Dog ectoparasites as sentinels for pathogenic Rickettsia and Bartonella in rural Guatemala.

Fleas and ticks serve as vectors of multiple pathogens in the genera Rickettsia and Bartonella that cause diseases in humans and other animals. Although human rickettsiosis and bartonellosis have been reported in all countries in Central America, limited research has been conducted to investigate the natural cycles of flea- and tick-borne rickettsiosis and bartonellosis, especially in Guatemala. We evaluated dog parasites as sentinels for zoonotic disease risk in rural Guatemala by sampling ticks and fleas from dogs, which were then identified and individually screened for Rickettsia and Bartonella. A total of 77 households were surveyed and 80.5% of them had dogs. Overall, 133 dogs were examined for fleas and ticks, of which 68.4% had fleas and 35.3% had ticks. A total of 433 fleas and 181 ticks were collected from the infested dogs, with an additional 33 ticks collected from house walls. Three flea species were identified: Ctenocephalides felis felis (70.0%), Echidnophaga gallinacea (11.8%), and Pulex sp. (17.8%). Among the collected ticks, 97% were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato with the rest being Amblyomma cajennense, A. auricularium, and A. ovale. Rickettsia felis were detected in six C. felis, in one Pulex sp., and in two R. sanguineus sensu lato, while Candidatus R. senegalensis was detected in one C. felis. Bartonella was detected only in fleas, including three Pulex sp. infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. henselae, and Bartonella sp., respectively, and 11 C. felis infected with B. henselae. This study reports Candidatus R. senegalensis and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in Guatemala for the first time, and indicates the potential risk of human and dog exposure to Rickettsia and Bartonella species. These results show that dogs provide critical information relevant to managing human potential exposure to flea- and tick-borne pathogens in rural Guatemala. This approach can potentially be expanded to other regions in Central America where domestic dogs are abundant and suffer from ectoparasite infestation.

Mobil Monitoring Doppler Ultrasound (MoMDUS) study: protocol for a prospective, observational study investigating the use of artificial intelligence and low-cost Doppler ultrasound for the automated quantification of hypertension, pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction in rural Guatemala.

INTRODUCTION: Undetected high-risk conditions in pregnancy are a leading cause of perinatal mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. A key contributor to adverse perinatal outcomes in these settings is limited access to high-quality screening and timely referral to care. Recently, a low-cost one-dimensional Doppler ultrasound (1-D DUS) device was developed that front-line workers in rural Guatemala used to collect quality maternal and fetal data. Further, we demonstrated with retrospective preliminary data that 1-D DUS signal could be processed using artificial intelligence and deep-learning algorithms to accurately estimate fetal gestational age, intrauterine growth and maternal blood pressure. This protocol describes a prospective observational pregnancy cohort study designed to prospectively evaluate these preliminary findings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective observational cohort study conducted in rural Guatemala. In this study, we will follow pregnant women (N =700) recruited prior to 18 6/7 weeks gestation until their delivery and early postpartum period. During pregnancy, trained nurses will collect data on prenatal risk factors and obstetrical care. Every 4 weeks, the research team will collect maternal weight, blood pressure and 1-D DUS recordings of fetal heart tones. Additionally, we will conduct three serial obstetric ultrasounds to evaluate for fetal growth restriction (FGR), and one postpartum visit to record maternal blood pressure and neonatal weight and length. We will compare the test characteristics (receiver operator curves) of 1-D DUS algorithms developed by deep-learning methods to two-dimensional fetal ultrasound survey and published clinical pre-eclampsia risk prediction algorithms for predicting FGR and pre-eclampsia, respectively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Results of this study will be disseminated at scientific conferences and through peer-reviewed articles. Deidentified data sets will be made available through public repositories. The study has been approved by the institutional ethics committees of Maya Health Alliance and Emory University.

It's Not Always Infections When It Comes to Resource-Poor Countries: A Fascinating Case Report.

A patient's demographics often guide healthcare providers toward clues to a diagnosis. A recent travel history becomes an essential piece of the puzzle when there is a high suspicion of an infectious cause. When a patient walks into the hospital after having traveled to or from a resource-poor country with systemic afflictions, a physician's mind quickly jumps to infectious causes, and in most circumstances, it proves to be correct. We report an interesting case of a 28-year-old male from Guatemala who experienced acute gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Previous research in this field has shown that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are prone to a slew of GI infections. Interestingly, our patient's presenting symptoms were initially attributed to "infections," but a thorough investigation revealed an unexpected twist of events. Our patient presented with multiple GI infections after the usual triggers, which masqueraded the coexistence of underlying primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis for a short course but were diagnosed promptly after a thorough workup.

Establishing an autogenous vascular access program in a Guatemalan comprehensive pediatric nephrology center.

BACKGROUND: The Guatemalan Foundation for Children with Kidney Diseases collaborated with Bridge of Life, a not-for-profit charitable organization, to establish a vascular access program. We reviewed our experience with graded surgical responsibility and structured didactic training, creating arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) for Guatemalan children. METHODS: Pediatric vascular access missions were completed from 2015 to 2023 and analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up was completed by the Guatemalan pediatric surgeons, nephrologists, and nursing staff. AVF patency and patient survival were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis with univariate and multivariable association between patient demographic variables by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Among a total of 153 vascular access operations, there were 139 new patient procedures, forming the study group for this review. The mean age was 13.6 years, 42.6% were female, and the mean BMI was 17.3. Radial or ulnar artery-based direct AVFs were established in 100 patients (71.9%) and ten of the 25 transposition procedures. Brachial artery inflow was required in 29 direct AVFs (20.9%). Two patients underwent femoral vein transpositions. Access-related distal ischemia was not encountered. Seven of the AVF patients later required access banding for arm edema; all had previous dialysis catheters (mean = 9, range 4-12). Primary and cumulative patency rates were 84% and 86% at 12 months and 64% and 81% at 24 months, respectively. The median follow-up was 12 months. Overall patient survival was 84% and 67% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. There were no deaths related to AVF access. CONCLUSIONS: Safe and functional AVFs were established in a teaching environment within a Guatemalan comprehensive pediatric nephrology center.

Strategies to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in First Nations peoples: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: First Nations peoples face disproportionate vaccine-preventable risks due to social, economic, and healthcare disparities. Additionally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was also mistrust and hesitancy about the COVID-19 vaccines among First Nations peoples. These are rooted in factors such as colonial histories, discriminatory medical practices, and unreliable information. OBJECTIVE: To examine strategies to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among First Nations peoples globally. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. Searches were undertaken in OVID MEDLINE, OVID EMBASE, OVID PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Informit. Searches were date limited from 2020. Items included in this review provided primary data that discussed strategies used to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in First Nations peoples. RESULTS: We identified several key strategies across four countries - Australia, the USA, Canada, and Guatemala in seventeen papers. These included understanding communities' needs, collaborating with communities, tailored messaging, addressing underlying systemic traumas and social health gaps, and early logistics planning. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of First Nations-centred strategies to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is essential to delivering an equitable pandemic response. Implementation of these strategies in the continued effort to vaccinate against COVID-19 and in future pandemics is integral to ensure that First Nations peoples are not disproportionately affected by disease.

Main findings In this review, we identified seventeen studies detailing five key strategies to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among First Nations Peoples.Added knowledge First Nations-centred strategies to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were: understanding communities' needs, collaboration with communities, tailored messaging, logistics planning and addressing the underlying systemic trauma experienced by First Nations peoples when accessing healthcare.Global health impact for policy and action First Nations-centred strategies must be included in the continued effort to vaccinate against COVID-19 and other future outbreaks to ensure that First Nations peoples are not disproportionately affected.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 31 (9 August 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: During the last four epidemiological weeks (EW), there has been epidemic activity of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in the Southern Cone, alongside an increase in activity in the subregions of North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. This activity is linked to the circulation of influenza in the Southern Cone, Central America, and the Caribbean, as well as SARS-CoV-2 in North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. Additionally, epidemic levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) have been observed in the Southern Cone, the Andean subregion, and Central America, related to positive cases of RSV, and to a lesser extent, influenza. In North America, there has been an uptick in activity related to the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses at the regional level, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, particularly in North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and the Andean subregion. Additionally, although influenza activity has decreased in the Southern Cone and Central America, epidemic levels persist. RSV activity has reached epidemic levels in Central America, the Andean subregion, and the Southern Cone. North America: After a rise in cases of ILI, SARI, and hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses in recent weeks, there has been a gradual decline. However, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold in all countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2), followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria. RSV activity has stayed low. In contrast, SARSCoV- 2 activity has increased, reaching moderate or high levels in some countries compared to previous waves. By country: • In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has risen, reaching levels close to the peaks observed in previous waves. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. • In Mexico, after reaching moderate levels in previous epidemiological weeks, ILI and SARI cases have shown a slight decline in the past week. Most positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Both influenza and RSV activity remain low. • In the United States, the SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants has increased in recent weeks, reaching levels similar to the peaks observed in 2023 and 2024. Influenza and RSV activity remain low. Caribbean: Over the past four EW, ILI cases have risen, linked to a higher proportion of positive influenza cases, while SARI cases have remained low. Influenza activity has fluctuated at moderate levels during the past four EW, with type A(H3N2) being predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, while SARS-CoV-2 activity remains stable at high levels. By country: In the last four EW, influenza activity has been observed in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Guyana. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded in Belize, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana, the Cayman Islands, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. • In Saint Lucia, there has been an increase in SARI activity, with epidemic levels linked to SARS-CoV-2 circulation, although this activity has decreased in the most recent EW. • In Guyana, there has been a rise in ILI and SARI cases, with positive cases attributable to both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and to a lesser extent, RSV. Central America: There has been an increase in ILI and SARI activity, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, whose activity has been on the rise. Influenza activity, after reaching epidemic levels in several countries in the subregion, has declined over the past four EW. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2). RSV activity has reached levels comparable to the peaks recorded in previous seasons. Although SARS-CoV-2 activity is increasing, it remains below the levels observed in previous waves. By country: • In Costa Rica, following the increase in ILI and SARI cases in previous weeks, a downward trend has been observed over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, whose activity is increasing, and to a lesser extent, influenza, which is currently declining within epidemic levels. • In El Salvador, influenza circulation, after reaching moderate levels, has declined over the past four EW, falling below the epidemic threshold. SARS-CoV-2 remains at low levels compared to previous waves. • In Guatemala, ILI activity has increased to moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to influenza and SARSCoV- 2. SARI activity remains constant at epidemic levels; however, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of positive RSV cases. • In Honduras, over the past four EW, SARI activity has fluctuated between epidemic and moderate levels, mainly associated with positive influenza cases, which is currently declining within epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. • In Nicaragua, after influenza circulation exceeded the elevated threshold, it has declined over the past four EW to epidemic levels, while RSV and SARS-CoV-2 circulation remains low. • In Panama, ILI and SARI cases have increased over the past four EW, with a rise in the proportion of positive RSV cases, whose activity has shown a significant increase, alongside SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has declined below the epidemic activity threshold. Andean: ILI and SARI activity has declined over the past four EW in most countries. Additionally, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases, with a decrease in the proportion of positive RSV and influenza cases, whose activity has continued to decline during this period. The predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2). RSV activity has remained stable at moderate levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a sharp increase to moderate levels compared to previous waves. By country: • In Bolivia, SARI cases are fluctuating around the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has decreased to levels below this threshold. • In Colombia, SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels in recent weeks, has declined below this threshold. Most positive cases are attributed to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent to SARS-CoV-2, which is increasing, with intermediate circulation levels compared to previous waves. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) cases remain high. • In Ecuador, SARI and pneumonia activity has remained around the moderate threshold in the past four EW. Positive SARI cases are mainly attributed to influenza, which is at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent to RSV and SARS-CoV-2. • In Peru, after reaching extraordinary levels of SARI, there has been a decline in the past week. Most positive cases are attributable to RSV, whose activity is on the rise, and to a lesser extent, influenza, which is below the epidemic threshold. Additionally, increasing SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded; however, it remains at low levels. • In Venezuela, a decline in influenza activity has been observed, falling below the epidemic threshold. Brazil and the Southern Cone: Following the increase observed in previous weeks, SARI activity has declined over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. ILI activity has shown a slight uptick, associated with an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity is declining, remaining below the epidemic threshold in most countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a slight decrease after reaching levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low, although with a slight increase. By country: • In Argentina, ILI activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has also fallen below this threshold. Influenza activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to epidemic levels. Additionally, there has been an increase in the RSV positivity rate, reaching values similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons. • In Brazil, ILI and SARI activity has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity is also decreasing below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. However, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a slight increase. • In Chile, after a previous decline, there has been a slight uptick in ILI and SARI cases, with elevated and epidemic levels, respectively. Most positive cases during the past four EW are attributable to RSV, whose activity remains on the rise, though with positivity levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. Influenza activity, after reaching extraordinary levels, has declined below the epidemic threshold. • In Paraguay, SARI activity remains at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent SARS-CoV-2, which is increasing. ILI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has declined below this threshold. • In Uruguay, SARI activity has remained at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity continues to rise, reaching levels higher than the peaks observed in previous seasons.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE), se ha registrado una actividad epidémica de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en el Cono Sur, junto con un aumento en la actividad en las subregiones de Norteamérica, el Caribe y Centroamérica. Esta actividad está vinculada con la circulación de la influenza en el Cono Sur, Centroamérica y el Caribe, así como del SARS-CoV-2 en Norteamérica, el Caribe y Centroamérica. Además, se han observado niveles epidémicos de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG) en el Cono Sur, la subregión Andina y Centroamérica, relacionados con casos positivos de VRS, y en menor medida, de influenza. En Norteamérica, se ha detectado un incremento en la actividad relacionado con la circulación del SARS-CoV-2. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios a nivel regional, se ha observado un aumento en la actividad del SARS-CoV-2, especialmente en Norteamérica, el Caribe, Centroamérica y la subregión Andina. Asimismo, aunque la actividad de influenza ha disminuido en el Cono Sur y América Central, aún se mantienen niveles epidémicos. La actividad del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) ha alcanzado niveles epidémicos en América Central, la subregión Andina y el Cono Sur. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, IRAG y las hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios, tras haber mostrado un incremento en semanas previas, han comenzado a descender, aunque se ha observado un marcado aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de la influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico en todos los países. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H3N2), seguidos por A(H1N1)pdm09 y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha permanecido en niveles bajos. En contraste, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un aumento, alcanzando en algunos países niveles medios o elevados en comparación con olas previas. Por países: • En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha incrementado, alcanzando niveles cercanos a los máximos registrados en olas previas. La actividad de la influenza sigue por debajo del umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad del VRS se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En México, después de un ascenso hasta niveles moderados en semanas epidemiológicas previas, los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un ligero descenso en la última semana. La mayoría de los casos positivos son atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. Tanto la actividad de la influenza como la del VRS se mantienen en niveles bajos. • En Estados Unidos, la tasa de hospitalizaciones asociadas a SARS-CoV-2 por cada 100,000 habitantes ha mostrado un incremento en las últimas semanas, alcanzando niveles de circulación similares a los picos observados en 2023 y 2024. La actividad de la influenza y la del VRS continúan en niveles bajos. Caribe: En las últimas cuatro SE, los casos de ETI han aumentado, asociados a una mayor proporción de casos positivos de influenza mientras que los casos de IRAG han permanecido en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles intermedios durante las últimas cuatro SE, con predominio del tipo A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, mientras que la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 sigue estable en niveles elevados. Por países: En las últimas cuatro SE, se ha observado actividad de influenza en Belice, República Dominicana, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán y Guyana. Asimismo, se ha registrado actividad de SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, Surinam, Barbados, Guyana, las Islas Caimán y San Vicente y las Granadinas. • En Santa Lucía, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de IRAG, con niveles epidémicos asociados a la circulación de SARS-CoV-2, aunque esta actividad ha descendido en la última SE. • En Guyana, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI e IRAG, con casos positivos atribuibles tanto a SARS-CoV-2 como a influenza, y en menor medida, a VRS. América Central: Se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de ETI e IRAG, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y VRS, cuya actividad ha mostrado un ascenso. La actividad de influenza, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos en varios países de la subregión, ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha alcanzado niveles similares a los máximos registrados en temporadas previas. Aunque la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 está en ascenso, permanece en niveles inferiores a los observados en olas anteriores. Por países: • En Costa Rica, tras el aumento detectado en los casos de ETI e IRAG en semanas previas, durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una tendencia decreciente, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2, cuya actividad se encuentra en ascenso, y en menor medida a influenza, que actualmente se encuentra en descenso dentro de niveles epidémicos. • En El Salvador, la circulación de influenza, tras alcanzar niveles moderados, ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta situarse por debajo del umbral epidémico. El SARS-CoV-2 se mantiene en niveles bajos en comparación con olas previas. • En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de ETI hasta niveles moderados, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de IRAG se mantiene constante en niveles epidémicos; sin embargo, se ha observado un marcado incremento en la proporción de casos positivos a VRS. • En Honduras, en las últimas cuatro SE, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido fluctuante entre niveles epidémicos y moderados, asociada principalmente a casos positivos de influenza, que actualmente se encuentra en descenso dentro de niveles epidémicos, y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. • En Nicaragua, tras alcanzar niveles de circulación de influenza por encima del umbral elevado, durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado un descenso hasta niveles epidémicos, mientras que la circulación del VRS y SARS-CoV-2 se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En Panamá, los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE, con un aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de VRS, cuya actividad ha mostrado un marcado ascenso, y de SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha descendido por debajo del umbral de actividad epidémica. Andina: La actividad de ETI e IRAG ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE en la mayoría de los países. Asimismo, se ha observado un aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2, con un descenso en la proporción de casos positivos de VRS e influenza, cuya actividad ha permanecido en descenso durante este periodo. Los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido estable en niveles moderados, mientras que la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un pronunciado ascenso hasta niveles medios en comparación con olas previas. Por países: • En Bolivia, los casos de IRAG se encuentran fluctuantes en torno al umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza ha disminuido hasta niveles inferiores a este umbral. • En Colombia, la actividad de IRAG, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos en las últimas semanas, ha presentado un descenso por debajo de este umbral. La mayoría de los casos positivos se atribuyen a VRS, cuya actividad se encuentra en descenso, y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2, que está en ascenso, con niveles de circulación intermedios en comparación con olas anteriores. Los casos de IRA (Infección Respiratoria Aguda) se mantienen en niveles elevados. • En Ecuador, la actividad de IRAG y neumonía se ha mantenido en torno al umbral moderado en las últimas cuatro SE. Los casos positivos de IRAG se atribuyen principalmente a influenza, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos, y en menor medida a VRS y SARS-CoV-2. • En Perú, tras alcanzar niveles extraordinarios de IRAG, se ha observado un descenso en la última semana. Los casos positivos son en su mayoría atribuibles a VRS, cuya actividad está en ascenso, y en menor medida a influenza, cuya actividad se sitúa por debajo del umbral epidémico. Asimismo, se ha registrado una creciente actividad de SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, esta se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En Venezuela, se ha observado un descenso en la actividad de influenza, situándose por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: Tras el incremento observado en semanas previas, la actividad de IRAG ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS y, en menor medida, a influenza. La actividad de ETI ha mostrado un ligero repunte, asociado con un incremento en la proporción de casos positivos a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en descenso, situándose por debajo del umbral epidémico en la mayoría de los países. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 y A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un ligero descenso, tras alcanzar niveles inferiores a los máximos observados en temporadas previas. La actividad del SARSCoV- 2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque mostrando un ligero incremento. Por países: • En Argentina, la actividad de ETI, tras alcanzar niveles elevados, ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad de IRAG, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos, también ha caído por debajo de este umbral. La actividad de influenza, después de alcanzar niveles elevados, ha descendido a niveles epidémicos. Paralelamente, se ha observado un incremento en el porcentaje de positividad de VRS, alcanzando valores similares a los máximosobservados en temporadas previas. • En Brasil, la actividad de ETI e IRAG ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en descenso, también por debajo del umbral epidémico, y la actividad de VRS se mantiene en niveles bajos, mientras que la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un ligero incremento. • En Chile, tras el descenso observado en semanas previas, se ha registrado un ligero repunte en los casos de ETI e IRAG, con niveles elevados y epidémicos, respectivamente. La mayoría de los casos positivos durante las últimas cuatro SE son atribuibles a VRS, cuya actividad se mantiene en ascenso, aunque con niveles de positividad por debajo de los máximos observados en temporadas anteriores. La actividad de influenza, tras alcanzar niveles extraordinarios, ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. • En Paraguay, la actividad de IRAG se mantiene en niveles moderados, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS, cuya actividad está en descenso, y en menor medida, a SARS-CoV-2, cuya actividad está en ascenso. La actividad de ETI, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos, ha descendido por debajo de este umbral. • En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles moderados, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS, cuya actividad se mantiene en ascenso, alcanzando niveles superiores a los picos observados en temporadas anteriores.

Replication guide. Applying the human security approach to advance an integrated response to health and migration in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico

In 2022, the program on Applying the Human Security Approach to Advance an integrated response to Health and Migration in the Northern Triangle of Central America and Mexico was jointly launched by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The program grant was sponsored by the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS). Among its main goals was the intention of raising awareness of the human security approach and how it can be used as a successful operational tool to advance universal access to health and universal health coverage, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by contextualizing the added value of human security to health and migration in the four countries in which it was implemented: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Sustainability and replicability of the program were specifically integrated in the program’s design to promote continuity and scale-up of the activities, ensuring that knowledge obtained on the ground be disseminated and used to mainstream the human security approach throughout the region and beyond. This guide is part of those activities to facilitate the process of further replicating the program and its outcomes, taking into consideration lessons learned through its implementation also this publication is crucial in promoting the human security approach as an operational tool in health and migration, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving universal health access and advancing the SDGs. It also provides a practical guide for replicating the program in other regions, ensuring the sustainability and expansion of its benefits.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 30 (2 August 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the last four epidemiological weeks (EWs), epidemic levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) have been reported in the Southern Cone, along with increased activity in North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. This increase is associated with the circulation of influenza in the Southern Cone, Central America, and the Caribbean, as well as SARS-CoV-2 in North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. Additionally, epidemic levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) have been observed in the Southern Cone, the Andean subregion, and Central America, driven by positive cases of influenza and RSV. At the regional level, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at moderate levels compared to previous epidemic waves, although there has been an uptick linked to increased circulation in North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and the Andean subregion. Similarly, while influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels in the Southern Cone and Central America, it is now on the decline. RSV activity has risen to epidemic levels in Central America, the Andean subregion, and the Southern Cone, with a growing trend observed. North America: Cases of ILI, SARI, and hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses have increased, with a notable rise in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold across all countries. During this period, the predominant influenza strains have been A(H3N2), followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. However, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, reaching moderate to high levels in some countries compared to previous waves. By Country: • Canada: SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, reaching levels close to those seen in previous peaks. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity has stayed low. • Mexico: Cases of ILI and SARI have increased to moderate and epidemic levels, respectively, driven by a rise in positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza and RSV activity remain low. • United States: The SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants has risen in recent weeks, reaching levels similar to those during the peaks of 2023 and 2024. Both influenza and RSV activity remain low. Caribbean: In the last four EWs, ILI cases have increased, accompanied by a higher proportion of positive influenza cases. While SARI cases have remained low, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 and influenza cases. Influenza activity has remained at intermediate levels during the last four EWs, with A(H3N2) being predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has stayed low, while SARS-CoV-2 activity continues to be stable at elevated levels. By Country: In the last four EWs, influenza activity has been reported in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Guyana. SARS-CoV-2 activity has been detected in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana, the Cayman Islands, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. RSV activity has been observed in Suriname, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. • Dominican Republic: An increase in SARI activity has been detected, reaching epidemic levels, coinciding with epidemic influenza activity and SARS-CoV-2 circulation. • Saint Lucia: An increase in SARI activity has been observed, reaching epidemic levels, associated with SARS-CoV-2 circulation. • Guyana: An increase in ILI and SARI cases has been reported, with positive cases attributed to SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and to a lesser extent, RSV. Central America: There has been an increase in ILI and SARI activity, with most positive cases attributed to influenza, followed by SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, both of which have shown rising activity. After peaking at epidemic levels in several countries in the subregion, influenza activity has shown a decline over the last four EWs. During this period, A(H3N2) has been the predominant influenza virus. RSV activity has reached levels similar to the peaks recorded in previous seasons. Although SARS-CoV-2 activity is increasing, it remains below the levels seen in previous waves. By Country: • Costa Rica: Following an increase in ILI and SARI cases in previous weeks, a declining trend has been observed over the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributed to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. • El Salvador: After reaching moderate levels, influenza circulation has declined over the last four EWs. SARS-CoV-2 activity remains low compared to previous waves. • Guatemala: An increase in ILI activity to moderate levels has been observed, with most positive cases attributed to influenza and SARS-CoV-2. SARI activity remains constant at epidemic levels; however, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of positive RSV cases. • Honduras: Over the past four EWs, SARI activity has fluctuated between epidemic and moderate levels, primarily associated with positive influenza cases, which are now in decline but still at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. • Nicaragua: After peaking above the high threshold in influenza circulation during the last four EWs, activity is now declining to epidemic levels, while RSV and SARS-CoV-2 circulation remains low. • Panama: ILI and SARI cases have increased over the last four EWs, with a rise in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 and RSV cases. Influenza activity has dropped below the epidemic threshold. Andean Region: ILI and SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels during the last four EWs in most countries. Additionally, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive RSV and SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity has continued to decline during this period. A(H3N2) has been the predominant influenza virus. RSV activity has remained stable at moderate levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a sharp increase to moderate levels compared to previous waves. By Country: • Bolivia: SARI cases are on the decline, now below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has also decreased to levels below this threshold. • Colombia: SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels in recent weeks, has declined below this threshold. Most positive cases are attributed to RSV, which is at intermediate levels compared to previous seasons, and to a lesser extent, SARSCoV- 2, which is on the rise, with intermediate circulation levels compared to previous waves. ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) cases remain at extraordinary levels. • Ecuador: SARI and pneumonia activity has remained around the moderate threshold in the last four EWs. Most positive SARI cases are attributed to influenza, which is at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, RSV and SARS-CoV-2, both of which are increasing. • Peru: An increase in SARI cases has been observed, reaching extraordinary levels, particularly associated with positive RSV cases, which are on the rise, and to a lesser extent influenza, which remains below the epidemic threshold. Additionally, growing SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded, although it remains at low levels. • Venezuela: A decline in influenza activity has been observed, now below the epidemic threshold. Brazil and the Southern Cone: Following the increases observed in previous weeks, ILI and SARI activity has declined over the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributed to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels in some countries, while in others, it has dropped below this threshold, showing a decreasing trend. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained stable, reaching a peak, although it is still below the maximum levels observed in previous seasons. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low. By Country: • Argentina: ILI activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to epidemic levels, while SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has fallen below this threshold. Influenza activity, after peaking at high levels, has decreased to epidemic levels in the last EW. At the same time, an increase in RSV positivity has been observed, reaching values similar to the peaks seen in previous seasons. • Brazil: ILI and SARI activity has decreased below the epidemic threshold, with the highest proportion of positive cases attributed to RSV and influenza. • Chile: Following the decline observed in previous weeks, a slight uptick in ILI and SARI cases has been reported, reaching moderate and epidemic levels, respectively. Most positive cases during the last four EWs are attributed to RSV, which continues to rise, although positivity levels remain below the peaks seen in previous seasons. Influenza activity, after reaching extraordinary levels, has decreased below the epidemic threshold. • Paraguay: SARI activity has rebounded to moderate levels, related to positive RSV cases and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV- 2, whose activity is increasing. ILI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has decreased below this threshold, with most cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. • Uruguay: SARI activity, after reaching high levels, has decreased to moderate levels and remains stable, with most positive cases attributed to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. The latter, after reaching moderate levels, has dropped below the epidemic threshold. RSV activity has risen, reaching levels similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE), se ha registrado actividad epidémica de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en el Cono Sur, así como un aumento en la actividad en las subregiones de Norteamérica, el Caribe y Centroamérica. Esta actividad está asociada con la circulación de influenza en el Cono Sur, Centroamérica y el Caribe y de SARS-CoV-2 en Norteamérica, el Caribe y Centroamérica. Además, se han observado niveles epidémicos de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG) en el Cono Sur, la subregión Andina y Centroamérica, relacionados con casos positivos de influenza y VRS. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles medios en comparación con olas epidémicas previas, aunque ha mostrado un incremento asociado a la circulación en Norteamérica, el Caribe, Centroamérica y la subregión Andina. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica, aunque en descenso de influenza en el Cono Sur y América Central. La actividad del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) ha ascendido a niveles epidémicos en América Central, la subregión Andina y el Cono Sur, donde se ha observado una tendencia creciente. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, IRAG y las hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios han mostrado un incremento, con un marcado aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico en todos los países. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H3N2), seguidos por A(H1N1)pdm09 y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un ascenso, alcanzando en algunos países niveles medios o elevados en comparación con olas previas. Por países: • En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha aumentado, alcanzando niveles cercanos a los máximos registrados en olas previas. La actividad de influenza se mantiene por debajo del umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad del VRS ha permanecido en niveles bajos. • En México, los casos de ETI e IRAG han presentado un incremento con niveles moderados y epidémicos respectivamente, asociado a un aumento en los casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza y VRS se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En Estados Unidos, la tasa de hospitalizaciones asociadas a SARS-CoV-2 por cada 100,000 habitantes ha mostrado un incremento en las últimas semanas, coincidiendo con niveles de circulación de SARS-CoV-2 similares a los alcanzados en los picos de 2023 y 2024. Tanto la actividad de influenza como la de VRS se mantienen en niveles bajos. Caribe: En las últimas cuatro SE, los casos de ETI han aumentado, asociados a una mayor proporción de casos positivos de influenza. Por otro lado, aunque los casos de IRAG han permanecido en niveles bajos, se ha observado un incremento en la proporción de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2 e influenza. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles intermedios durante las últimas cuatro SE, con predominio del tipo A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, mientras que la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 sigue estable en niveles elevados. Por países: En las últimas cuatro SE, se ha observado actividad de influenza en Belice, República Dominicana, Jamaica, las Islas Caimán y Guyana. Asimismo, se ha registrado actividad de SARS-CoV-2 en Belice, República Dominicana, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, Surinam, Barbados, Guyana, las Islas Caimán, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Se ha observado actividad de VRS en Surinam, Guyana y San Vicente y las Granadinas • En República Dominicana, se ha detectado un aumento en la actividad de IRAG, alcanzando niveles epidémicos, coincidiendo con una actividad epidémica de influenza y la circulación de SARS-CoV-2. • En Santa Lucía se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de IRAG con niveles epidémicos asociados a circulación de SARS-CoV-2. • En Guyana, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI e IRAG, con casos positivos atribuibles tanto a SARS-CoV-2 como a influenza y en menor medida VRS. América Central: Se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de ETI e IRAG, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles seguido de SARS-CoV-2 y VRS, cuya actividad ha mostrado un ascenso. La actividad de influenza, tras alcanzar un pico epidémico en varios países de la subregión, ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS ha alcanzado niveles similares a los máximos registrados en temporadas previas. Aunque la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 está en ascenso, permanece en niveles inferiores a los observados en olas anteriores. Por países: • En Costa Rica tras el aumento detectado en los casos de ETI e IRAG en semanas previas, durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una tendencia decreciente con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. • En El Salvador, la circulación de influenza, tras alcanzar niveles moderados, ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE. El SARS-CoV-2 se mantiene en niveles bajos en comparación con olas previas. • En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad de ETI hasta niveles moderados con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de IRAG se mantiene constante en niveles epidémicos, sin embargo, se ha observado un marcado incremento en la proporción de casos positivos a VRS. • En Honduras, en las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas, la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles entre epidémicos y moderados, asociada principalmente a casos positivos de influenza, que actualmente se encuentra en descenso y niveles epidémicos, y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2. • En Nicaragua, tras alcanzar el pico de circulación de influenza por encima del umbral elevado en las cuatro últimas SE, ésta actualmente se encuentra en descenso con niveles epidémicos, mientras que la circulación del VRS y SARS-CoV-2 se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En Panamá, los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE, con un aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. La actividad de influenza ha descendido por debajo del umbral de actividad epidémica. Andina: La actividad de ETI e IRAG se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos durante las últimas cuatro SE en la mayoría de los países. Asimismo, se ha observado un aumento en la proporción de casos positivos de VRS y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en descenso durante este periodo. Los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2). La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido estable en niveles moderados, mientras que la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un pronunciado ascenso hasta niveles medios en comparación con olas previas. Por países: • En Bolivia, los casos de IRAG están en descenso, situándose por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza también ha disminuido hasta niveles inferiores a este umbral. • En Colombia, la actividad de IRAG, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos en las últimas semanas, ha presentado un descenso por debajo de este umbral. La mayoría de los casos positivos se atribuyen a VRS, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles intermedios en comparación con temporadas previas, y en menor medida a SARS-CoV-2, que está en ascenso, con niveles de circulación intermedios en comparación con olas anteriores. Los casos de IRA (Infección Respiratoria Aguda) se mantienen en niveles extraordinarios. • En Ecuador, la actividad de IRAG y neumonía se ha mantenido en torno al umbral moderado en las últimas cuatro SE. Los casos positivos de IRAG se atribuyen principalmente a influenza, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos, y en menor medida a VRS y SARS-CoV-2, ambos en ascenso. • En Perú, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de IRAG con niveles extraordinarios, especialmente asociados a casos positivos de VRS, cuya actividad está en ascenso, y en menor medida a influenza, cuya actividad se sitúa por debajo del umbral epidémico. Asimismo, se ha registrado una creciente actividad de SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, esta se mantiene en niveles bajos. • En Venezuela, se ha observado un descenso en la actividad de influenza, situándose por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: Tras el incremento observado en semanas previas, la actividad de ETI e IRAG ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS y, en menor medida, a influenza. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en niveles epidémicos en algunos países, mientras que en otros ha descendido por debajo de este umbral, mostrando una tendencia decreciente. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS ha permanecido estable alcanzando un pico, aunque por el momento se mantiene en niveles inferiores a los niveles máximos alcanzados en temporadas previas. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. Por países: • En Argentina, la actividad de ETI, tras alcanzar niveles elevados, ha descendido a niveles epidémicos, mientras que la actividad de IRAG, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos, ha caído por debajo de este umbral. La actividad de influenza, después de alcanzar niveles elevados, ha descendido a niveles epidémicos en la última SE. Paralelamente, se ha observado un incremento en el porcentaje de positividad de VRS, alcanzando valores similares a los máximos observados en temporadas previas. • EnBrasil, la actividad de ETI e IRAG ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, con la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a VRS e influenza. • En Chile, tras el descenso observado en semanas previas se ha observado un ligero repunte en los casos de ETI e IRAG, con niveles moderados y epidémicos respectivamente. La mayoría de los casos positivos durante las últimas cuatro SE son atribuibles a VRS, cuya actividad se mantiene en ascenso, aunque con niveles de positividad por debajo de los máximos observados en temporadas anteriores. La actividad de influenza, tras alcanzar niveles extraordinarios, ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. • En Paraguay, la actividad de IRAG ha mostrado un repunte a niveles moderados, relacionado con casos positivos de VRS y, en menor medida, de SARS-CoV-2, cuya actividad está en ascenso. La actividad de ETI, tras alcanzar niveles epidémicos, ha descendido por debajo de este umbral, con la mayoría de los casos asociados a SARS-CoV-2 e influenza. • En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG, tras alcanzar niveles elevados, ha descendido a niveles moderados, donde se mantiene estable, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS y, en menor medida, a influenza. Esta última, después de alcanzar niveles moderados, ha descendido a niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de VRS ha presentado un ascenso, alcanzando niveles similares a los picos observados en temporadas anteriores.

Factors Associated With Major Lower Extremity Amputations in Diabetic Foot Infections at a County Hospital in Guatemala.

INTRODUCTION: Outcomes from diabetic foot infections (DFIs) at the major referral hospital (Hospital Nacional de San Benito) in El Petén, Guatemala have not been analyzed. We hypothesized that poor diabetic control might be associated with a high rate of major lower extremity amputations (mLEAs; above the ankle). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis at Hospital Nacional de San Benito between (8/14 and 6/23) in patients presenting with DFIs. Patients receiving mLEAs were compared with all others (AO = [trans-metatarsal amputations, toe amputations, incision and drainage, and antibiotic treatment]). Interviews surgeons were undertaken to ascertain reasons for index operation choice. Univariable and multivariable analyses were undertaken to determine factors associated with mLEAs. RESULTS: Of 110 patients with DFIs, there were 23 mLEAs (above the knee = 21, below the knee = 2). Age, duration with diabetes, and a prior ipsilateral minor amputation were associated with mLEAs. Multivariable analysis identified white blood cell count as significant for mLEA (odds ratio = 1.5 95% confidence interval [1.0 to 2.5]). Cited reasons for a high rate of above the knee amputation (AKAs) versus below the knee amputation were patient related (advanced disease, patient frailty, and poor compliance), systemic (lack of vascular equipment and knee immobilizer), and surgeon related. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of patients presented with an average of 15 years with diabetes mellitus and poor adherence to diabetic treatment (40%). Many of these diabetic patients developed a DFI requiring mLEAs (21%), most of which were AKAs (91%). Efforts to minimize the number of AKA versus below the knee amputation require immediate attention. Programs to adhere to DM control and foot care in patients with DM are urgently needed.

Dog ectoparasites as sentinels for pathogenic Rickettsia and Bartonella in rural Guatemala.

Background: Fleas and ticks serve as vectors of multiple pathogens in the genera Rickettsia and Bartonellathat cause diseases in humans and other animals. Although human rickettsiosis and bartonellosis have been reported in all countries in Central America, limited research has been conducted to investigate the natural cycles of flea- and tick-borne rickettsiosis and bartonellosis, especially in Guatemala. Methods: We evaluated dog parasites as sentinels for zoonotic disease risk in rural Guatemala by sampling ticks and fleas from dogs, which were then identified and individually screened for Rickettsia and Bartonella. Results: A total of 77 households were surveyed and 80.52% of them had dogs. Overall, 133 dogs were examined for fleas and ticks, of which 68.42% had fleas and 35.34% had ticks. A total of 433 fleas and 181 ticks were collected from the infested dogs, with an additional 33 ticks collected from house walls. Three flea species were identified: Ctenocephalides felis (70%), Echidnophaga gallinacea(11.8%), and Pulex sp. (17.8%). Among the collected ticks, 97% were Rhipicephalus sanguineus with the rest being Amyblyomma cajennense, A. auricularium, and A. ovale. Rickettsia felis were detected in six C. felis, in one Pulex sp., and in two R. sanguineus, while Candidatus R. senegalensis was detected in one C. felis. Bartonella was detected only in fleas, including three Pulexsp. infected with B. vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffii, B. henselae, and Bartonella sp., respectively, and 11 C. felis infected with B. henselae. Conclusions: This study reports Candidatus R. senegalensis and B. vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffiiin Guatemala for the first time, and indicates the potential risk of human and dog exposure to Rickettsia and Bartonella species. These results show that dogs provide critical information relevant to managing human potential exposure to flea- and tick-borne pathogens in rural Guatemala.

Predicted distribution of Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), parasite of the coffee berry borer.

Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi is an endoparasitic nematode of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei. The nematode has only been recorded across a limited geographical range in coffee-growing areas of southeastern Mexico. Because of its confined geographical distribution, the effect of altitude, temperature, and mean annual precipitation on M. hypothenemi's presence/absence in the Soconusco region of Mexico was investigated. The geographical distribution of this parasite was predicted based on current data, using geographical information systems (GIS), the MaxEnt algorithm, and historical data to improve the prediction accuracy for other Neotropical regions. In Soconusco, the presence of this parasite is directly related to annual precipitation, especially in the areas with the highest annual rainfall (4000 - 4700 mm/year). Four species distribution models were generated for the Neotropical region with environmental variables for sites with parasite presence data, predicting a range of possible distribution with a high probability of occurrence in southeastern Mexico and southwestern Guatemala and a low probability in areas of Central and South America. Characterization of the abiotic habitat conditions suitable for M. hypothenemi development allows us to predict its distribution in the Neotropics and contributes to our understanding of its ecological relationship with environmental variables.

Intrapartum and postpartum antibiotic use in seven low- and middle-income countries: Findings from the A-PLUS trial.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the intrapartum and postpartum use of non-study antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) during the double-blinded NICHD Global Network Azithromycin in Labor (A-PLUS) trial. DESIGN: The antibiotic use sub-study was a planned prospective, observational sub-study of the A-PLUS trial. SETTINGS: The study was carried out in hospitals or health centres affiliated with eight sites of the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research (Global Network) in seven countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, India (two sites), Kenya, Zambia, The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Guatemala. POPULATION: Totally, 29 278 pregnant women enrolled in the A-PLUS trial. METHODS: We collected data on 29 278 pregnant women admitted to a facility for delivery related to non-study antibiotic use overall and during three time periods: (1) in the facility prior to delivery, (2) after delivery until facility discharge and (3) after discharge to 42 days post-partum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non-study antibiotic use overall and for treatment or prophylaxis by the site during the three time periods. RESULTS: Of the 29 278 women in the study, 5020 (17.1%; 95% CI 16.7%-17.6%) received non-study antibiotics in the facility prior to delivery, 11 956 (40.8%; 95% CI 40.3%-41.4%) received non-study antibiotics in the facility after delivery, and 13 390 (47.6%; 95% CI 47.0%-48.2%) women received non-study antibiotics after delivery and after facility discharge. Antibiotics were prescribed more often among women in the Asian and Guatemalan sites than in the African sites. In the three time-periods, among those receiving antibiotics, prophylaxis was the indication in 82.3%, 97.7% and 90.7% of the cases, respectively. The type of antibiotics used varied substantially by time-period and site, but generally, penicillin-type drugs, cephalosporin-type drugs and metronidazole were used more frequently than other types. CONCLUSIONS: Across the eight sites of the Global Network, in the facility before delivery, and in the post-partum periods before and after facility discharge, antibiotics were used frequently, but use was highly variable by site and time-period.

Women's health and well-being in five birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries: Domains and their associations with early-life conditions.

Background: Women's health and well-being (WHW) have been receiving growing attention, but limited progress has been made on how to measure its different domains in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used data from five long-term birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines and South Africa to explore different domains of adult WHW, and how these domains relate to early life exposures. Methods: Based upon an a priori conceptualisation of eight postulated WHW outcomes available in the data, we grouped them as follows: human capital (intelligence quotient, schooling, height, and teenage childbearing), metabolic health (body mass index and metabolic syndrome score), and psychological (happiness and Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ) scores). Correlation analyses confirmed the variables theoretically belonging to the same dimension of WHW were statistically related. We then applied principal component analysis to each group of variables separately and used the first principal component as a summary quantitative measure of the corresponding WHW dimension. Finally, we assessed the association of each domain with a range of early-life factors: wealth, maternal education, maternal height, water, and sanitation, birthweight, length at two years and development quotient in mid-childhood. Results: The three domains were largely uncorrelated. Early determinants were positively associated with human capital, while birth order was negatively associated. Fewer associations were found for the metabolic or psychological components. Birthweight and weight at age two years were inversely associated with metabolic health. Maternal education was associated with better psychological health. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that WHW is multidimensional, with most women in the cohorts being compromised in one or more domains while few women scored highly in all three domains. Our analyses are limited by lack of data on adolescent exposures and on other relevant WHW dimensions such as safety, agency, empowerment, and violence. Further research is needed in LMICs for identifying and measuring the multiple domains of WHW.

Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with dengue fever incidence in Guatemala: Rising temperatures increase dengue risk.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness that infects 390 million people annually. Dengue outbreaks in Guatemala have been occurring more often and at increased rates since the first dengue outbreak in Guatemala in the 1970s. This study will examine environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with dengue in Guatemala at the municipality (county) level. Socioeconomic factors included population density, Mayan population, economic activity, and attending school. Environmental factors included average minimum annual temperature and annual precipitation. The relationship between environmental and socioeconomic variables and dengue fever incidence was initially evaluated through univariate zero-inflated negative binomial models, and then again through three zero-inflated multivariate negative binomial regression models. For all three models, elevation was considered a predictor of zero-inflation. In the combined model, there was a positive relationship between minimum temperature, economic activity and dengue fever incidence, and a negative relationship between population density, Mayan population and dengue fever. Predicted rates of dengue fever incidence and adjusted confidence intervals were calculated after increasing minimum yearly temperature by 1°C and 2°C. The three municipalities with the highest minimum yearly temperature (El Estor, Iztapa, and Panzós) and the municipality of Guatemala, all had an increase in the magnitude of the risk of dengue fever incidence following 1°C and 2°C increase in temperature. This research suggests that these socioeconomic and environmental factors are associated with risk of dengue in Guatemala. The predicted rates of dengue fever also highlight the potential effect that climate change in the form of increasing temperature can have on dengue in Guatemala.

Why do rural youth migrate? Evidence from Colombia and Guatemala.

Migration, from rural to urban settings is a common phenomenon in Latin America, due to social, economic, political, and other factors. Young people in search of economic and educational opportunities, financial, and social stability, have been migrating to larger urban centers, thus crafting important shifts in rural labor, generational transfer, and domestic economies. Through a systematic literature review of scientific literature, and documents from public institutions and international organizations, published between 2012 and 2022, this article addresses rural-urban migration of youth in Colombia and Guatemala's cattle sector, particularly identifying (i) driving factors, (ii) their impacts on cattle farming, and (iii) public policies implemented to counteract prejudicial effects. Results show that unemployment, lack of educational opportunities, and insecurity are the main reasons for youth migration to cities or abroad, with Mexico, the United States, and Spain being the most common destinations. Additionally, impacts on the cattle sector include shortage of labor and a perfectible generational transfer, hindering the modernization of the industry and investments in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Despite various implemented public policies, the results are partial, and the issue of accelerated youth migration remains relevant. Consequently, without more effective measures adopted by national governments, the cattle sector will lag behind its regional and international competitors, deterring the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. As the main contribution of the study, the analysis of migration is highlighted based on its effects on a specific economic sector and not focused on its causes, as evidenced in a wide range of literature.

Differences in Prevalence of Histologic Gastric Cancer Subtypes Between Mestizo and Mayan Populations in Guatemala.

PURPOSE: Although the intestinal subtype of gastric cancer (GC) is most prevalent around the world, a relatively high prevalence of the diffuse subtype has been reported in some populations of Central American countries, including Guatemala. This study aimed to investigate whether differences exist in the prevalence of the two GC subtypes in the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala, namely Mayan and Mestizo (known as Ladino in Guatemala), between whom significant socioeconomic disparities exist, and to determine whether there is an association with Helicobacter pylori/CagA seropositivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants included 65 patients with GC and 135 age-/sex-matched controls. Data on ethnicity, H. pylori and CagA seropositivity status, as well as tumor subtype (diffuse or intestinal) were collected. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the relationship between predictor variables (age, sex, ethnicity, H. pylori, and CagA) and the binary response variable (tumor type). Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: The prevalence of diffuse GC was found to be significantly higher in the Mayan compared with the Mestizo population in Guatemala. Although seropositivity for CagA was significantly higher in patients with GC, there were no significant differences between the two GC subtypes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there are differences in the prevalence of intestinal and diffuse GC histologic subtypes between the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala. Further studies are warranted, given the potential higher prevalence of the more severe GC subtype in the most vulnerable population.

Role of Non-Residential Larval Habitats in Aedes Spatiotemporal Egg Production.

Aedes mosquitoes play a pivotal role as vectors of several arboviral diseases, presenting significant public health challenges worldwide. Their invasive success in tropical regions has raised substantial medical concerns. In Guatemala, Aedes mosquitoes are widely distributed and are the primary vectors of the dengue virus. Efforts to control and monitor Aedes populations have evolved over time, incorporating strategies such as spatial repellents, larvicides, genetic modifications, and targeted interventions. Previous research has shown the heterogeneous spatial-temporal distribution of these mosquitoes within each season, influenced by temperature variations and favorable environmental conditions for breeding. This study analyzed hot-spot patterns of spatiotemporal egg density in Santa Elena de la Cruz, Petén, Guatemala, from March to September 2022. The aim was to determine whether these patterns were influenced by non-residential larval habitats with plant cover that are not treated by healthcare entities, as well as the proximity between such habitats. Our findings include the collection and registration of over 16,000 Aedes eggs during the study period. Local analyses revealed hot-spot patterns in egg densities associated with non-residential larval habitats and their proximity. These insights highlight critical focal points where targeted interventions could be implemented more effectively, resulting in cost-efficient mosquito vector control.

Classification of Student Leadership Profiles in Diverse Governance Settings: Insights from Pisa 2022.

Student leadership prepares students for responsibilities, such as taking on specific tasks and assuming leadership roles in their future personal and professional lives. Developing students' leadership profiles is among the important goals of educational systems aiming for future generations to take responsibility and advance their countries. With this perspective in mind, the PISA assessment includes items to measure students' leadership behaviors. This study aims to extract student leadership profiles from the leadership-related items in the PISA 2022 application, using data from Cambodia, Peru, Paraguay, and Guatemala, which have different governance systems and cultural characteristics. The second purpose of the research is to determine the distribution of the identified leadership profiles in these countries and explain them in the context of governance and cultural characteristics. Latent class analysis was used to determine student leadership profiles. Accordingly, two-class and three-class latent models were found to be the most suitable models to explain student profiles. While the distinction between student profiles is more pronounced in the two-class model, the three-class model provides more detailed information about student profiles. In this respect, two-class and three-class latent models are reported comparatively. In the two-class latent model, students are labeled as the "Shy or Lack of Self-Confidence Group" and the "Active Leader or Influential Group". In the three-class latent model, students are labeled as the "Moderate or Passive Leader Group", the "Strong Leader or Influential Group", and the "Avoidant or Leadership-Uncomfortable Group". In both models, it is one of the striking findings that Cambodian students are in the low leadership profile, and Peruvian students are in the high leadership profile.

First report of leaf spot caused by Paramyrothecium roridum on Coffea arabica in Hawai'i, USA.

During the 2022-2023 season, the harvested coffee crop in Hawai'i (Coffea arabica) was valued at $57.1 million (USDA NASS 2023). In September 2022, coffee leaf samples with foliar leaf spots affecting the Kona Typica variety were collected from Honaunau, Hawai'i, incidence <10%. The symptoms were circular, necrotic leaf spots with yellow margins, which merged, resulting in complete leaf blade coverage and subsequent leaf drop. Sporodochia were present on the abaxial leaf surface. Symptomatic leaf tissue was disinfected in 10% bleach solution for 60 seconds and chlorotic leaf tissue from the spot margins were excised and placed onto water agar and potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco, USA). After a 7-day incubation period, pure cultures with white aerial mycelium having sporodochia arranged in concentric rings with olivaceous to black conidial masses were isolated. The conidia were aseptate, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, measuring 5.1 to 6.8 µm long and 1.7 to 2.3 µm wide (n=50). Based on symptomology and cultural/morphological characteristics (Huaman-Pilco et al. 2023; Lombard et al. 2016; Pelayo-Sanchez et al. 2017), the isolates were initially identified as Paramyrothecium roridum (Tode) L. Lombard & Crous, comb. nov. (syn. Myrothecium roridum Tode). Fungal identification of isolate P22-81-2 was further confirmed using BLAST analysis of bulk sequenced PCR products of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990), ß-tubulin (ßtub), RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and calmodulin genes (Lombard et al., 2016; Huaman-Pilco et al., 2023). The gene sequences (GenBank accession nos. PP211198, PQ192517-19) were >98.4% identical to the P. roridum type specimen (CBS 357.89). A multilocus maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis incorporating sequence data from previous relevant studies (Lombard et al., 2016; Pinruan et al. 2022) confirmed species identification. To prove pathogenicity, four, 26-month-old Kona Typica variety seedlings were foliar inoculated with a 1 X 106 conidia/ml suspension using a perfume atomizer. An additional four plants were inoculated in a similar manner with sterile water which served as controls. All plants were sprayed to drip on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces and incubated in a clear plastic bag to keep the humidity levels between 90 to 100% for 48 hours at 24°C. After 48 hours, the plants were removed from the bags, placed on a greenhouse bench, and observed weekly for symptom development. Within seven days light brown sunken spots had developed on all inoculated plants. The spots continued to enlarge having a dark distinct margin, light tan center, chlorotic halo, and formed concentric rings, which were identical to the original diseased samples. Leaf spots were not present on any of the control plants. The test was conducted twice. A fungus was consistently reisolated from the leaf spot margins of inoculated plants and morphologically (PDA) and molecularly (ITS, ßtub, RPB2, calmodulin) identified as P. roridum, thus fulfilling Koch's Postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. roridum causing leafspots on C. arabica plants in Hawai'i. This pathogen has been reported on coffee in other parts of the world including Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and Mexico (USDA Fungus-Host Database). Under the right conditions, P. roridum has the potential to cause leafspots and defoliation resulting in economic losses for coffee growers in Hawai'i.