Therapeutic potential of stem cell and melatonin on the reduction of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in experimental mice model / Potencial terapêutico de células-tronco e melatonina na redução da fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4 no modelo de ratos experimentais

Liver fibrosis is initial stage of any chronic liver disease and its end stage is develops into cirrhosis. Chronic liver diseases are a crucial global health issue and the cause of approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Cirrhosis is currently the 11th most common cause of death globally. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) treatment is the best way to treat acute and chronic liver disease. The aim of this study is to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs combined with melatonin (MLT) to overcome CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and also investigate the individual impact of melatonin and MSCs against CCl4-induced liver impairment in animal model. Female BALB/c mice were used as CCL4-induced liver fibrotic animal model. Five groups of animal model were made; negative control, Positive control, CCl4+MSCs treated group, CCl4+MLT treated group and CCl4+MSCs+MLT treated group. Cultured MSCs from mice bone marrow were transplanted to CCl4-induced liver injured mice model, individually as well as together with melatonin. Two weeks after MSCs and MLT administration, all groups of mice were sacrificed for examination. Morphological and Histopathological results showed that combined therapy of MSCs+MLT showed substantial beneficial impact on CCl4-induced liver injured model, compared with MSCs and MLT individually. Biochemically, considerable reduction was observed in serum bilirubin and ALT levels of MLT+MSC treated mice, compared to other groups. PCR results shown down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-xl and Albumin, confirm a significant therapeutic effect of MSCs+MLT on CCI4-induced liver fibrosis. From the results, it is concluded that combined therapy of MSCs and MLT show strong therapeutic effect on CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, compared with MSCs and MLT individually.

A fibrose hepática é a fase inicial de qualquer doença hepática crônica, e em sua fase final desenvolve-se para cirrose. As doenças hepáticas crônicas são uma questão de saúde global crucial e a causa de aproximadamente 2 milhões de mortes por ano em todo o mundo. A cirrose, hoje em dia, é a 11ª causa mais comum de morte globalmente. O tratamento da célula-tronco mesenquimal (MSCs) é uma maneira eletiva de tratar a doença hepática aguda e crônica. O objetivo deste estudo é melhorar o potencial terapêutico dos MSCs combinados com a melatonina (MLT) para superar a fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4 e também investigar o impacto individual da melatonina e MSCs contra o comprometimento do fígado induzido por CCl4 no modelo animal. Os ratos BALB / C fêmeas foram usados ​​como modelo de animal fibrótico de fígado induzido por CCl4. Cinco grupos de modelo animal foram feitos: Controle Negativo, Controle Positivo, CCl4 + MSCs Tratados Grupo, Grupo Tratado CCl4 + MLT e Grupo Tratado CCl4 + MSCs + MLT. MSCs cultivados da medula óssea dos ratos foram transplantados para o modelo de camundongos de fígado induzido por CCl4, individualmente, bem como em conjunto com a melatonina. Duas semanas após a administração MSCs e MLT, todos os grupos de camundongos foram sacrificados para o exame. Os resultados morfológicos e histopatológicos mostraram que a terapia combinada do MSCs + MLT mostrou impacto benéfico substancial no modelo ferido no fígado induzido pelo CCl4, em comparação com o MSCs e o MLT individualmente. A redução bioquimicamente considerável foi observada em bilirrubina sérica e níveis ALT de ratinhos tratados com MLT + MSCs, em comparação com outros grupos. Os resultados de PCR mostraram regulação negativa do BAX e regulação positiva do BCL-XL e da albumina, confirmando um efeito terapêutico significativo do MSCs + MLT na fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4. Dos resultados, conclui-se que a terapia combinada de MSCs e MLT mostram um forte efeito terapêutico na fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4, em comparação com MSCs e MLT individualmente.

Atrial myxoma and associated Cushing syndrome: Carney complex / Mixoma auricular y síndrome de Cushing asociado: complejo de Carney

Abstract A 33-year-old woman with a history of high blood pressure since she was 8 years old, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome, multiple nevi, and a maternal family history of death at age 50 due to malignant high blood pressure and heart failure. Cushing's syndrome secondary to a secretory pituitary microadenoma was diagnosed, being the cause of secondary arterial hypertension, and ruling out other causes such as renal stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. A transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram was performed, which detected a left atrial myxoma. Given the presence of an atrial myxoma, Cushing's syndro me and polycystic ovary syndrome, a diagnosis of Carney Complex was made due to the presence of positive Stratakis criteria. The cardiac tumor was resected, and pathology confirmed that it was an atrial myxoma. She evolved clinically stable in outpatient controls in a 6-month follow-up. Resection of the pituitary microadenoma is planned as a curative treatment for Cushing's syndrome and arterial hypertension.

Resumen Mujer de 33 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial desde los 8 años, hipotiroidismo, síndrome de ovario poliquístico, síndrome metabólico, nevos múltiples y antecedente familiar materno de muerte a los 50 años por hipertensión arterial maligna e insuficiencia cardiaca. Se diagnosticó síndrome de Cushing secundario a un mi croadenoma hipofisario secretor, siendo la causa de la hipertensión arterial secundaria, y descartándose otras causas como estenosis renal y coartación de aorta. Se realizó u n ecocardiograma transtorácico y transesofágico que detectaron un mixoma auricular izquierdo. Ante la presencia de un mixoma auricular, síndrome de Cushing y síndrome de ovario poliquístico se llegó al diagnóstico de Complejo de Carney por la presencia de criterios de Stratakis positivos. Se realizó la resección del tumor cardiaco, y la anatomía patológica confirmó que se trataba de un mixoma auricular. Evolucionó clínicamente estable en controles ambulatorios en un seguimiento de 6 meses, y se planifica la resección del microadenoma hipofisario como tratamiento curativo del síndrome de Cushing y la hipertensión arterial.

Impacto del COVID-19 en la salud reproductiva: mortalidad materna / Impact of COVID-19 on reproductive health: maternal mortality / Impacto da COVID-19 na saúde reprodutiva: mortalidade materna

El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar los efectos e impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la mortalidad materna de Perú, lo cual afectó la disponibilidad de recursos, equipos, demanda y acceso a los servicios de salud; se agrega el desvío de los recursos humanos, financieros para combatir el brote de la enfermedad infecciosa, el retraso de normas, políticas e insuficiente presupuesto público, fragmentación, desarticulación de los prestadores de salud y vulnerabilidad de los profesionales de salud. Es una investigación de enfoque cualitativo descriptivo y crítico, analizado en el aspecto social y económico de la mortalidad materna, datos epidemiológicos, normas técnicas, y la afectación del COVID-19 en la población gestante. Se analizó el incremento de la mortalidad materna de 45.4% y 56% el año 2020 y 2021 con respecto al año 2019, asimismo el logro alcanzado al 2015 a 68 muertes maternas y una disminución notable de 50% entre el año 2000 y 2019, para sucumbir por la pandemia en un retroceso de 12 años y convertirse la enfermedad COVID-19 en la tercera y primera causa de muerte materna indirecta el año 2020 y 2021. Destacando la aplicación de estrategias que tuvo la Región Lima, como una de las regiones con menor incidencia de 2 y 6 muertes maternas respectivamente. Ante esta problemática se concluyó la priorización de la capacidad resolutiva del primer nivel de atención, capacitación continua del profesional obstetra y la aplicación de estrategias promovidas por la Región Lima.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the effects and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mortality in Peru, which affected the availability of resources, equipment, demand and access to health services; in addition to the diversion of human and financial resources to combat the outbreak of the infectious disease, the delay of standards, policies and insufficient public budget, fragmentation, disarticulation of health providers and vulnerability of health professionals. It is a qualitative descriptive and critical research approach, analyzed in the social and economic aspect of maternal mortality, epidemiological data, technical norms, and the affectation of COVID-19 in the pregnant population. The increase in maternal mortality of 45.4% and 56% in 2020 and 2021 with respect to 2019 was analyzed, also the achievement reached in 2015 to 68 maternal deaths and a remarkable decrease of 50% between 2000 and 2019, to succumb to the pandemic in a setback of 12 years and become the disease COVID-19 in the third and first cause of indirect maternal death in 2020 and 2021. It is worth highlighting the implementation of strategies that had the Lima Region as one of the regions with the lowest incidence of 2 and 6 maternal deaths respectively. In view of this problem, it was concluded that priority should be given to the capacity of the first level of care, continuous training of obstetricians and the application of strategies promoted by the Lima Region.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos e o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 na mortalidade materna no Peru, que afetou a disponibilidade de recursos, equipamentos, demanda e acesso a serviços de saúde; além do desvio de recursos humanos e financeiros para combater o surto da doença infecciosa, o atraso das normas, políticas e orçamento público insuficiente, a fragmentação, a desarticulação dos provedores de saúde e a vulnerabilidade dos profissionais de saúde. É uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e crítica, analisando os aspectos sociais e econômicos da mortalidade materna, dados epidemiológicos, padrões técnicos e o impacto da COVID-19 sobre a população grávida. Foi analisado o aumento da mortalidade materna de 45,4% e 56% em 2020 e 2021 em relação a 2019, bem como a conquista alcançada em 2015 para 68 mortes maternas e uma diminuição notável de 50% entre 2000 e 2019, para sucumbir à pandemia em um retrocesso de 12 anos e se tornar a doença COVID-19 na terceira e primeira causa de morte materna indireta em 2020 e 2021. A implementação de estratégias na Região de Lima foi destacada como uma das regiões com menor incidência de 2 e 6 mortes maternas, respectivamente. Diante deste problema, concluiu-se que deveria ser dada prioridade à capacidade do primeiro nível de atendimento, ao treinamento contínuo dos obstetras e à aplicação das estratégias promovidas pela Região de Lima.

Declaración de Punta Cana, de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Pediatría para la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles / Punta Cana declaration, of the Latin American Association of Pediatrics for the prevention of non-comunicable diseases

Las Enfermedades No Transmisibles (ENT) constituyen la mayor causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en las Américas y que la salud de las generaciones futuras comienza a forjarse desde antes de la concepción declara que los presidentes de las filiales se comprometen a trabajar en la prevención de Enfermedades No Transmisibles promoviendo: - Hábitos saludables de las mujeres y sus parejas antes, durante y después del embarazo. - Una adecuada atención prenatal y perinatal, procurando el acceso de la madre y el recién nacido a instituciones categorizadas por nivel de complejidad y riesgo. - Lactancia materna exclusiva durante el primer semestre y LM continuada hasta los 2 años o más, con la incorporación de una alimentación complementaria saludable y adecuada a partir de los 6 meses y reforzado la importancia del vínculo afectivo madre-hijo, - El crecimiento y desarrollo saludable de la niñez, reforzando el conocimiento de las herramientas para la detección precoz de sus alteraciones, -La difusión del concepto del origen fetal y de las etapas tempranas del desarro-llo del niño en la enfermedad del adulto, en el equipo de salud del primer nivel de atención, de manera de fundamentar las actividades de prevención en el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres y niños. -La implementación de programas de educación comunitaria brindando a la población conocimientos para proteger la salud materno infantil y preservar el ambiente. - Ambientes saludables, evitando las exposiciones tóxicas y reforzando la importancia de garantizar a la embarazada y el niño una buena calidad de aire, agua y alimentos. -La inclusión de temas relacionados con los riesgos de enfermedades del adulto a partir de exposiciones prenatales o de la infancia en los ejes de capacitación y las actividades científicas. - Investigaciones para lograr diagnósticos locales y regionales de estos temas. -La abogacía por el cumplimiento del Código de comercialización de sucedáneos de la leche materna. -La creación de medidas eficaces en políticas públicas en resguardo de la salud de las generaciones presentes y futuras. Sabemos que la mejor manera de avanzar en la prosecución de estos objetivos es actuar en forma interdisciplinaria e intersectorial, con la articulación e integración entre los profesionales y distintos actores sociales interesados en el cui-dado de la madre y el niño, según las posibilidades y la idiosincrasia de cada país. Como Sociedades Científicas comprometemos nuestros esfuerzos en la prevención de ENT, ratificando nuestra responsabilidad de velar por el bienestar de la niñez y adolescencia en nuestra región y por una mejor salud para las futuras ge-neraciones.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) constitute the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the Americas, and the health of future generations begins to be forged before conception declares the following, the presidents of the affiliates commit to working on the prevention of noncommunicable diseases by promoting the following: - Healthy habits of women and their partners before, during, and after pregnancy. - Adequate prenatal and perinatal care, ensuring access for the mother and the newborn to institutions categorized by level of complexity and risk. - exclusive breastfeeding during the first semester and continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years or more, with the incorporation of a healthy and adequate complementary diet from 6 months and reinforcing the importance of the mother-child affective bond, - The growth and healthy development of childhood, reinforcing the knowledge of the tools for the early detection of its alterations, -Dissemination of the concept of fetal origin and the early stages of child development in adult disease in the health team at the first level of care to base prevention activities on women's health care. Women and children- -The implementation of community education programs providing the population with the knowledge to protect maternal and child health and preserve the environment. - Healthy environments, avoiding toxic exposures and reinforcing the importance of guaranteeing good air, water, and food quality for pregnant women and children. -The inclusion of issues related to the risks of adult diseases from prenatal or childhood exposures in the training axes and scientific activities. - Research to achieve local and regional diagnoses of these issues. -Advocacy for compliance with the Code for the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes. -The creation of effective measures in public policies to safeguard the health of present and future generations. We know that the best way to advance in pursuing these objectives is to act in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral manner, with the articulation and integration between professionals and different social actors interested in the care of mothers and children, according to the possibilities and idiosyncrasies of each country. As Scientific Societies, we commit our efforts to prevent NCDs, confirming our responsibility to ensure the well-being of children and adolescents in our region and for better health for future generations.

Hipoglicemia y factores asociados en recién nacidos: Un estudio observacional de centro único / Hypoglycemia and associated factors in neonates: A single-center observational study

Introducción: La hipoglicemia neonatal (HN) es una de las patologías metabólicas más frecuentes en el periodo neonatal, que aumentan la morbi-mortalidad en el recién nacido y que puede dejar secuelas de forma permanente; sin embargo, podría ser prevenida o diagnosticada y tratada tempranamente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los factores asociados a hipoglicemia neonatal, en recién nacidos del servicio de neonatología en un hospital público Vicente Corral Mosco-so en Cuenca-Ecuador. Métodos: El presente estudio de casos y controles, realizado de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2019. Pareados por edad gestacional, sexo y residencia materna. Ingresaron al estudio pacientes con HN durante los primeros 7 días de vida. Los controles no presentaron HN. La muestra se tomó por conveniencia. Las variables fueron: Diabetes gestacional, Diabetes Mellitus tipo II no controlada, Pequeño para la edad gestacional, Macrosómico, Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, Restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. La asociación se cuantificó mediante Odds Ratio con un Intervalo de Confianza del 95%. Resultados: Fueron 101 casos y 202 controles homogéneos en edad gestacional, sexo y, residencia materna (P>0.05). Los factores asociados a hipoglicemia neonatal estadísticamente significativos fueron: pequeños para la edad gestacional (OR 2.54; IC 1.54-4.20; P<0.001) y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (OR 2,1; IC 1,29-3,54; P=0.003); mientras que diabetes gestacional (OR 1.2; IC 0.37-4.88; P=0.649), macrosomía (OR 1.2; IC 0.28-5.1; P=0.800) y, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (OR 0.89; IC 0.54-1.47; P=0.672), no fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusión: La hipoglicemia neonatal está asociada a los factores como restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y pequeño para la edad gestacional.

Introduction: Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is one of the most frequent metabolic pathologies in the neonatal period. It increases morbidity and mortality in the newborn and can leave permanent sequelae; however, it can be prevented, diagnosed, and treated early. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia in new-borns from the neonatology service at a Vicente Corral Moscoso public hospital in Cuenca-Ecuador. Methods: This case‒control study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019. Matched by gestational age, sex, and maternal residence. Patients with NH entered the study during the first seven days of life, and the controls did not present NH. The sample was taken for convenience. The variables were gestational diabetes, uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus, small for gestational age, macrosomal, respiratory distress syndrome, and intrauterine growth restriction. The association was quantified using the odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: A total of 101 cases and 202 controls were homogeneous in gestational age, sex, and maternal residence (P>0.05). The factors associated with statistically significant neonatal hypoglycemia were small for gestational age (OR 2.54; CI 1.54-4.20; P<0.001) and intrauterine growth restriction (OR 2.1; CI 1.29-3.54; P= 0.003), while gestational diabetes (OR 1.2; IC 0.37-4.88; P=0.649), macrosomia (OR 1.2; IC 0.28-5.1; P=0.800) and respiratory distress syndrome (OR 0.89; IC 0.54-1.47; P=0.672) were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Neonatal hypoglycemia is associated with factors such as intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age.

Avaliação das internações dos recém-nascidos em uma UTI Neonatal durante uma pandemia / Evaluación de las hospitalizaciones de recién nacidos en una UCI Neonatal durante una pandemia / Assessment of hospitalizations of newborns in a Neonatal ICU during a pandemic

Objetivo: Avaliar as características das internações de recém-nascidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do extremo sul do Brasil durante um curto período de tempo. Método: Estudo observacional, com 85 neonatos, por dados secundários de pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, nos meses de maio de 2020 a outubro de 2020. Resultados: A prevalência das internações foi do sexo masculino, com diagnóstico de prematuridade, que pesavam entre 1500g e 2499g, não receberam leite materno na primeira hora de vida, receberam visitas dos pais, colo e leite materno durante a internação. As mães tinham mais de 6 consultas de pré-natal e os bebês nasceram de cesárea. Conclusão: O atendimento prestado de forma holística, baseado na ciência e maneira humanizada aos recém-nascidos e aos pais, pode reduzir a mortalidade infantil, trazer maior segurança aos pais e confi ança na equipe assistencial, além de evitar complicações futuras no desenvolvimento infantil.

Objetivo: Evaluar las características de las hospitalizaciones de recién nacidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales en el extremo sur de Brasil durante un corto período de tiempo. Método: Estudio observacional, con 85 neonatos, con base en datos secundarios de pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, de mayo de 2020 a octubre de 2020. Resultados: La prevalencia de hospitalizaciones fue del sexo masculino, con diagnóstico de prematuridad, que pesaron entre 1500g y 2499g, no recibió leche materna en la primera hora de vida, recibió visitas de los padres, regazo y leche materna durante la hospitalización. Las madres tuvieron más de 6 consultas prenatales y los bebés nacieron por cesárea. Conclusión: La atención brindada de forma holística, basada en la ciencia y de forma humanizada a los recién nacidos y a los padres, puede reducir la mortalidad infantil, brindar mayor seguridad a los padres y confi anza en el equipo de atención, además de prevenir futuras complicaciones en el desarrollo del niño.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of hospitalizations of newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit in the extreme south of Brazil during a short period of time. Method: Observational study, with 85 neonates, based on secondary data from patients hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, from May 2020 to October 2020. Results: The prevalence of hospitalizations was male, with a diagnosis of prematurity, who weighed between 1500g and 2499g, did not receive breast milk in the fi rst hour of life, received visits from parents, lap and breast milk during hospitalization. The mothers had more than 6 prenatal consultations and the babies were born by cesarean section. Conclusion: The care provided in a holistic way, based on science and in a humanized way to newborns and parents, can reduce infant mortality, bring greater security to parents and confidence in the care team, in addition to preventing future complications in child development.

Incidencia y características de los pacientes portadores de defectos congénitos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 2016-2020: 5 años de experiencia / Incidence and characteristics of patients with congenital defects at the Pereira Rossell Hospital's Neonatology Department in 2016-2020: 5 years experience / Incidência e características dos pacientes com defeitos congênitos no Serviço de Neonatologia do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell 2016-2020: 5 anos de experiencia

Los defectos congénitos son alteraciones morfológicas que se originan durante la vida intrauterina que se presentan hasta en un 5% de los recién nacidos vivos. Tienen múltiples etiologías, siendo esta multifactorial en el 90% de los casos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo incluyendo a todos los recién nacidos portadores de defectos congénitos en el período 2016-2020. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la incidencia de defectos congénitos en recién nacidos del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en el período mencionado, así como conocer su distribución por aparatos y sistemas, las características demográficas de esta población, la prevalencia de diagnóstico prenatal y la exposición materna a factores de riesgo durante la organogénesis. Se obtuvo una incidencia de 1,7% (423 recién nacidos afectados en 24.870 nacimientos), de los cuales el 34,98% contaba con diagnóstico prenatal. El sistema cardiovascular fue el que presentó una mayor frecuencia de alteraciones, y el defecto congénito más frecuentemente observado individualmente fue la gastrosquisis, con una incidencia de 15,28 cada 10.000 nacidos vivos. La diabetes gestacional se presentó en el 17,25% de las gestantes. Este trabajo nos permitió conocer la incidencia de defectos congénitos, así como su distribución por aparatos y sistemas. Este tipo de sistemas de vigilancia resultan fundamentales para identificar elementos a mejorar, que permitan disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de estos pacientes y también identificar precozmente factores de riesgo que aumenten estas patologías de forma significativa.

Congenital birth defects are morphological disturbances originated during gestation and present in up to 5% of live births. They have multiple etiologies, in 90% of cases of multifactorial origin. A longitudinal, prospective, observational study was carried out and it included all patients with congenital birth defects in 2016-2020. The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of newborns with congenital birth defects between 2016 and 2020, to determine their distribution by organ, to describe their demographic characteristics, to calculate the prevalence of prenatal diagnosis and to identify maternal risk factors. We obtained an incidence of 1,7% (423 affected newborns in 24870 live births), 34,98% had prenatal diagnoses. The cardiovascular system was the most frequently affected and when classified by individual birth defect, the most frequently observed was gastroschisis with 15.28 cases in 10,000 live births. Gestational diabetes was the maternal risk factor most frequently observed with 17, 25%. This study enabled us to know the incidence of congenital birth defects and their distribution by different organs at our center. These surveillance systems are key to identify areas of potential improvement that might enable us to mitigate morbidity and mortality in this group of patients.

Os defeitos congênitos são alterações morfológicas que se originam durante a vida intrauterina e ocorrem em até 5% dos recém-nascidos vivos. Possuem múltiplas etiologias, sendo multifatoriais em 90% dos casos. Realizou-se um estudo observacional, prospectivo e descritivo incluindo todos os recém-nascidos com defeitos congênitos no período 2016-2020. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a incidência de defeitos congênitos em recém-nascidos do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell no período 2016-2020, bem como conhecer sua distribuição por órgãos e sistemas, as características demográficas dessa população, a prevalência de diagnóstico pré-natal e exposição materna a fatores de risco durante a organogênese. Obteve-se uma incidência de 1,7% (423 recém-nascidos afetados em 24.870 nascimentos), dos quais 34,98% tiveram diagnóstico pré-natal. O sistema cardiovascular foi o que apresentou maior frequência de alterações, e o defeito congênito mais observado individualmente foi a gastrosquise com incidência de 15,28 em cada 10.000 nascidos vivos. O diabetes gestacional ocorreu em 17,25% das gestantes. Este paper permitiu conhecer a incidência de defeitos congênitos, bem como sua distribuição por órgãos e sistemas. Estes tipos de sistemas de vigilância são essenciais para identificar elementos a melhorar, que permitam reduzir a morbilidade e mortalidade desses pacientes e também identificar precocemente fatores de risco que aumentam significativamente essas patologias.

Descripción de resultados perinatales en madres COVID positivas asistidas en un medio público y uno privado de Montevideo en el período marzo 2020-junio 2021 / Description of perinatal results in COVID positive mothers assisted in public and private institutions in Montevideo, between March 2020 and June 2021 / Descrição dos resultados perinatais em mães COVID-positivo atendidas em instituições de saúde públicas e privadas em Montevidéu no período março de 2020-junho de 2021

Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 produjo una pandemia afectando la salud de la población mundial desde el año 2019, lo que determinó cambios en las conductas sanitarias. Objetivos: describir resultados obstétricos-neonatales en madres COVID-19 positivas al momento del nacimiento en la asistencia pública y privada en el período desde marzo de 2020 a junio de 2021. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo de las embarazadas COVID-19 positivas al momento del parto y sus neonatos en en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell y en Médica Uruguaya. Resultados: se obtuvo una muestra de 240 madres y 244 neonatos. El 0,42% (n=1) de las madres presentó sintomatología grave por COVID-19. El 46% (n=110) de los embarazos finalizaron por cesárea. El 3% (n=7) de las madres ingresaron a terapia intensiva, en su mayoría por complicaciones de la gestación. En cuanto a los recién nacidos, tuvieron contacto con su madre el primer día de vida el 86,5% (n=211), siendo la causa principal de ingreso a Terapia Intensiva no contar con cuidador. Se realizó PCR a todos sin identificar transmisión vertical. La internación fue mayor a tres días en 36,48% (n=89). Se registró una sola muerte neonatal por prematurez extrema. Fueron alimentados con pecho exclusivo el 19,67% (n=48) en la internación. Conclusiones: la pandemia afectó la asistencia inicial del binomio madre-hijo. No observamos ascenso en el número de cesáreas pero sí disminución en lactancia exclusiva, prolongación de la estadía hospitalaria y aumento del ingreso en áreas de cuidado intensivo sin detectar contagios en los neonatos.

Summary: Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a pandemic that affected the health of the world´s population since 2019, what resulted in changes in health behaviors. Objectives: to describe obstetrical and neonatal results in mothers positive for COVID-19 at the time of birth in public and private institutions between March, 2020 and June, 2021. Method: observational, descriptive, retrospective study of pregnant women positive for COVID-19 at the time of delivery and their neonates at Pereira Rossell Hospital and Medica Uruguaya. Results: a sample of 240 mothers and 244 neonates was studied. 0.42% (n=1) of mothers evidenced severe symptoms for COVID-19. 46% (n=110) of pregnancies ended up in C-sections. 3% of mothers were admitted to ICU due to gestational complications in most cases. As to the newborns, 86.5% of them were in contact with their mother their first day of life, the first cause for their being admitted to ICU was absence of a caregiver. PCR tests were performed to all newborns and no vertical transmission was identified. Hospitalization was longer than three days in 36.48% of cases (n=89). Only one neonatal death was recorded as a consequence of extreme prematurity. Exclusively breastfed babies represented 19.67% (n=48) during hospitalization. Conclusions: the pandemic affected the initial assistance of the mother-child binomial. No increase was observed in the number of C-sections, although exclusive breastfeeding did decrease, hospitalization was longer and there was an increase in admission to the ICU although no neonate contagion was observed.

Introdução: o SARS-CoV-2 produziu uma pandemia afetando a saúde da população mundial desde 2019, o que determinou mudanças nos comportamentos de saúde. Objetivos: descrever os desfechos obstétrico-neonatais em mães positivas para COVID-19 no momento do parto na rede pública e privada no período de março de 2020 - junho de 2021. Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo retrospectivo de gestantes positivas para COVID-19 no momento do parto e seus recém-nascidos no Hospital Pereira Rossell e Médica Uruguaya. Resultados: obteve-se uma amostra de 240 mães e 244 recém-nascidos. 0,42% (n=1) das mães apresentaram sintomas graves de COVID-19. 46% (n=110) das gestações terminaram por cesariana. 3% (n=7) das mães foi internada em terapia intensiva devido a complicações na gravidez. Em relação aos recém-nascidos, 86,5% (n=211) tiveram contato com a mãe no primeiro dia de vida, sendo a principal causa de internação em terapia intensiva a falta de cuidador. O teste PCR foi realizado em todos sem detecção de transmissão vertical. Em 36,48% (n=89) a internação foi superior a três dias. Foi registrado um único óbito neonatal por prematuridade extrema. 19,67% (n=48) foram amamentados exclusivamente durante a internação. Conclusões: a pandemia afetou o atendimento inicial do binômio mãe-filho. Não se registrou um aumento do número de cesáreas, porém observou-se diminuição do aleitamento materno exclusivo, prolongamento da internação e aumento das internações em unidades de terapia intensiva sem detecção de contágio em recém-nascidos.

Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Chronic Kidney Diseases / Resultados perinatais em mulheres com doenças renais crônicas

Abstract Objective To assess maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at a referral center for high-risk pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort of pregnant women with CKD was followed at the Women's Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil, between 2012 and 2020. Variables related to disease etiology, treatment duration, sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, other associated diseases, obstetric history, and perinatal outcomes were assessed. The causes of CKD were grouped into 10 subgroups. Subsequently, we divided the sample according to gestational age at childbirth, as preterm and term births, comparing maternal and neonatal outcomes, and baseline characteristics as well as outcomes among such groups. Results A total of 84 pregnancies were included, in 67 women with CKD. Among them, six pregnancies evolved to fetal death, five to miscarriage, and one was a twin pregnancy. We further analyzed 72 single pregnancies with live births; the mean gestational age at birth was 35 weeks and 3 days, with a mean birth weight of 2,444 g. Around half of the sample (51.39%) presented previous hypertension, and 27.7% developed preeclampsia. Among the preterm births, we observed a higher frequency of hypertensive syndromes, longer maternal intensive care unit (ICU) stay in the postpartum period, higher incidence of admission to the neonatal ICU, higher neonatal death, lower 5-minute Apgar score, and lower birth weight. Conclusion This study demonstrates increased adverse outcomes among pregnancies complicated by CKD and expands the knowledge on obstetric care among such women in an attempt to reduce maternal risks and identify factors related to prematurity in this population.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os desfechos maternos e neonatais em mulheres com doença renal crônica (DRC) em um centro de referência para gestação de alto risco. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva de gestantes com DRC acompanhadas no Hospital da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2020. Variáveis relacionadas à etiologia da doença, duração do tratamento, variáveis sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, outras doenças associadas, história obstétrica, número de consultas de pré-natal e os resultados perinatais foram avaliados. As causas da DRC foram agrupadas em 10 subgrupos. Posteriormente, dividimos a amostra de acordo com a idade gestacional no parto, pois os nascimentos pré-termo e a termo comparam os desfechos maternos e neonatais bem como as características basais e desfechos entre esses grupos. Resultados Um total de 84 gestações foram incluídas em 67 mulheres com DRC. Dentre elas, seis gestações evoluíram para óbito fetal, cinco para aborto espontâneo, e uma era gestação gemelar. Foram analisadas ainda 72 gestações únicas, com nascidos vivos; a idade gestacional média ao nascer foi de 35 semanas e 3 dias, e o peso médio ao nascer foi 2.444 g. Cerca de metade da amostra (51,39%) apresentava hipertensão prévia e 27,7% desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia. Entre os casos de prematuridade (34 casos), observamos maior frequência de síndromes hipertensivas, mais dias de internação materna na UTI no pós-parto, maior incidência de internação na UTI neonatal, óbito neonatal, menor índice de Apgar de 5 minutos e menor peso ao nascimento. Conclusão Este estudo demonstra o aumento de desfechos adversos em gestações complicadas por DRC e amplia o conhecimento sobre cuidados obstétricos entre essas mulheres na tentativa de reduzir os riscos maternos e identificar fatores relacionados à prematuridade nessa população.

Período gravídico e Covid-19: efeitos da pandemia no processo de gestar no sertão da Paraíba / Pregnancy period and Covid-19: effects of the pandemic on the gestation process in the Sertão of Paraíba

Objetivo: analisar os efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19 no processo de gestar no sertão da Paraíba. Metodologia: estudo transversal com características quantitativas e qualitativas, a partir de instrumento online desenvolvido pelos próprios pesquisadores e disponibilizado via redes sociais. A amostra probabilística foi de 383 gestantes, que estivessem grávidas no período da pandemia COVID-19 e residissem em alguma cidade no Sertão da Paraíba. Os dados foram analisados com um software estatístico calculando a prevalência e razão de prevalência, utilizando testes descritivos de tendência central e de dispersão, a correlação de Pearson e o qui-quadrado de independência, testes de Mann-Whitney e análises a fim de se obter o tamanho de efeito (r) dos testes. A significância estatística foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: a maioria das gestantes tinham companheiro, idade entre 26 a 30 anos, com renda mensal de 1 a 3 salários mínimos e ensino superior, realizaram entre 3 e 6 consultas de pré-natal e sentiram-se amparada pela UBS. Os efeitos no processo de gestar foram o aumento da incidência de gravidez não planejada, não realização de atividade física, o aumento de cuidados gerais e a continuidade do pré-natal pela maioria das gestantes. Houve também receios sobre a transmissibilidade vertical, complicação na gravidez ou no parto, problemas com o bebê, mortalidade materna, falta de assistência especializada, problemas financeiros e importantes impactos psicológicos. Conclusão: é necessário ações de contingência para a saúde materna, a fim de incentivar a adesão às medidas preventivas e facilitar o acesso a cuidados intensivos, bem como assistência psicológica no ciclo gravídico-puerperal em períodos de pandemia.

Objective: to analyze the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of gestating in the hinterland of Paraíba. Methodology:transversal study with qualitative and quantitative characteristics, based on an online instrument developed by the researchers themselves and made available via social networks. The probabilistic sample consisted of 383 pregnant women, who were pregnant during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and residing in a city in the Sertão da Paraíba. Data were analyzed with statistical software, calculating the prevalence and prevalence ratio, using descriptive tests of central tendency and dispersion, Pearson's correlation and chi-square of independence, Mann-Whitney tests and analyzes in order to obtain the effect size (r) of the tests. Statistical significance was p < 0.05. Results: most pregnant women had a partner, aged between 26 and 30 years, with a monthly income of 1 to 3 minimum wages and higher education, attended between 3 and 6 prenatal consultations and felt supported by the UBS. The impacts on the pregnancy process were the increase in the incidence of unplanned pregnancy, not performing physical activity, the increase in general care and the continuity of prenatal care by most pregnant women. There were also fears about vertical transmission, complications in pregnancy or childbirth, problems with the baby, maternal mortality, lack of specialized assistance, financial problems and important psychological impacts. Conclusion: contingency actions for maternal health are needed in order to encourage adherence to preventive measures and facilitate access to intensive care, as well as psychological assistance in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle in periods of pandemic

Factores de riesgo asociados con el bajo peso al nacer en un policlínico de Santiago de Cuba / Risk factors associated with low birth weight in a polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: El bajo peso al nacer se considera un indicador de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatales. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con el bajo peso al nacer en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña, de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional de tipo caso-control, que incluyó a 20 neonatos con bajo peso al nacer (casos), y otro grupo integrado por 80 bebés, los cuales no presentaron dicha condición (controles), pertenecientes al área de salud señalada, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2021. Se determinó la razón de productos cruzados, el intervalo de confianza, la prueba de Ji al cuadrado y el riesgo atribuible en expuesto porcentual. Resultados: El parto pretérmino, el embarazo múltiple y el bajo peso materno presentaron una razón de productos cruzados de 13,7; 7 y 3,2, respectivamente. De igual manera, esta resultó elevada en las enfermedades relacionadas con la gestación, tales como anemia, hipertensión arterial e infecciones vaginal y urinaria. Conclusiones: El peso deficiente a la captación, el parto pretérmino, el embarazo múltiple y la presencia de enfermedades relacionadas con la gestación fueron los factores de riesgo asociados con el bajo peso al nacer.

Introduction: The low birth weight is considered an indicator of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with low birth weight in a health area of Ramón Lopez Peña Teaching Polyclinic, in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational analytic case-control study was carried out, that included 20 newborns with low birth weight (cases), and another group integrated by 80 infants, who didn't present this condition (controls), belonging to the health area abovementioned, from January to December, 2021. The ratio of crossed products, the confidence interval, chi-square test and the attributable risk in exposed percentage were determined. Results: The preterm birth, multiple pregnancy and low maternal weight presented a ratio of crossed products of 13.7; 7 and 3.2, respectively. In a same way, it was elevated in the diseases related to pregnancy, such as anemia, hypertension and vaginal and urinary infections. Conclusions: The inadequate weight at the first prenatal visit, preterm childbirth, multiple pregnancy and the presence of diseases related to pregnancy were the risk factors associated with low birth weight.

Screening, diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Number 10 - October 2022

Key points Pregnancy places a metabolic overload on the maternal thyroid, especially in the first trimester, mainly because of the demand imposed by the conceptus. The fetal thyroid becomes functionally mature only around pregnancy week 20. Until then, the fetus depends on the transfer of maternal thyroid hormones (THs). Thyroid hormones are essential for the adequate fetal neurofunctional and cognitive development. Hypothyroidism brings higher risks of obstetric and fetal complications, namely, first-trimester miscarriage, preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, placental abruption, prematurity, low birth weight, and higher perinatal morbidity and mortality. Primary hypothyroidism (involvement of the gland with difficulty in producing and/or releasing TH) is the most common form of disease presentation, with the main etiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis of autoimmune origin. In about 85%-90% of cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, antithyroid antibodies are present; the antithyroperoxidase (ATPO) is the most frequent. Positivity for ATPO is determined when circulating values exceed the upper limit of the laboratory reference. It implies greater risks of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Such a correlation occurs even in ranges of maternal euthyroidism. The critical point for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism during pregnancy is an elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The measurement of free thyroxine (FT4) differentiates between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. In subclinical hypothyroidism, FT4 is within the normal range, whereas in overt hypothyroidism, FT4 values are below the lower limit of the laboratory reference. Treatment of hypothyroidism is performed with levothyroxine (LT4) replacement with the aim of achieving adequate TSH levels for pregnancy. Some women have a previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism, and may or may not be compensated at the beginning of pregnancy. Even in compensated cases, the increase in LT4 dose is necessary as soon as possible. In the postpartum period, adjustment of the LT4 dose depends on the condition of previous disease, on the positivity for ATPO, and also on the value of LT4 in use at the end of pregnancy. Recommendations In places with full technical and financial conditions, TSH testing should be performed for all pregnant women (universal screening) as early as possible, ideally at the beginning of the first trimester or even in preconception planning. In places with less access to laboratory tests, screening is reserved for cases with greater risk factors for decompensation, namely: previous thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy, type 1 diabetes mellitus or other autoimmune diseases, presence of goiter, previous history of hypo or hyperthyroidism or previous ATPO positivity. The TSH dosage should be repeated throughout pregnancy only in these cases. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made from the TSH value > 4.0 mIU/L. Pregnant women with previous hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy or those with the above-mentioned higher risk factors for decompensation should be referred for risk antenatal care, preferably in conjunction with the endocrinologist. Overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is identified when TSH > 10 mIU/L, and treatment with LT4 is readily recommended at an initial dose of 2 mcg/kg/day. TSH values > 4.0 mUI/L and ≤ 10.0 mUI/L require FT4 measurement with two diagnostic possibilities: overt hypothyroidism when FT4 levels are below the lower limit of the laboratory reference, or subclinical hypothyroidism when FT4 levels are normal. The treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is LT4 at an initial dose of 1 mcg/kg/day, and the dose should be doubled upon diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism. In cases of TSH > 2.5 and ≤ 4.0 mIU/L, if there are complete conditions, ATPO should be measured. If positive (above the upper limit of normal), treatment with LT4 at a dose of 50 mcg/day is indicated. If conditions are not complete, the repetition of the TSH dosage should be done only for cases at higher risk. In these cases, treatment with LT4 will be established when TSH > 4.0 mIU/L at a dose of 1 mcg/kg/day; if needed, the dose can be adjusted after FT4 evaluation. Women with previous hypothyroidism should have their LT4 dose adjusted to achieve TSH < 2.5 mIU/L at preconception. As soon as they become pregnant, they need a 30% increase in LT4 as early as possible. In practice, they should double the usual dose on two days a week. Levothyroxine should be given 30-60 minutes before breakfast or three hours or more after the last meal. Concomitant intake with ferrous sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide and sucralfate should be avoided. The target of LT4 therapy during pregnancy is to achieve a TSH value < 2.5 mIU/L. Once the therapy is started, monthly control must be performed until the mentioned goal is reached. In the postpartum period, women with previous disease should resume the preconception dose. Cases diagnosed during pregnancy in use of LT4 ≤ 50 mcg/day may have the medication suspended. The others should reduce the current dose by 25% to 50% and repeat the TSH measurement in six weeks. Cases of ATPO positivity are at higher risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis and de-escalation of LT4 should be performed as explained.

Manejo expectante en preeclampsia severa remota del término (24-33,6 semanas): experiencia en centro de alta complejidad / Expectant management in severe preeclampsia remote from term (24-33.6 weeks): experience in a high complexity center

Resumen Introducción: la preeclampsia severa antes de 34 semanas de gestación tiene alto riesgo de complicaciones maternas y fetales. El manejo expectante, pudiera reducir el riesgo de complicaciones de un parto prematuro. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad comparativa del manejo expectante en la prevención de desenlaces adversos maternos y perinatales de las pacientes con preeclampsia severa remota del término. Metodología: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en gestantes con preeclampsia severa entre la 24 a 33,6 semanas, admitidas en un centro de alta complejidad colombiano entre 2011 y 2019. Se compararon medidas descriptivas según el manejo expectante o intervencionistas como grupo de referencia y, de asociación con los desenlaces compuestos maternos y neonatales, además se ajustó por edad gestacional menor a 28 semanas al parto. Resultados: se analizaron 134 pacientes, 110 con manejo expectante y 24 con intervencionista. El manejo expectante tuvo menor probabilidad de cesárea (RR 0,79 IC95% 0,69-0,91) y de resultado compuesto materno (RR 0,67 IC95% 0,57-0,79), que no persistió luego del ajuste. El manejo expectante presentó menor probabilidad de APGAR <7 al minuto (21,6% vs. 40%, RR 0,53 IC95% 0,29-0,97) y de resultado neonatal compuesto (60% vs. 83,3%, RR 0,72 IC95% 0.57-0.90). Al realizar ajuste con edad menor a 28 semanas al parto, el manejo expectante mostró menor probabilidad de APGAR menor a 7 al minuto (RR 0,43 IC95% 0,24-0,75), resultado perinatal adverso compuesto (RR 0,62 IC95% 0,48-0,81), muerte neonatal (RR 0,26 IC95% 0,29-0,71), síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (RR 0,65 IC95% 0,48-0,88), hemorragia intraventricular (RR 0,31 IC95% 0,11-0,89) e ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (RR 0,80 IC95% 0,70-0,92). Conclusión: la preeclampsia severa remota del término es una patología grave y compleja que enfrenta los intereses maternos y los fetales. Debido al controversial enfoque, su manejo debe realizarse en centros de alta complejidad, con participación interdisciplinaria y anteponiendo la individualidad de cada binomio; nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el manejo expectante es razonable cuando las condiciones maternas y fetales lo permiten, especialmente para gestaciones menores a 28 semanas en favor de mejorar los desenlaces fetales sin detrimento de los desenlaces maternos.

Abstract Introduction: severe preeclampsia before 34 weeks of gestational age has a high risk of maternal and fetal complications. Expectant management could decrease the risk of complications associated with premature birth. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of expectant management in the prevention of maternal and perinatal adverse events of patients with severe preeclampsia remote from term. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study in pregnant women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia between 24 and 33.6 weeks of gestational age who were admitted in a Colombian high complexity medical center between 2011 and 2019 was carried out. Descriptive measurements of the expectant management and the interventionist management were compared and the association with maternal and neonatal composite outcomes. Results were adjusted by gestational age under 28 weeks of delivery. Results: 134 patients were analyzed; 110 patients with expectant management and 24 interventionist management. Expectant management had a lower probability of cesarean section (RR 0.79 CI95% 0.69-0.91) and maternal composite result (RR 0.67 CI95% 0.57-0.79) that did not persist after the adjustment. Expectant management had a lower probability of APGAR <7 the first minute (21.6% vs. 40%, RR 0.53 CI95% 0.29-0.97) and neonatal composite result (60% vs. 83.3%, RR 0.72 CI95% 0.57-0.90). When adjusting the age under 28 weeks of delivery, the expectant management showed a lower probability of APGAR under 7 at minute one (RR 0.43 CI95% 0.24-0.75), composite outcome of perinatal adverse events (RR 0.62 CI95% 0.48-0.81), neonatal death (RR 0.26 CI95% 0.29-0.71), respiratory distress syndrome (RR 0.65 CI95% 0.48-0.88), intraventricular hemorrhage (RR 0.31 CI95% 0.11-0.89) and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (RR 0.80 CI95% 0.70-0.92). Conclusion: severe preeclampsia remote from term is a severe and complex disease which faces maternal and neonatal interests. Due to approach controversies, management should be performed in high complexity centers with a multidisciplinary approach individualizing each binomial; our findings suggest expectant management is reasonable when both maternal and fetal conditions allow it, especially in pregnancies under 28 weeks of gestational age to improve fetal outcomes without risking maternal outcomes.

Maduración pulmonar fetal en diabetes mellitus pregestacional y complicaciones crónicas / Fetal lung maturation in pregestational diabetes mellitus and chronic complications

Las pacientes embarazadas con diabetes mellitus (DM) pregestacional y complicaciones micro y macroangiopáticas tienen mayor riesgo de empeoramiento de las mismas y de presentar otros trastornos asociados al embarazo. La progresión de la retinopatía diabética ocurre durante el embarazo y el posparto. La nefropatía se asocia con un mayor riesgo de preeclampsia, parto prematuro, restricción del crecimiento fetal y mortalidad perinatal. Cuando hay enfermedad de arterias coronarias o gastroparesia se observa un aumento de la morbilidad materna y fetal. El parto prematuro es una condición prevalente en pacientes con DM. La maduración pulmonar fetal con corticosteroides fue extensamente estudiada, con numerosas pruebas controladas, hasta convertirse en una de las más importantes terapias prenatales basadas en evidencias para reducir la mortalidad perinatal y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, la hemorragia intraventricular y la enterocolitis necrosante en los niños prematuros. Sin embargo, en dicha evidencia no se han incluido a embarazadas con DM, por lo cual no se conocen resultados perinatales en este grupo de pacientes.

Pregnant patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus (DM) and micro and macroangiopathic complications have a higher risk of their worsening and of presenting other pregnancyassociated disorders. The progression of diabetic retinopathy occurs during pregnancy and postpartum. Nephropathy is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and perinatal mortality. When there is coronary artery disease or gastroparesis, an increase in maternal and fetal morbidity is observed Preterm delivery is a prevalent condition in diabetic patients. Corticosteroid fetal lung maturation has been extensively studied, with numerous controlled trials, to become one of the most important evidence-based prenatal therapies to reduce perinatal mortality and decrease respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis, in premature infants. Nevertheless, this evidence did not include patients with DM, for this reason perinatal results are not known in this group of patients.

Factores asociados al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal severa / Factors associated with severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal es una patología asociada a neonatos de sexo masculino prematuros. Á nivel regional no se dispone de datos asociados al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal (SDR) severo, por lo que se desarrolló in estudio observacional para medir los factores de riesgo. Metodología: El presente estudio transversal ­ retrospectivo, fue realizado en el servicio de neonatología del Hospital "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo", de Guayaquil, Ecuador, de enero 2017 a diciembre 2020. Ingresaron al estudio, neonatos, con SDR con una muestra probabilística. Las variables fueron maternas, neonatales, escala de Silverman, valoración de Downes. En base a la escala de Silverman se analizan 2 grupos: SDR leve y moderado, versus SDR Severo, se presenta Odds Ratio, e intervalo de confianza del 95% con valor P. Resultados: Se analizan 302 casos, con edad gestacional de 33 ± 4.2 semanas. Puntaje de Silverman 5.07 ±2.06. Los factores de riesgos identificados fueron la cesárea OR 3.92 (IC 95% 2.13-7.21) P<0.0001, pre-eclampsia OR 1.73 (1.05-2.87) P=0.033. Edad gestacional <28 Semanas 7.626 (2.657-21.89) P=0.0002. Edad Gestacional >36 semanas OR 0.4 (0.273-0.782) P=0.004. Sexo hombre OR 2.19 (1.32-3.63) P=0.002. Conclusión: Se constituyeron los factores de riesgo la cesárea, la pre-eclampsia, la edad gestacional menor a 28 semanas y el sexo hombre. Un factor de protección fue la edad gestacional mayor a 36 semanas.

Introduction: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a pathology associated with premature male neo-nates. At the regional level, no data is associated with severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), so an observational study was developed to measure risk factors. Methodology: The present cross-sectional - retrospective study was carried out in the neonatology service of the "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo" Hospital, in Guayaquil, Ecuador, from January 2017 to December 2020. Neonates with RDS entered the study with a probabilistic sample. The variables were maternal, neonatal, Silverman scale, and Downes assessment. Based on the Silverman scale, two groups are analyzed: mild and moderate RDS versus Severe RDS; Odds Ratio is presented, and a 95% confidence interval with a P value. Results: 302 cases were analyzed, with a gestational age of 33 ± 4.2 weeks. Silverman scores 5.07 ±2.06. The identified risk factors were cesarean section OR 3.92 (95% CI 2.13-7.21) P<0.0001, pre-eclampsia OR 1.73 (1.05-2.87) P=0.033. Gestational age <28 Weeks 7.626 (2.657-21.89) P=0.0002. Gestational age >36 weeks OR 0.4 (0.273-0.782) P=0.004. Sex male OR 2.19 (1.32-3.63) P=0.002. Conclusión: The risk factors were cesarean section, pre-eclampsia, gestational age les tan 28 weeks, and male sex. A protective factor was gestational age greater than 36 weeks.

Concentración de lactato deshidrogenasa en grupos de edad pediátrica diferentes / Lactate dehydrogenase concentration in different pediatric age groups

La normalización del nivel de LDH en sangre se asocia con una mejor supervivencia en muchos estudios realizados en adultos, en niños y recién nacidos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la LDH para diferentes grupos de edad de pediatría. Se realizó un estudio observacional en Pediatrics Ward, Hospital General de Abu Ghraib, de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2019. La muestra de estudio incluyó a 250 niños, su edad osciló entre 1 día y 16 años. Se calcularon los niños de ambos género con estos grupos de edad admitidos en Ward, y se calcularon LDH en sangre. La historia materna, la fiebre, la infección umbilical, la sollozo, la hipoxia, la sepsis y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (RDS) se documentaron en consecuencia. LDH medido como siguió: Recién nacido: 160 a 450 unidades por litro (unidades/L) y niño: 60 a 170 unidades/l. Dividimos la muestra a dos grupos, bebés recién nacidos (1 día a 1 año) y CHID (> 1 año a 16 años), y se documentaron las variables de estudio. La correlación de concentración y variables de LDH calculada. Se confirma el valor pronóstico del monitoreo de LDH en suero en serie para predecir la morbilidad y la mortalidad en los niños enfermos. Hay una correlación, aunque muy clara, entre los niveles de LDH en plasma con infección, asfixia y RDS

Normalisation of blood LDH level is associated with improved survival in many studies conducted in adults, in children and neonate. The study aimed to estimate the LDH for different pediatrics age groups. An observational study was conducted at Pediatrics ward, Abu Ghraib General Hospital, from January 2018 to December 2019. Study sample included 250 children; their age ranged from 1 day to 16 years. Children of both gender with these age groups admitted to ward, and blood LDH were calculated. The maternal history, fever, umbilical infection, SOB, hypoxia, sepsis, and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were documented accordingly. LDH measured as followed: New born: 160 to 450 units per litre (units/L) and child: 60 to 170 units/L. We divided sample to two-groups, newborn babies (1 day to 1 year) and chid (>1 year to 16 years), and the study variables were documented. The LDH concentration and variables correlation calculated. The prognostic value of serial serum LDH monitoring for predicting morbidity and mortality in sick children is confirmed. There is a correlation, although very clear, between the plasma LDH levels with infection, asphyxia, and RDS

Redução da mortalidade materna: expectativa de novas estratégias / Reduction of maternal mortality - expectation of new strategies

A morte materna é aquela que acontece em qualquer mulher em estado gravídico, parturiente ou em período puerperal até 42 dias após o parto por qualquer causa de óbito, exceto causas acidentais ou incidentais, ou por causas obstétricas diretas e indiretas ocorrida até 364 dias após o fim da gestação (BROWN , 2022). Em 2019, a taxa de mortalidade materna (TMM) em Goiás foi de 69,7 por 100 mil nascidos vivos (BRASIL, 2021), estando no limiar da meta estabelecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde no Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3.1, que é de 70 óbitos por 100 mil nascidos vivos (OMS, 2022). No entanto, a frequência absoluta de óbitos maternos no ano de 2021 teve um incremento de 83,5% em relação ao ano de 2019, tornando-se uma preocupação de saúde pública (SECRETARIA DE VIGILÂNCIA EM SAÚDE, 2022)

Maternal death is one that occurs in any pregnant, parturient or puerperal woman up to 42 days after delivery from any cause of death, except accidental or incidental causes, or from direct and indirect obstetric causes occurring up to 364 days after the birth. end of pregnancy (BROWN , 2022). In 2019, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Goiás was 69.7 per 100,000 live births (BRAZIL, 2021), being on the threshold of the goal established by the World Health Organization in the Objective of Sustainable Development 3.1, which is 70 deaths per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2022). However, the absolute frequency of maternal deaths in 2021 increased by 83.5% compared to 2019, making it a public health concern (SECRETARIA DE SURVEILLANCE IN HEALTH, 2022)

Practice of Obstetricians of Santa Catarina: Prevention of COVID-19 in Pregnant and Postpartum Women / Prática de Obstetras de Santa Catarina: Prevenção da COVID-19 em Gestantes e Puérperas

The health professionals who serve the pregnant and postpartum women population should ideally provide information about the risk of infection with Sars-Cov-2 (COVID-19), the efficacy and safety of the vaccines, and above all, reinforce the importance of complete immunization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the practices adopted by gynecologists and obstetricians in the state of Santa Catarina regarding prophylaxis of COVID-19 disease in pregnant and postpartum women. This was a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The data were obtained by applying a questionnaire using the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices methodology that was structured for online application via Google Forms, a tool made available by Google. Most respondents (69.1%) attributed the pandemic COVID-19 for the significant rise in maternal mortality. As for prophylactic prescribing 5.9% prescribed hydroxychloroquine, 9.1% azithromycin, 8.8% ivermectin, 11.7% multivitamin, 8.8% vitamin C and 66.2% vitamin D. In the period analyzed, 387 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome were reported in pregnant or postpartum women, of which 5.2% died, 29.2% were intubated, and 24.3% were admitted to intensive care. Although most obstetricians (89.7%) recommended vaccination for their patients, 5.9% did not recommend it for any pregnant/post-partum women, and 4.4% did not answer the question or said they did not know. The hypothesis is considered that low adherence (68 out of 665 invited) of professionals to such a current issue may demonstrate some problem/issue regarding the prevention of COVID-19 in pregnant and postpartum women. (AU)

Idealmente, compete aos profissionais de saúde que atendem a população de gestantes e puérperas oferecerem esclarecimento sobre o risco da infecção por Sars-Cov-2 (COVID-19), eficácia e segurança das vacinas e, sobretudo, reforçar a importância da imunização completa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as práticas adotadas por médicos ginecologistas e obstetras do estado de Santa Catarina no que se refere à profilaxia da doença por COVID-19 em gestantes e puérperas. Este foi um estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. Conduzido entre o período de outubro a dezembro de 2021. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da aplicação do questionário empregando a metodologia Conhecimento, Atitude e Práticas (CAP) que foi estruturado para aplicação online via Google Forms, uma ferramenta disponibilizada pela Google. A maioria dos respondentes (69,1%) atribuiu a pandemia da COVID-19 para a elevação significativa da mortalidade materna. Quanto à prescrição profilática 5,9% prescreveram hidroxicloroquina, 9,1% azitromicina, 8,8% ivermectina, 11,7% polivitamínico, 8,8% vitamina C e 66,2% vitamina D. No período analisado, foram notificados 387 casos de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave em mulheres gestantes ou puérperas, dessas, 5,2% morreram, 29,2% foram intubadas e 24,3% foram internadas em terapia intensiva. Apesar de a maioria dos obstetras (89,7%) recomendarem a vacinação para suas pacientes, 5,9% não a recomendaram para nenhuma gestante/puérpera e 4,4% não responderam a pergunta ou referiram não saber. Aventa-se a hipótese que baixa adesão (68 de 665 convidados) dos profissionais a uma questão tão atual pode demonstrar algum problema/questão quanto à prevenção da COVID-19 em gestantes e puérperas. (AU)

Hipotiroidismo subclínico y pérdida de embarazo: una revisión de la literatura / Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy Loss: A Literature Review

Existe una alta prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico (SCH) en el embarazo. Está vinculado a una importante morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. Los efectos de SCH sobre el embarazo incluyen mayores riesgos de hipertensión gestacional y ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM). Sus fetos y bebés tenían más probabilidades de sufrir de bajo peso al nacer (LBW) y retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (IUGR). El riesgo de aborto espontáneo se informa alto en varios estudios para SCH no tratado. SCH se asocia directamente con una mayor presencia de anti -cuerpos anti TPO en suero materno. La detección temprana y el tratamiento de SCH han sido testigos de mejores resultados en términos de resultado del embarazo. Esta revisión se centra para establecer la relación de una mayor prevalencia de SCH en los países en desarrollo, así como su asociación con el aumento de los cuerpos anti TPO en suero materna y sacar una conclusión que puede ayudar a reducir las razones y proporcionar una solución. Este estudio concluyó que SCH es más frecuente en los países en desarrollo, ya sea debido a la deficiencia de yodo, una disminución de la conciencia sobre este problema o menos acceso a las instalaciones médicas. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las hembras con antecedentes de partos prematuros, IUGR anteriores o abortos involuntarios deben someterse a una detección de hipotiroidismo subclínico y niveles de anticuerpos anti TPO durante sus visitas prenatales

There is a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy. It is linked to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. SCH's effects on pregnancy include increased risks of gestational hypertension and premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Their fetuses and infants had been more likely to suffer from low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The risk of miscarriage is reported high in various studies for untreated SCH. SCH is directly associated with increased presence of anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum. Early detection and treatment of SCH have witnessed better results in terms of pregnancy outcome. This review focuses to establish the relationship of increased prevalence of SCH in the developing countries as well as its association with increased anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum and draw a conclusion which can help narrow down the reasons and provide solution. This study concluded that SCH is more prevalent in developing countries, either due to iodine deficiency, decreased awareness about this problem or less access to medical facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that females with history of preterm deliveries, previous IUGRs, or miscarriages should undergo screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and Anti TPO antibody levels during their antenatal visits.