Juicios de daños y aporte de los tribunales chilenos ante los desafíos ético-ambientales que impone el cambio climático / Litigation for damages and contribution of the Chilean courts to the ethical-environmental challenges posed by climate change / Julgamento de danos e contribuições dos tribunais chilenos diante dos desafios ético-ambientais trazidos pela mudança climática

Este artículo muestra que la experiencia acumulada por la Corte Suprema chilena en juicios sobre responsabilidad civil y ambiental, debiera permitirle abordar los problemas ético-ambientales y jurídicos que el calentamiento global implica, sea previniendo daños mediante la imposición a los principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, incluido el Estado, del deber de reducir acelerada y significativamente las emisiones, sea exigiendo y haciendo cumplir la obligación de adaptación al cambio climático mediante la atribución de responsabilidad extracontractual o ambiental.

This article shows that the experience accrued by the Chilean Supreme Court in lawsuits on tort and environmental liability, should allow it to address the ethical-environmental and legal issues that global warming implies, either by preventing harm through the imposition on the major emitters of greenhouse gases, including the State, of the duty to reduce emissions rapidly and significantly, or by demanding and enforcing the obligation to adapt to climate change through the attribution of tort liability or environmental liability.

Esse artigo mostra que a experiência acumulada pela Corte Suprema chilena em julgamentos sobre responsabilidade civil e ambiental, deveria permitir-lhe abordar os problemas ético-ambientais e jurídicos que o aquecimento global implica, seja prevenindo danos mediante a imposição aos principais emissores de gases de efeito estufa, incluindo o Estado, do dever de reduzir acelerada e significativamente as emissões, seja exigindo e fazendo cumprir a obrigação de adaptação à mudança climática mediante a atribuição de responsabilidade extracontratual ou ambiental.

Competencias en salud ambiental y cambio climático en estudiantes universitarios / Competences in environmental health and climate change in university students

El deterioro del medio ambiente ha acelerado el cambio climático (CC) afectando mútiples escenarios, el aumento de la temperatura ha conllevado a la proliferación de diversas enfermedades trasmitidas por vectores de importancia a nivel de salud pública. Como objetivo, se propuso determinar la cultura ecosaludable ante el cambio climático en estudiantes del Área Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Nacional Experimental Rómulo Gallegos (UNERG), Calabozo, Venezuela 2022. El estudio fue cuantitativo exploratorio no experimental de corte transversal con una muestra de 180 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó el Cuestionario de Dimensiones Ambientales (CDA) compuesto de 75 ítems distribuidos en tres dimensiones; conocimientos, actitudes, emociones y comportamientos. El análisis de los datos fue por estadística descriptiva con porcentajes a través del programa Epidat 3.0. Como resultado, 63% indicó la importancia atribuida de los elementos de ecosalud afectados sobre el agua y 55% al calentamiento global. No obstante, solo 12% indicó la educación como un elemento de ecosalud afectado por el cambio climático, así mismo, en la dimensión de conocimientos se encontró 54,50% a CSN, 6,50% a CPR y 39,50% a CEA, en la dimensión de actitudes y emociones se encontró 55,50% a la subcategoria TD, 44,00% a CVA y 36,50% a E, finalmente, en la dimensión de comportamiento, se evidenció 36,50% a la subategoria de PC, 29,00% a IC y 20,00% a PI. Se debe evitar el daño ambiental a través del cambio de comportamiento individual que debe ser enseñado desde los recintos universitarios(AU)

The deterioration of the environment has accelerated climate change (CC) affecting multiple scenarios, the increase in temperature has led to the proliferation of various diseases transmitted by vectors of importance at the public health level. As an objective, it was proposed to determine the eco-healthy culture in the face of climate change in students of the Educational Sciences Area, Rómulo Gallegos National Experimental University (UNERG), Calabozo, Venezuela 2022. The study was quantitative, exploratory, non-experimental, cross-sectional with a sample of 180 students. For data collection, the Environmental Dimensions Questionnaire (CDA) was applied, consisting of 75 items distributed in three dimensions; knowledge, attitudes and emotions and behaviors. Data analysis was by descriptive statistics with percentages through the Epidat 3.0 program. As a result, 63% indicated the importance attributed to the affected ecohealth elements on water and 55% on global warming. However, only 12% indicated education as an element of ecohealth affected by climate change, likewise, in the knowledge dimension, 54.50% were found to CSN, 6.50% to CPR and 39.50% to CEA, in the dimension of attitudes and emotions, 55.50% were found in the TD subcategory, 44.00% in CVA and 36.50% in E, finally, in the behavior dimension, 36.50% were found in the subcategory of PC, 29.00% to IC and 20.00% to PI. Environmental damage must be avoided through individual behavior change that must be taught from university campuses(AU)

Bioética ambiental y vida cotidiana: Reflexiones sobre la visión de sustentabilidad y el cambio climático durante el 2020 en el departamento del Meta (Colombia) / Environmental bioethics and daily life. Reflections on the vision of sustainability and climate change during 2020 in the department of Meta (Colombia). / Bioética ambiental e vida cotidiana. Reflexões sobre a visão de sustentabilidade e a mudança climática durante 2020 no estado do Meta (Colômbia)

Con el objetivo de exponer la bioética ambiental en la visión cotidiana de sustentabi-lidad y cambio climático durante el 2020, en el departamento del Meta (Colombia), se realiza una metodología de reflexión en la que se analiza la manera como periódicos tradicionales, El Tiempo y El Espectador, abordan las denuncias sociales, económicas y ambientales planteadas en el informe de las organizaciones sociales y de derechos humanos pertenecientes a la Red Llano y Selva. Los resultados exponen tensiones entre poderes hegemónicos y contrahegemónicos frente a la visión cotidiana de sustentabilidad y cambio climático. Los análisis indican que lo s periódicos analizados inciden en la bioética ambiental y la vida cotidiana por la ficcionalización de la realidad asociada con los modelos de explotación. Se concluye que, a pesar de que estos medios de comunicación influyen en la vida cotidiana por medio de las tres D y han sido utilizados como dispositivos de captura de pro-ducción de lógicas empresariales respecto de actividades de "crecimiento-económico" que hablan de sostenibilidad en contextos insostenibles, los individuos y colectivos se conectan y combinan en un eje estructural bioético-ambiental que no separa el conocimiento y la práctica política, posibilitando la transformación de los imaginarios atávicos que definen la estructura del cuenco cultural

With the objective of exposing environmental bioethics in the daily vision of sustainability and climate change during 2020, in the department of Meta (Colombia), a methodology of reflection is carried out in which the way in which traditional newspapers, El Tiempo and El Espectador, approach the social, economic and environmental denunciations raised in the report of the social and human rights organizations belonging to the Red Llano y Selva (Llano and Selva Network) is analyzed. The results expose tensions between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic powers vis-à-vis the daily vision of sustainability and climate change. The analyses indicate that the analyzed news-papers affect environmental bioethics and daily life through the fictionalization of the reality associated with exploi-tation models. It is concluded that, despite the fact that these media influence daily life through the three D's and have been used as devices to capture the production of business logics of "growth-economic" activities that speak of sustainability in unsustainable contexts, individuals and collectives are connected and combined in a bioethical-environmental structural axis that does not separate knowledge and political practice, making possible the transfor-mation of atavistic imaginaries that define the structure of the cultural basin.

Com o objetivo de expor a bioética ambiental na visão cotidiana de sustentabilidade e mudança climática durante 2020, no estado do Meta (Colômbia), é realizada uma metodologia de reflexão na qual é analisada a maneira como jornais tradicionais, como El tempo e El espectador, abordam as denúncias sociais, econômicas e ambientais propostas no relatório das organizações sociais e de direitos humanos pertencentes à Red Llano y Selva. Os resulta-dos expõem tensões entre poderes hegemônicos-contra-hegemônicos ante a visão cotidiana de sustentabilidade e mudança climática. As análises indicam que os jornais analisados incidem na bioética ambiental e na vida cotidiana pela ficcionalização da realidade associada com os modelos de exploração. Conclui-se que, apesar de esses meios de comunicação influenciarem a vida cotidiana mediante as três D e virem utilizando como dispositivos de captura de produção de lógicas empresariais de atividades de "crescimento-econômico" que falam de sustentabilidade em contextos que não são sustentáveis, os indivíduos e os coletivos se conectam e se combinam num eixo estrutural bioético-ambiental que não separa o conhecimento e a prática política, o que possibilita a transformação dos imagi-nários atávicos que definem a estrutura cultural.

La amenaza del cambio climático a la salud de la población y la necesidad urgente de actuar

Climate change is associated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. This article analyses the threat of climate change on population health and the urgent need to implement measures to avoid this damage. Heat vulnerability, heatwave exposures, and wildfire exposure to forest fires have increased in Chile. In 2018, the annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeded the safe level proposed by the World Health Organization, increasing the risk of negative health outcomes. Thus, multidisciplinary and intersectoral mitigation and adaptation policies are needed. Among other elements, mental health impacts of climate change, health education provided by health workers to reduce negative health impacts of climate change, greater engagement of academia to generate evidence useful for policy-making processes and a better articulation between central and local governments should be considered. Finally, achieving a healthy population should be the aim of all these policies and efforts.

[The threat of climate change on population health and the urgent need to act]. / La amenaza del cambio climático a la salud de la población y la necesidad urgente de actuar.

Climate change is associated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. This article analyses the threat of climate change on population health and the urgent need to implement measures to avoid this damage. Heat vulnerability, heatwave exposures, and wildfire exposure to forest fires have increased in Chile. In 2018, the annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeded the safe level proposed by the World Health Organization, increasing the risk of negative health outcomes. Thus, multidisciplinary and intersectoral mitigation and adaptation policies are needed. Among other elements, mental health impacts of climate change, health education provided by health workers to reduce negative health impacts of climate change, greater engagement of academia to generate evidence useful for policy-making processes and a better articulation between central and local governments should be considered. Finally, achieving a healthy population should be the aim of all these policies and efforts.

[Effects of climate change on reproductive number of Chagas disease]. / Estimando el efecto del cambio climático sobre el riesgo de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile por medio del número reproductivo.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive number (R0)-maps estimate risk zones of vector-borne diseases and geographical distribution changes under climate change. AIM: To map R0 aiming to estimate the epidemiological risk of Chagas disease in Chile, its distribution and possible changes due to the global climate change. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a relationship between R0 and entomological parameters of vectors as function of environmental variables, to map the risk of Chagas disease in Chile, under current and projected future environmental conditions. RESULTS: We obtained a geographical R0 estimation of Chagas disease in Chile. The highest R0averages correspond to the Central-Northern regions of Chile. T. cruzi transmission area could increase in the future due to climate changes. Independent of the future condition, both for optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenarios, the area of potential risk for Chagas disease transmission would increase. The estimated R0 values suggest that, if a control of T. infestans is not maintained, Chagas disease endemic status will persist or increase, independently of the climate change scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping R0 values is an effective method to assess the risk of Chagas disease. The eventual increase in the transmission area of the disease is worrisome.

Sobre la responsabilidad civil por cambio climático en Chile / Sobre a responsabilidade civil por mudança climática no Chile / On tort liability for climate change in Chile

Resumen: La comunidad científica coincide en que la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero genera calentamiento global y éste a su vez produce cambio climático. El cambio climático está y seguirá causando daños graves, incluso catastróficos, a la salud de las personas y al medioambiente. En este contexto, este artículo argumenta que la responsabilidad civil extracontractual puede contribuir en las tareas de mitigación y adaptación relacionadas con el daño que emana del cambio climático. Sin embargo, para lograr este objetivo, en futuros juicios indemnizatorios por cambio climático en Chile, los demandantes deberán proporcionar a los tribunales evidencia que demuestre la existencia de un nexo causal directo y necesario entre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero —producidas por una o más personas naturales o jurídicas— y el daño concretamente sufrido por la víctima.

Resumo: A comunidade científica concorda que a emissão de gases de efeito estufa gera aquecimento global e este por sua vez produz mudança climática. A mudança climática está e seguirá causando danos graves, inclusive catastróficos, à saúde das pessoas e ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, este artigo argumenta que a responsabilidade civil extracontratual pode contribuir nas tarefas de mitigação e adaptação relacionadas com o dano que emana da mudança climática. Sem dúvida, para alcançar este objetivo, em juízos indenizatórios futuros pela mudança climática no Chile, os demandantes deverão proporcionar aos tribunais evidência que demonstre a existência de um nexo causal direto e necessário entre as emissões de gases de efeito estufa - produzidos por uma ou mais pessoas físicas ou jurídicas - e o dano concretamente sofrido pela vítima.

Abstract: The scientific community agrees that the emission of greenhouse gases generates global warming which in turn produces climate change. Climate change is -and will continue- causing serious, even catastrophic harm to the people's health and the environment. In this context, this article argues that tort liability can make a contribution to the mitigation and adaptation efforts related to the harm arising from climate change. In order to achieve this aim in future tort litigation for climate change in Chile, however, the claimants will have to provide courts with evidence showing the existence of a direct and necessary causal link between the emissions of greenhouse gases -produced by one or more natural persons or legal entities- and the harm actually suffered by the victim.

Cambio climático y recursos hídricos en Colombia / Climate change and water resources in Colombia

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar los posibles impactos que habría en la distribución espacial del recurso hídrico sobre el territorio colombiano, bajo dos escenarios de cambio climático, a mediados del siglo XXI. Para el efecto, se utilizaron dos indicadores hídricos ambientales (Índice de Aridez y Balance Hídrico), con los cuales, se estima y se cuantifica la oferta hídrica del territorio colombiano, a partir de datos climatológicos del período de referencia 1976-2005 y, posteriormente, utilizando los datos de las variables climatológicas de los escenarios RCP 4,5 y 6,0, de la tercera comunicación nacional de Colombia ante la convención marco de cambio climático. Los resultados de esta modelación arrojaron los siguientes resultados: el régimen hidrológico del país, se caracteriza por tener una escorrentía promedio de 1.644mm, con valores que van desde una escorrentía promedio de 100mm al año, en la península de la Guajira, hasta escorrentías mayores de 6.000mm, en el Pacífico. El índice de aridez modelado arrojó un valor promedio de 0,23, ubicando a Colombia en condiciones Moderadas y Excedentes de agua. Se presentarían reducciones significativas en el volumen de escorrentía hasta en un 18% en promedio para los dos escenarios. La menor reducción se daría en el escenario RCP 4,5, con un 12% de la escorrentía actual y la reducción más drástica, se presentaría en el RCP 6,0, hasta en un 18%. En cuanto al Índice de Aridez, se sugiere que el escenario más fuerte es el RCP 6,0, con un valor promedio de 0,50 lo que significa una mderada situación deficitaria de agua.

ABSTRACT The possible impacts from the spatial distribution of the water resource over the Colombian territory are analyzed under two scenarios of climate change in the middle of the 21st century. For the effect, two environmental water indicators were used (Aridity index and Water Balance) to estimate, quantify and water supply of the Colombian territory, from the climate data during the period of reference 1976-2005 in spatial resolution of 900 meters. In this modeling, the water regimen of the country is characterized by its average runoff of 1644mm, with values that are between an annual average runoff of 100mm in the Guajira peninsula until higher runoffs of 6000 millimeters in the Pacific. The aridity index in such modeling generated an average of 0,37, putting Colombia in moderate conditions of aridity, which shows sectors with a high-water deficit such as the Guajira peninsula and in the north of Magdalena and Atlántico regions. Additionally, the climate variables for Colombia were taken by a regional climate modeling in two scenarios RCP 4,5 and 6,0 for the period 2011-2040 and the environmental water indicators were generated. Across a comparison between the indicators of the current (1976-2005) and future period 2011-2040, the changes that would appear in the water availability towards those periods in both scenarios were established. The results are summarized in: substantial reductions in the runoff volume in respect to the current values in an 18% average for all scenarios, the lowest reduction would appear in 4,5 with 12% of the current runoff and the most drastic reduction presents in 6,0 in the middle of the century until 18%. Regarding the aridity index, the most aggressive scenario is 6.0 with an average value of 0,50, which refers to a water deficit, while by the middle of the century 6,0 and 4,5 would locate the country in a moderate condition of water deficit.

Estimando el efecto del cambio climático sobre el riesgo de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile por medio del número reproductivo / Effects of climate change on reproductive number of Chagas disease

Background: Reproductive number (R0)-maps estimate risk zones of vector-borne diseases and geographical distribution changes under climate change. Aim: To map R0 aiming to estimate the epidemiological risk of Chagas disease in Chile, its distribution and possible changes due to the global climate change. Material and Methods: We used a relationship between R0 and entomological parameters of vectors as function of environmental variables, to map the risk of Chagas disease in Chile, under current and projected future environmental conditions. Results: We obtained a geographical R0 estimation of Chagas disease in Chile. The highest R0averages correspond to the Central-Northern regions of Chile. T. cruzi transmission area could increase in the future due to climate changes. Independent of the future condition, both for optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenarios, the area of potential risk for Chagas disease transmission would increase. The estimated R0 values suggest that, if a control of T. infestans is not maintained, Chagas disease endemic status will persist or increase, independently of the climate change scenarios. Conclusions: Mapping R0 values is an effective method to assess the risk of Chagas disease. The eventual increase in the transmission area of the disease is worrisome.

Sinergias mitigación - adaptación al cambio climático en sistemas de producción de café (Coffea arabica), de Tolima, Colombia / Mitigation - adaptation synergies of climate change of coffee (Coffea arabica) production systems in Tolima, Colombia

Resumen El cambio climático del planeta es generado principalmente por el incremento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) ha establecido la mitigación y adaptación como estrategias para enfrentar el cambio climático; sin embargo, ambas estrategias se han evaluado poco en conjunto. Con el objetivo de estudiar las posibles sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación, se evaluaron tres sistemas de producción de café en el municipio de Líbano: sistemas agroforestales (SAF) con Cordia allidora, SAF con plátano y monocultivos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Como indicador de mitigación se estimó la huella de carbono en la producción y procesamiento del grano; mientras que la adaptación se midió como la diversidad de hormigas presentes. Los SAF con C. allidora favorecen tanto la mitigación como la adaptación al cambio climático, tienen una huella de carbono positiva además, tienen una mayor riqueza de géneros de hormigas (12.81 vs -3.0 vs -6.4 Mg CO2e/ha/año en huella de carbono y 1.3 vs 0.6 vs 0.6 de Índice de Margalef de hormigas en SAF con C. alliodora, SAF con plátano y monocultivo, respectivamente). Los sistemas de producción agrícola, manejados de forma amigable con el medio ambiente y en asocio con árboles nativos, son una buena estrategia para implementar programas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Incluir árboles nativos favorece económicamente a los productores, e incrementa los lugares de refugio y las condiciones mínimas de sobrevivencia, semejantes a los ecosistemas naturales para que los diferentes grupos de animales logren adaptarse a los cambios.(AU)

Abstract Climate change is mainly generated by an increase of greehouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has established mitigation and adaptation as strategies to deal with climate change. However, few studies have been developed jointly. With the purpose of studying the possible synergies between mitigation and adaptation, three coffee production systems in the municipality of Líbano: agroforestry systems (AFS) with Cordia allidora, AFS with plantain and monocultures, with four replications by treatment, were evaluated. As mitigation indicator, the carbon footprint in the coffee production and processing was estimated, whereas the adaptation was measured as the ant diversity. The AFS with C. alliodora favor both mitigation and adaptation to climate change since they have a positive carbon footprint and the greatest richness of ant genus (12.8 vs -3.0 vs -6.4 Mg CO2e/ha/year in carbon footprint and 1.3 vs 0.6 vs 0.6 of Margalef Index of ants in AFS with C. alliodora, AFS with plantain and monoculture, respectively). The agricultural production systems, environmental-friendly managed and associated with native trees, are a good strategy to implement in programs of mitigation-adaptation of climate change. The inclusion of native tree favors the producer's economy and increases the shelter places and the minimal conditions for surviving, similar to natural ecosystems so the different groups of animals for climate change adaptation.(AU)

Efectos del cambio climático en la salud de la población colombiana / Efectos del cambio climático en la salud de la población colombiana

El cambio climático es uno de los fenómenos ambientales que se ha atribuido a la actividad humana, el cual ha afectado las actividades económicas, el bienestar de la población y los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo identificar y describir los efectos directos e indirectos del cambio climático en la salud de la población que reside en Colombia a través de los casos de morbilidad y mortalidad asociados a la variabilidad climática, eventos climáticos e hidrometeorológicos en Colombia. Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico retrospectivo y descriptivo. En esta investigación se llevó a cabo la revisión de la página oficial de 33 revistas científicas nacionales del área Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud indexadas en el Índice Bibliográfico Nacional Publindex. Los resultados indican que las altas precipitaciones, sequías y las fluctuaciones de temperaturas tienen efectos en la trasmisión de enfermedades por vectores. La contaminación atmosférica está relacionada con el aumento de consultas por infecciones respiratorias y las altas temperaturas son consideradas un factor de riesgo en personas con diagnóstico por enfermedades cerebrovasculares y cardiacas.

Climate change is one of the environmental phenomena attributed to human activity, which has affected economic activities, population welfare and ecosystems. This study aims to identify and describe the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the health of the population residing in Colombia through morbidity and mortality associated with variability climate, climate and hydrometeorological events in Colombia. A retrospective and descriptive bibliometric study was conducted. This research carried out the review of the official website of 33 national scientific journals in the area of Medical and Health Sciences indexed in the Publindex National Bibliographic Index. The results indicate that high rainfall, drought and temperature fluctuations have effects on vector disease transmission. Air pollution is associated with increased respiratory infections and high temperatures are considered a risk factor in people diagnosed with cerebrovascular and heart disease.