examination and 6/7 (86%) of them passed it (versus 18/19 of the participants of in-class tuition (95%)). Discussion: There was a clear preference for in-class tuition. It was noted that the telemedical setting entailed some restrictions. However, the switch to online classes did not affect the pass rate. Conclusion: The switch from in-class to online units was feasible. The gained insights were taken into account when conceiving the online semester at our faculty and especially the tuition with the support of simulated patients.

Cluster randomized trials of individual-level interventions were at high risk of bias.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of risks of bias in cluster-randomized trials of individual-level interventions, according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Review undertaken in duplicate of a random sample of 40 primary reports of cluster-randomized trials of individual-level interventions. RESULTS: The most common reported reasons for adopting cluster randomization were the need to avoid contamination (17, 42.5%) and practical considerations (14, 35%). Of the 40 trials all but one was assessed as being at risk of bias. A majority (27, 67.5%) were assessed as at risk due to the timing of identification and recruitment of participants; many (21, 52.5%) due to an apparent lack of adequate allocation concealment; and many due to selectively reported results (22, 55%), arising from a mixture of reasons including lack of documentation of primary outcome. Other risks mostly occurred infrequently. CONCLUSION: Many cluster-randomized trials evaluating individual-level interventions appear to be at risk of bias, mostly due to identification and recruitment biases. We recommend that investigators carefully consider the need for cluster randomization; follow recommended procedures to mitigate risks of identification and recruitment bias; and adhere to good reporting practices including clear documentation of primary outcome and allocation concealment methods.

Lessons from COVID-19-free Vanuatu: intensive health operations for Phase 1 of repatriation and quarantine, May-July 2020.

International borders to Vanuatu closed on 23 March 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. In May-July 2020, the Government of Vanuatu focused on the safe and timely return of citizens and residents while ensuring Vanuatu remained COVID-19 free. Under Phase 1 of repatriation, between 27 May and 23 June 2020, 1522 people arrived in the capital, Port Vila, and were placed in compulsory government-mandated 14-day quarantine in 15 hotels. Pre-arrival health operations included collection of repatriate information, quarantine facility assessments, training for personnel supporting the process, and tabletop and functional exercises with live scenario simulations. During quarantine, health monitoring, mental health assessments and psychosocial support were provided. All repatriates completed 14 days of quarantine. One person developed symptoms consistent with COVID-19 during quarantine but tested negative. Overall health operations were considered a success despite logistical and resource challenges. Lessons learnt were documented during a health sector after-action review held on 22 July 2020. Key recommendations for improvement were to obtain timely receipt of repatriate information before travel, limit the number of repatriates received and avoid the mixing of "travel cohorts," ensure sufficient human resources are available to support operations while maintaining other essential services, establish a command and control structure for health operations, develop training packages and deliver them to all personnel supporting operations, and coordinate better with other sectors to ensure health aspects are considered. These recommendations were applied to further improve health operations for subsequent repatriation and quarantine, with Phase 2 commencing on 1 August 2020.

Impact of an epic-integrated point-of-care ultrasound workflow on ultrasound performance, compliance, and potential revenue.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe the design and impact of a point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) workflow integrated into the electronic medical record (EMR) on PoCUS utilization, documentation compliance, and resultant revenue potential. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study at an academic center. The study period spanned from December 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019 (pre-implementation) to August 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 (post-implementation). The implementation date was July 11, 2019 at which time a PoCUS workflow was integrated into the EMR in the emergency department without the purchase of middleware. Prior to this new workflow, a non-automated workflow was in place. PoCUS scan data were extracted from the EMR and archived examinations. The mean number of PoCUS examinations performed per month per 100 ED visits before and after implementation of the new workflow were compared using an unpaired t-test, stratified by all health care professionals, and attending physicians alone. The rate of documentation compliance before and after implementation of the new workflow were compared using a chi square contingency test. Potential revenue was calculated for each period by multiplying the number of eligible examinations by the respective 2020 Medicare conversion factor Relative Value Units. RESULTS: Utilization of PoCUS from pre-implementation to post-implementation increased 28.7% from 5.01 to 6.45 mean examinations per month per 100 ED visits by all health care professionals (p = 0.063), and 75.1% from 2.01 to 3.52 by attending physicians (p = 0.0001). Examinations in compliance with workflow requirements increased from 153 (14.7%) to 1307 (94.0%). The rate of workflow compliance improved from 14.7% to 94.0% of examinations (p < 0.0001). Potential revenue increased from $546.01 to $22,014.47. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a middleware-free PoCUS workflow at our institution was associated with increased PoCUS utilization, documentation compliance, and potential revenue.