Minding the gap: The moderating role of education between subjective health and social life perception and Internet use time

Introduction: Internet addiction results in intense and frequent use. There is a gap in the literature in relation to the unawareness of problematic Internet use (PIU) in predicting Internet use time (IUT). Objective: To identify sociodemographic/psychological variables contributing and moderating IUT. Participants: 1,270 participants of the European Social Survey (EES), Round 8. Instruments: EES variables assessing Internet use (IU), health perception, well-being, social life, and sociodemographic variables, underlying the construct. Results: Age, education, sources of household income, social activities compared to others of the same age and subjective general health explain IU per day; and age, years of education, domicile and socially meeting with other people with whom to discuss intimate matters explain IU per week. Education was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between subjective general health and IU per week; and in the relationship between socially meeting with other people and IU per day. Discussion: Maladaptive IU, when the perception of health is worse, and adaptive IU, when the perception of social life is better, are both suggested, depending on education. Conclusions: These findings point to the need to study IUT involving educational level, keeping in mind that what may be PIU at one educational level may not be the case at another.

Introdução: O vício da Internet traduz-se numa utilização intensa e frequente. Existe uma lacuna na literatura sobre o desconhecimento dos preditores do uso problemático da Internet (PIU) do tempo de utilização da Internet (IUT). Objetivo: Identificar as variáveis sociodemográficas/psicológicas que contribuem e moderam o IUT. Participantes: 1270 participantes da European Social Survey (EES), Round 8. Instrumentos: Variáveis ESS que avaliam a utilização da Internet (IU), perceção de saúde, bem-estar, vida social e variáveis sociodemográficas, sub jacentes ao construto. Resultados: Idade, escolaridade, fontes de renda familiar, atividades sociais em comparação com outras da mesma idade e saúde geral subjetiva explicam IU por dia e idade, anos de escolaridade, domicílio, convívio social com outras pessoas e quem para discutir assuntos íntimos explicam IU por semana. A escolaridade mostrou-se um moderador significativo na relação entre saúde geral subjetiva e IU por semana; e na relação entre encontro social com outras pessoas e IU por dia. Discussão: IU desadaptativa, quando a perceção de saúde é pior, e IU adaptativa, quando a perceção de vida social é melhor, dependem da escolaridade. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem o estudo do IUT de acordo com o nível educacional, pois o que pode ser um PIU num nível educacional pode não ser noutro.

Changes in food habits and food-related satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in dual-earner families with adolescents

Introduction: Food habits have been associated with positive outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family members may share protective factors, but each member may also respond differently to the pandemic. Aim: To examine food habits in different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescents, comparing reports from late 2019 before the pandemic (T1) and mid- 2020 during the pandemic (T2) in Temuco, Chile. Method: A sample of 193 families composed of mother, father, and one adolescent aged 10 to 15 responded to a questionnaire at T1 and T2. Non-parametric tests were used to compare family food-related habits and the satisfaction with food-related life of each family member at T1 and T2. An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was conducted to explore relations between T1 and T2 variables and between family members. Results: Frequency of family meals increased during the pandemic, and mothers increased their cooking hours. All family members improved their diet quality during the pandemic. Perceived family meal atmosphere and satisfaction with food-related life did not change. T1 food habits were not associated with T2 satisfaction with food-related life. Conclusion: These families changed their food-related habits during the pandemic, but their food-related life assessment was similar before and during the pandemic.

Introducción: Las prácticas alimentarias se han asociado con mayor bienestar durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Aunque en una familia se comparten condiciones de vida, cada miembro puede responder de modo diferente a la pandemia. Objetivo: Examinar las prácticas alimentarias en parejas con doble ingreso e hijos adolescentes, comparando reportes antes de la pandemia (finales de 2019, T1) y durante la pandemia (mediados de 2020, T2) en Temuco, Chile. Método: 193 familias compuestas por madre, padre y un hijo adolescente de 10 a 15 años respondieron un cuestionario en T1 y T2. Se utilizaron pruebas no-paramétricas para comparar hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la alimentación para cada miembro de la familia en T1 y T2. Se exploraron las relaciones entre variables en T1 y T2, y entre miembros de la familia usando el modelo de interdependencia de actor-compañero. Resultados: La frecuencia de las comidas familiares y las horas que la madre dedicó diariamente a cocinar aumentaron durante la pandemia. Los tres miembros de la familia mejoraron la calidad de su dieta durante la pandemia. La atmósfera percibida de comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la alimentación no cambiaron. Los hábitos alimentarios del T1 no incidieron en la satisfacción con la alimentación en T2. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimenticios de estas familias cambiaron durante la pandemia, pero la evaluación de su vida alimentaria fue similar antes y durante la pandemia.

Escala de Percepción de Reforzamiento Medioambiental (EROS): evidencias de validez en una muestra colombiana

Introducción: El objetivo de esta investigación fue confirmar la estructura interna de la Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) y recoger evidencias de su relación con otros constructos en una muestra colombiana de 902 adultos que consintieron participar voluntariamente. Método: Se realizaron análisis psicométricos con Teoría Clásica de los Test y el modelo de Rasch. Se recolectaron evidencias de validez de la estructura interna y de la relación de las puntuaciones con otras variables. Resultados: Se obtuvieron buenos índices en los coeficientes alfa y omega de McDonald, nueve de los 10 ítems tuvieron buenos ajustes en los índices infit y outfit, y el ítem ocho presentó DIF en el nivel educativo. Se confirmó la estructura unidimensional de la EROS y fue invariante respecto al sexo y nivel educativo. Los puntajes tuvieron correlaciones de magnitud alta con sintomatología emocional y variables afines a la Activación Conductual. Conclusiones: La EROS presentó altas calidades psicométricas para su uso en población colombiana; sin embargo, se recomienda su uso solo para evaluación de tamizaje, porque los niveles de información están centrados en un área reducida a lo largo de la métrica logit.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to confirm the internal structure of the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) and to collect evidence of its relationship with other constructs in a Colombian sample of 902 adults who voluntarily consented to participate. Method: Psychometric analyses were performed using Classical Test Theory and the Rasch model. Evidence of validity based on internal structure and relations of scores with other variables was collected. Results: Good indexes were obtained in McDonald's Alpha and Omega coefficients, 9 of the 10 items had good adjustments in the Infit and Outfit indexes, and item 8 presented DIF in the educational level. The unidimensional structure of the EROS was confirmed and was invariant with respect to sex and educational level. Scores had high magnitude correlations with emotional symptomatology and variables related to Behavioral Activation. Conclusions: The EROS presented high psychometric qualities for its use in the Colombian population; however, its use is recommended only for screening assessment because the levels of information are centered in a reduced area along the Logit scaling.

Resiliencia y violencia en el noviazgo: un estudio explicativo-predictivo e instrumental con adolescentes colombianos

Introducción: los estudios sobre resiliencia y violencia psicológica en parejas adolescentes en Colombia son escasos, pues se ha explorado con mayor frecuencia la violencia en parejas adultas; además, la disposición de óptimos instrumentos de medida de la violencia psicológica en el cortejo adolescente es limitada. Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la resiliencia en la violencia psicológica en parejas adolescentes; para ello, inicialmente se validó el Cuestionario de Violencia Psicológica en el Cortejo (PDV-Q). Método: el estudio es explicativo-predictivo y de tipo instrumental. La muestra incidental estuvo conformada por 700 adolescentes colombianos, con edades entre 15 a 20 años (M = 18.40; DT = 1.56; 29.3 % hombres). Se reconoció la confiabilidad, la validez de contenido y de constructo con análisis factoriales; posteriormente, se analizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Resultados: se reconocieron evidencias adecuadas de validez y valores óptimos de confiabilidad del PDV-Q. El modelo SEM sugiere influencias inversas de la competencia personal sobre el rol de agresión y victimización; así como una influencia directa de la aceptación de uno mismo y la vida sobre la victimización. Conclusiones: los bajos niveles de aceptación de sí mismo y de la vida podrían ser un factor de riesgo de victimización; mientras que un alto desarrollo de competencias personales sería un factor de protección ante la victimización y la agresión en el cortejo adolescente. El PDV-Q posee óptimas propiedades psicométricas y es adecuado para medir la violencia psicológica en parejas de adolescentes colombianos.

Introduction: Studies on resilience and psychological violence in adolescent couples in Colombia are scarce, since violence in adult couples has been explored more frequently; in addition, the availability of optimal instruments for measuring psychological violence in adolescent courtship is limited. Objectives: Analyze the influence of resilience on psychological violence in adolescent couples; for this, the Psychological Violence Questionnaire in Partners (PVD-Q) was initially validated. Method: The study is explanatory-predictive and instrumental. The incidental sample consisted of 700 Colombian adolescents, aged 15 to 20 years (M = 18.40; SD = 1.56; 29.3 % men). Reliability, content and construct validity were recognized with factor analysis; Subsequently, structural equation models (SEM) were analyzed. Results: Adequate evidence of validity and optimal reliability values of the PVD-Q were recognized. The SEM model suggests inverse influences of personal competence on the role of aggression and victimization; as well as a direct influence of the acceptance of oneself and life on victimization. Conclusions: Low levels of acceptance of oneself and of life could be a risk factor for victimization; while a high development of personal skills would be a protective factor against victimization and aggression in adolescent courtship. The PVD-Q has optimal psychometric properties and is suitable for measuring psychological violence in couples of Colombian adolescents.

An application of cognitive diagnostic models in the evaluation of reading comprehension in Chilean university students

Introduction: Reading Comprehension skills are fundamental to the academic performance of university students. These abilities are not innate; therefore, systematic training is required before entering university. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reading comprehension skills of Chilean University Students. Method: A sample of 579 students participated in the study, responding to four texts that comprise the Reading Comprehension Strategies for University Students (ELCU). An automated platform was used to apply and correct the test with immediate results and feedback. The tool allowed the use of a broad and representative sample of the various regions of Chile. The ELCU was developed using a cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA) considering cognitive, metacognitive and linguistic strategies. The ana-lyses were performed using two different approaches: The Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) and the deterministic inputs, noisy "and" gate (DINA) model. Results: The rejection of the LLTM implies that the strategies do not differ in cognitive complexity (difficulty) while the adequate goodness of fit to the DINA model allows to characterise the students according to their reading abilities. Conclusion: The ELCU test provides reliable and valid information on the reading comprehension ability and metacognitive awareness of university students.

Introducción: Las habilidades de comprensión lectora son fundamentales para el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Estas habilidades no son innatas; por tanto, se requiere una formación sistemática antes de ingresar a la universidad. El objetivo principal de este artículo fue evaluar las habilidades de comprensión lectora de estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Método: En el estudio participó una muestra de 579 estudiantes que respondieron cuatro textos que componen las Estrategias de Comprensión Lectora para Estudiantes Universitarios (ELCU). Se utilizó una plataforma automatizada para aplicar y corregir la prueba con resultados y retroalimentación inmediatos. La herramienta permitió utilizar una muestra amplia y representativa de las distintas regiones de Chile. ELCU fue desarrollado mediante evaluación diagnóstica cognitiva (CDA) considerando estrategias cognitivas, metacognitivas y lingüísticas. Los análisis se realizaron mediante dos aproximaciones diferentes: The Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) y the Deterministic Inputs, Noisy "and" Gate (DINA) model. Resultados: El rechazo al modelo LLTM implica que las estrategias no difieren en complejidad cognitiva mientras que la adecuada bondad de ajuste al modelo DINA permiten caracterizar a los estudiantes según sus habilidades lectoras. Conclusión: La prueba ELCU permite obtener información confiable y válida sobre la capacidad de comprensión lectora y la conciencia metacognitiva de los estudiantes universitarios.

Medo da covid-19 e sofrimento psicológico: o efeito mediador da "infoxicação" durante a pandemia

Durante a pandemia, o medo da covid-19 afetou a vida das pessoas, principalmente associado à infoxicação, que corresponde ao consumo excessivo de conteúdos que comprometem a capacidade de absorção e de filtragem quanto à relevância e à veracidade deles. A presente pesquisa objetivou verificar o papel mediador da infoxicação na relação entre medo da covid-19 e as sintomatologias de ansiedade, estresse e depressão. Contou-se com 424 pessoas da população geral (M = 25.48, variando de 18 até 75 anos; DP = 8.63), em maioria mulheres (56.1%) de diferentes estados brasileiros, que responderam a EPININ, FCV-19S, DASS-21 e questões demográficas. Correlações, seguidas de regressões e modelos de mediação demonstraram a contribuição do medo da covid-19 e da infoxicação nos sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e estresse. Discute-se como níveis elevados de medo, quando mediados pela busca exacerbada por informações, tendem a prejudicar a saúde mental durante a pandemia. Contudo, o acesso excessivo aos meios digitais foi associado ao aumento do sofrimento psicológico. O dado obtido é resultante da infoxicação, pois esta atuou como mediador do adoecimento mental no período pandêmico.

Abstract: During the pandemic, the fear of COVID-19 affected people's lives, mainly associated with infoxication, which corresponds to the excessive consumption of content that compromises absorption and filtering capacity for relevance and veracity. This research aimed to verify the mediating role of infoxication in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression. It counted with 424 people from the general population (M = 25.48, ranging from 18 up to 75 years; SD = 8.63), mostly women (56.1%) from different Brazilian states, who responded to EPININ, FCV-19S, DASS-21 and demographic questions. Correlations, followed by regressions and mediation models demonstrated the contribution of the fear of COVID-19 and infoxication in the symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress. It is discussed how high levels of fear, when mediated by the exacerbated search for information, tend to harm mental health during the pandemic. However, excessive access to digital media was associated with increased psychological distress. The data obtained is the result of infoxication, as it acted as a mediator of mental illness in the pandemic period.

Fear of Covid-19, anxiety, and depression during the pandemic: A network analysis

Introduction: Covid-19 has generated several psychological impacts on people's lives and brought new challenges for dealing with the pandemic's repercussions. Objective: The objective was to analyse the relationship between the symptoms of fear of Covid-19, anxiety, and depression using different samples extracted at three distinct time-points. This study performed a network analysis of the fear of Covid-19 and anxiety- and depression -related symptoms based on data collected during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Three yearly cross-sectional surveys were conducted based on independent samples (2020-2022) of Brazilian adults (Time-point 1, Time-point 2, and Time-point 3 with 1,520, 1,523, and 1,517 participants, respectively). The Fear of Covid-19 Scale, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (7 items), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (9 items) were applied. The network structure invariance, the global strength invariance, and the strength of centrality index between the samples were compared. Results: Items from the three instruments had high values (>70%) in all samples (excluding the fear of Covid-19 at Time-point 3). Depression and anxiety symptoms increased, while fear-related behaviours decreased. Network analysis indicates that networks became progressively more parsimonious, and few edges connected different scales. Network comparisons revealed similar structures, but key differences were found: Time-point 1 showed significantly higher global connectivity, and changes in edge weights were observed only within the scales. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the pandemic had a greater disorganising impact at its beginning, with a continuous increase in the mental health symptomatology and a reduction in the ratio between fear and anxiety and/or depression.

Introducción: El COVID-19 generó varios impactos psicológicos en la vida de las personas imponiendo nuevos desafíos para confrontar la pandemia. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los síntomas de miedo al COVID-19, ansiedad y depresión utilizando diferentes muestras extraídas durante tres períodos de tiempo distintos. Fueron analizadas redes del miedo y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión usando datos recolectados durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Tres encuestas transversales anuales basadas en muestras independientes (2020-2022) de adultos brasileños (punto temporal 1, punto temporal 2 y punto temporal 3 con 1520, 1523 y 1517 participantes, respectivamente). Se aplicaron la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19, la Escala de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (7 ítems) y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (9 ítems). Se compararon la invariancia de la estructura de la red, la invariancia de la fuerza global y la fuerza del índice de centralidad entre los tres puntos temporales. Resultados: Los ítems de los tres instrumentos tuvieron valores altos (> 70 %) en todos los puntos temporales (excluyendo el miedo al COVID-19 en el punto temporal 3). A lo largo de los tres puntos temporales, los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad aumentaron, mientras que el miedo disminuyó. Las redes se volvieron progresivamente más parsimoniosas y pocas aristas conectaron diferentes escalas, con estructuras similares. Conclusiones: La pandemia tuvo un mayor impacto desorganizador en su inicio, con un aumento continuo de la sintomatología de salud mental y una disminución de la relación entre miedo y ansiedad o depresión.

30 años de investigación en maltrato infantil: un análisis bibliométrico (1991-2020)

Introducción: el maltrato infantil es un problema global que afecta el desarrollo de los niños y las niñas, pudiendo tener consecuencias a lo largo de su vida. A pesar de la necesidad de investigar para erradicar este fenómeno, no se ha realizado una aproximación bibliométrica de sus avances recientes. Método: este estudio examinó 16 708 artículos sobre maltrato infantil indexados en la Web of Science entre 1991 y 2020 para establecer las tendencias de investigación. Resultados: el maltrato infantil es un campo activo, influenciado principalmente por Estados Unidos, Canadá y Reino Unido, y revistas de la categoría estudios de la familia, especialmente Child Abuse & Neglect. Los artículos más relevantes abordan el tema como parte de las Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia o se centran en su evaluación. Considerando los artículos más relevantes, los temas más estudiados (sujetos, investigación, maltrato y tipos de maltrato, familia y parentalidad, y trastornos) y los principales focos (maltrato, investigación, sexo, reportes y abuso sexual), es posible que el área se esté reestructurando desde la perspectiva del ecobiodesarrollo, con énfasis en el tratamiento y la prevención. Se discuten sus implicaciones teóricas y prácticas. Conclusiones: este estudio actualiza las tendencias de investigación en el campo del maltrato infantil, proporcionando un panorama comprensivo que sugiere una evolución hacia la integración de múltiples disciplinas y enfoques. Los resultados destacan la importancia de seguir investigando este problema global, así como la necesidad de evaluar las intervenciones existentes para reducir su impacto en el desarrollo de los niños y las niñas.

Introduction: Child abuse is a global problem that affects children's development and can have consequences throughout their lives. Despite the need to research to eradicate this phenomenon, there has not been a bibliometric approach to its recent advances. Method: This study examined 16,708 articles on child abuse indexed in the Web of Science between 1991 and 2020 to establish research trends. Results: Child maltreatment is an active field, mainly influenced by the USA, Canada and the UK, and journals in the family studies category, especially Child Abuse & Neglect. The most relevant articles address the topic as part of Adverse Childhood Experiences or focus on its assessment. Considering the most relevant articles, the most studied topics (subjects, research, maltreatment and types of maltreatment, family and parenting, and disorders) and the main foci (maltreatment, research, sex, reporting, and sexual abuse), it is possible that the area is being restructured under the ecobiodevelopmental perspective, with emphasis on treatment and prevention. Its theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Conclusions: This study updates research trends in the field of child maltreatment, providing a comprehensive overview that suggests an evolution toward the integration of multiple disciplines and approaches. The results highlight the importance of further research on this global problem, as well as the need to evaluate existing interventions to reduce its impact on children's development.

Mexican Validation of the MOS Questionnaire on Perceived Social Support in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a very negative impact on people's overall mental health and psychosocial well-being, but the study of available social support to cope with such an adverse situation has received hardly any attention. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the MOS Perceived Social Support Questionnaire among the Mexican population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Non-experimental cross-sectional study. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study were applied in a non-probabilistic sample. A total of 898 people from different regions in Mexico, 258 males and 640 females, participated in the study in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The analysis yielded a bi-factor model with two factors, Emotional/informational support and Tangible support, with satisfactory goodness of fit indices. Reliability was adequate with a high hierarchical omega coefficient, as well as in the factors. Likewise, the H coefficient was adequate in the general factor and its dimensions. Conclusions: Results showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measure of perceived social support among the Mexican population.

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto muy negativo en la salud mental y el bienestar psicosocial general de las personas, pero el estudio del apoyo social disponible para hacer frente a una situación tan adversa como esta ha recibido muy poca atención. Objetivo: Examinar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario MOS de Apoyo Social Percibido en población mexicana en contexto de pandemia por COVID-19. Método: Diseño no experimental transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Medical Outcomes Study en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia. Participaron 898 personas de diferentes regiones de México, 258 hombres y 640 mujeres, durante el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Resultados: El análisis arrojó un modelo Bi-factor de dos factores Apoyo emocional/ informacional y Apoyo tangible, con índices de bondad que se ajustaron a los datos. La fiabilidad fue adecuada con un coeficiente de omega jerárquico alto, así como en los factores. Asimismo, el coeficiente H fue adecuado en el factor general y sus dimensiones. Conclusiones: La escala presenta validez y confiabilidad para medir el apoyo social percibido en población mexicana.

The Infidelity Scale: Psychometric properties and gender invariance among Portuguese adults

Introduction: Infidelity is a breach of trust or a crossing of the boundaries of the primary relationship and it influences intimate relationships. It can be categorised as either sexual or emotional infidelity. In Portugal, there have been few studies on this subject using suitable instruments. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the factor structure, psychometric properties, and gender invariance of the Infidelity Scale (IS) in Portuguese adults. Method: The sample comprised 660 Portuguese adults (455 women and 205 men) between 18 and 79 years of age who had been unfaithful in their relationships. Results: The confirmatory analysis showed a structure with two factors (sexual and emotional infidelity), and good values for convergent and discriminant validity were found. The results displayed a satisfactory model fit and the non-invariance of the factor structure between women and men. Conclusion: This is the first Portuguese version of the IS, an instrument for the study of intimate relationships which contributes to the development of multicultural research.

Introducción: La infidelidad es una ruptura de la confianza que influye en las relaciones íntimas. Se puede dividir en infidelidad sexual o emocional. En Portugal, hay pocos estudios sobre este tema con medidas adecuadas. Objetivo: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la estructura factorial, las propiedades psicométricas y la invariancia de género de la Escala de Infidelidad (IS) entre adultos portugueses. Método: Se aplicó el protocolo de investigación a 660 adultos portugueses (455 mujeres y 205 hombres) de entre 18 y 79 años que fueron infieles en sus relaciones. Resultados: El análisis confirmatorio mostró una estructura con dos factores (infidelidad física y emocional), y se encontraron buenos valores de validez convergente y discriminante. Los resultados mostraron un ajuste satisfactorio del modelo y la no invariabilidad de la estructura factorial entre mujeres y hombres. Conclusión: Esta es la primera versión en portugués de la IS, como medida que permite estudiar las relaciones íntimas, contribuyendo para el desarrollo de la investigación multicultural.

The Big Five Inventory-2: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Latent Profiles in a Mexican Sample

Introduction: The Big-Five Inventory-2 is a recently developed instrument for the measurement of personality factors and facets, with good psychometric properties cross-culturally. We examined the validity of this test, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency in a Mexican sample. We also aimed to extract latent profiles in order to identify subgroups of individuals based on personality traits. Method: We recruited a two-wave non-probabilistic sample by way of chain referral through social networks. The BFI-2 (60-items version) was administered in the first wave, and the BFI-2-XS (15-items version) in the second wave. The Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form was also administered. The baseline sample included 2,025 participants and the follow-up included 610. Results: Factor models of the BFI-2 and the BFI-2-XS evidenced satisfactory goodness-of-fit, reliability and nomological validity with demographics (e.g., higher negative emotionality in women) and with quality of life. We extracted five latent profiles from the BFI-2; those characterised by High Agreeableness/Low Open-mindedness, High Stability/Low Plasticity, and Average Stability/Plasticity, showed better quality of life. Conclusion: We recommend the use of facets, aiming to reduce measurement error. Further studies with more demographically balanced samples should be performed in order to test the replication of the latent profiles.

Introducción: El Big-Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) es un instrumento para la medición de factores y facetas de la personalidad desarrollado recientemente y reportado con buenas propiedades psicométricas transculturalmente. Evaluamos la validez de esta prueba, la confiabilidad test-retest y la consistencia interna en una muestra mexicana. Además, obtuvimos perfiles latentes para identificar subgrupos de individuos en función de los rasgos de personalidad. Método: Reclutamos una muestra no probabilística de dos olas mediante muestreo por cadena por medio de redes sociales. El BFI-2 (versión de 60 ítems) se administró en la primera ola y el BFI-2-XS (versión de 15 ítems) en la segunda ola. Al mismo tiempo, aplicamos el cuestionario Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction-Short Form. La muestra inicial incluyó 2025 participantes y el seguimiento 610. Resultados: Los modelos factoriales del BFI-2 y el BFI-2-XS demostraron bondad de ajuste, confiabilidad y validez nomológica satisfactorias en relación con la demografía (e.g., mayor emocionalidad negativa en mujeres) y con la calidad de vida. Obtuvimos cinco perfiles latentes del BFI-2; aquellos caracterizados por alta amabilidad/baja apertura de mente, alta estabilidad/baja plasticidad y moderada estabilidad/plasticidad, mostraron mejor calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Recomendamos el uso de facetas, con el objetivo de reducir el error de medición. Se deben realizar más estudios con muestras más equilibradas demográficamente para probar la replicación de los perfiles latentes.

Memoria de trabajo y planificación como predictores de las competencias matemáticas tempranas

Introducción: La relación entre funciones ejecutivas y habilidades matemáticas ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Sin embargo, no existe consenso respecto de la contribución específica de la memoria de trabajo y la planificación en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas tempranas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad predictiva de estos dos dominios ejecutivos sobre las competencias matemáticas de preescolares. Método: Se implementó un diseño no experimental ex post facto, con una muestra de 104 niños/as chilenos/as. La evaluación de sus funciones ejecutivas se realizó con la tarea "inversión de números" de la Batería IV Woodcock-Muñoz para evaluar la memoria de trabajo verbal, la subprueba "Torpo, el topo torpe" del Test de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (TENI) para evaluar la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y el Test de Laberintos de Porteus para evaluar la planificación. Con el fin de evaluar las habilidades matemáticas se utilizó el Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utrecht (TEMT-U), versión chilena. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, correlaciones y modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: La memoria de trabajo verbal seguida por la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y la planificación fueron los mejores predictores de las competencias matemáticas de los/as niños/as. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que estas funciones ejecutivas desempeñan un papel clave en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas y aportan información específica a las/os educadoras/es para que puedan planificar sus estrategias de enseñanza en función de las demandas cognitivas que requiere cada habilidad matemática, lo que puede ser una vía potencial para promover mejores logros de aprendizaje en esta importante disciplina.

Introduction: The relationship between executive functions and mathematical skills has been extensively studied. However, there is no consensus regarding the specific contribution of working memory and planning in the development of early mathematical skills. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive capacity of these two executive domains on preschoolers' mathematical skills. Method: A non-experimental ex post facto design was implemented with a sample of 104 Chilean children. The evaluation of their executive functions was performed with the "number inversion" task of the Woodcock-Muñoz IV Battery to assess verbal working memory, the "Clumsy Mole the Clumsy Mole" subtest of the TENI Child Neuropsychological Evaluation Test to assess visuospatial working memory, and the Porteus Maze Test to assess planning. To assess mathematical skills, the Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utretch TEMT-U, Chilean version, was used. Descriptive analyses, correlations and multiple regression models were performed. Results: Verbal working memory followed by visuospatial working memory and planning were the best predictors of children's mathematical skills. Conclusions: These results suggest that these executive functions play a key role in mathematics learning and provide specific information to educators so that they can plan their teaching strategies according to the cognitive demands required by each mathematical skill, which may be a potential way to promote better learning achievements in this important discipline.

Adaptación transcultural del Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ) para jóvenes mexicanos

Introducción: La violencia digital en las relaciones de pareja es un problema de salud pública que requiere de evaluaciones válidas y confiables. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue adaptar transculturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ) para jóvenes mexicanos. Método: Participaron 1158 jóvenes de 18 a 24 años, 62.9 % fueron mujeres. En la fase de verificación de la equivalencia lingüística, se adecuaron cuatro palabras de la versión original en castellano. Resultados: Se encontraron índices de ajuste aceptables en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, además se encontró validez convergente y discriminante de los factores, excepto entre los factores de victimización y perpetración de Agresión Directa. Se encontró evidencia de validez divergente con la calidad de vida y convergente con comportamientos de riesgo. La fiabilidad total fue superior a .87. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que el CDAQ puede ser un cuestionario útil para evaluar el abuso digital en las relaciones de pareja en jóvenes mexicanos.

Introduction: Cyber dating abuse is a public health problem that requires valid and reliable evaluations. The objective of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ) for Mexican youth. Method: 1158 young students from 18 to 24 years old participated, 62.9 % were women. In the verification of the linguistic equivalence phase, four words from the original version in Spanish were adapted. Results: Acceptable fit indices were found in the confirmatory factor analysis, in addition, convergent and discriminant validity of the factors was found, except between the factors of victimization and perpetration of Direct Aggression. Evidence of divergent validity was found with quality of life and convergence with risk behaviors. Total reliability was greater than .87. Conclusions: The findings suggest that CDAQ could be a useful questionnaire to assess cyber dating abuse among young Mexicans.

Estimación de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento de medición de adicción al sexo (MAS)

Introducción: El instrumento MAS, una prueba para evaluar adicción al sexo, ha presentado inconvenientes en el nivel factorial. Por esto, esta investigación buscó estimar las propiedades psicométricas de dicho instrumento, en población colombiana. Método: Inicialmente, se realizó un juicio de expertos para establecer la validez de contenido, a través de la V de Aiken; luego se aplicó el MAS y la escala de inhibición/excitación sexual (SIS/ SES) a 337 participantes, por medio de un formulario web (Google forms), de los cuales 312 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (221 mujeres y 91 hombres) con edades en el rango 18-65 años (x_ = 28.49, DE = 9.77). Mediante SPSS, se calculó el alfa de Cronbach, la correlación de Pearson y se hizo un análisis factorial con rotación Varimax. Resultados: Los análisis reflejaron una buena confiabilidad, una correlación ajustada a lo esperado, en relación con la prueba SIS/SES y el análisis factorial arrojó seis factores que presentan diferencias en comparación con la prueba planteada inicialmente. Conclusión: La prueba MAS presenta un adecuado nivel de confiabilidad, pero no cuenta con una validez de constructo adecuada.

Introduction: The MAS instrument, a test to assess sex addiction, has presented drawbacks at the factorial level. For this reason, this research sought to estimate the psychometric properties of the sex addiction measurement instrument (MAS) in Colombian population. Method: Initially, an expert judgment was carried out to establish the validity of content through Aiken's V, then the MAS and the sexual inhibition/arousal scale (SIS/SES) were applied to 337 participants through a form web (Google forms) of which 312 met the inclusion criteria (221 women and 91 men) aged between 18 and 65 years (x_ = 28.49, SD = 9.77). Using SPSS, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's correlation, and a factorial analysis with Varimax rotation were calculated. Results: The analyzes showed a good reliability, a correlation adjusted to what was expected in relation to the SIS/SES test and the factorial analysis showed six factors that present differences in comparison with the initially proposed test. Conclusion: The sex addiction measurement test (MAS) has an adequate level of reliability, but does not have adequate construct validity.

Valoración de prácticas sociales que hacen uso de especies animales no humanas

Introducción: Los científicos han explorado las capacidades intelectuales de los animales, su importancia para la salud física y emocional de los humanos, su uso como sujetos en la investigación biomédica y psicológica, pero se ha prestado poca atención a las valoraciones que hacen las personas del común sobre estas prácticas sociales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los resultados sobre las valoraciones de prácticas de divertimiento, producción industrial, investigación biológica y psicológica, que involucran animales, a partir de las dimensiones: ética, legal, las capacidades intelectuales, los beneficios para la salud física y emocional de las personas y la preocupación por su bienestar. Método: Se construyó un instrumento online a partir una frase mapa compuesto por 28 ítems, que exploran la evaluación de 255 personas, hombres y mujeres sobre estas prácticas, bajo la condición de tener o no mascota. Las respuestas se analizaron mediante un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. Resultados: Queda en evidencia la preocupación de las personas por las condiciones en que se usan los animales, en particular, de quienes tienen o han tenido mascota. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos se discuten a partir del soporte de las facetas incluidas en la frase mapa y la propuesta para nuevos estudios sobre prácticas sociales que involucre animales en la población general.

Introduction: Scientifics have explored the intellectual capacities of animals, their importance for the physical and emotional health of humans, its use as subjects for biomedical and psychological research. However, little attention has been involved to studying how lay people think about these types of social practices. The objective of this research was to present the results of the evaluations of social practices involving animals in entertainment, industrial production, biological and psychological research. The practices were evaluated on the following dimensions: ethics, legal, intellectual capacities, benefits for the physical and emotional health of people; and concern for their well-being. Method: An instrument based on a mapping sentence and composed of 28 items was responded online by 255 people, men and women with the condition of having a pet or not. Item responses were analyzed using multidimensional scaling analysis. Results: It is evident people's concern for the conditions in which the animals are used particularly in people that have or has have pets. Conclusions: The findings are discussed on the evidence that support the mapping sentence, and on the proposal for new studies on social practices involving lay people.

Evidencias complementarias de validez de la Escala Grit-S y adaptación de la Escala para medir la agencia y el empoderamiento en Colombia

Introducción: el constructo grit predice el desempeño en distintos dominios; aunque con resultados variables en la estructura de las pruebas. El objetivo de la investigación es aportar evidencias de validez de la Grit-S, a través de la confirmación de la estructura y la convergencia con la Escala para Medir Agencia Personal y Empoderamiento. Método: en primer lugar, estudiantes universitarios (n = 313) de modalidad virtual respondieron la prueba Grit-S y se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio de la prueba. A continuación, se evaluó la convergencia con la Escala para Medir Agencia Personal y Empoderamiento. Resultados: Los hallazgos sugieren mantener la estructura bifactorial de Grit-S. Por otra parte, se adaptó la escala de agencia y empoderamiento a través de un análisis factorial exploratorio, con una estructura de cuatro factores que explican el 44.6 % de la varianza. A su vez, la correlación de las subdimensiones de Grit-S y la escala de agencia y empoderamiento son positivas. Conclusiones: La prueba Grit-S es válida y sensible a dimensiones de funcionamiento individual, por la convergencia con las subdime0nsiones de agencia y la baja relación con el empoderamiento social.

Introduction: Grit is a construct that can predict performance in different domains. This research aims to provide evidence about the validity of the Grit-S Scale through a factorial structure confirmatory analysis and a convergence study with the Scale to Measure Personal Agency and Empowerment. Method: Firstly, university students from virtual learning programs (n = 313) answered the Grit-S Scale, and a confirmatory analysis was performed. Afterwards, the Scale to measure personal agency and empowerment was used to evaluate the convergence validity of the Grit-S Scale. Results: Findings confirm that the Grit-S scale has a bifactorial structure. On the other hand, the ESAGE Scale was adapted using an Exploratory Factorial Analysis, with four factors that explain 44.6% of the variance. Correlations between Grit-S subdimensions and the ESAGE Scale are positive and statistically significant. Conclusions: The Grit-S scale accurately measures Grit. Besides, it is possible to confirm the relationship between Grit and personality traits considering its convergence with the agency dimension in the Scale to measure personal agency and the low relationship with the social empowerment dimension.

O efeito do tipo de mulher na categorização social inicial e na atribuição de características estereotípicas / The Effect of Woman's Type on Initial Social Categorization and the Attribution of Stereotypical Characteristics

Resumo Introdução: Os estereótipos de género dizem respeito a crenças partilhadas sobre os atributos físicos, psicológicos e comportamentais de homens e mulheres. De acordo com a literatura, observa-se alguma variabilidade nos estereótipos para a categoria mulher, em função de serem associadas a uma de três subcategorias: mulher tradicional, mulher independente e mulher sexy. Este estudo pretendeu observar os estereótipos predominantes e diferenciadores de cada tipo de mulher e a formação de impressões numa amostra portuguesa. Método: Os participantes (N = 78), distribuídos em 6 condições de acordo com o design experimental 3 (tipo de mulher: tradicional, independente vs. sexy) x 2 (sexo do participante: homem vs. mulher), deveriam, com base numa descrição prévia, indicar a área profissional, aparência física e modo de vestir da mulher alvo e formar uma impressão em termos dos atributos calorosa e competente. Resultados: Os resultados indicam maiores avaliações de calor para a mulher tradicional, pouca variabilidade nas avaliações de competência e as respostas obtidas através da análise semântica conferem diferentes imagens para os três subgrupos de mulher. Conclusões: Os resultados confirmam parcialmente as hipóteses e são discutidos com base nas implicações para a literatura dos estereótipos de género.

Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotypes are beliefs about the physical, psychological, and behavioral attributes of men and women. According to the literature, there is some variability in stereotypes for the woman category, as they are associated with one of three subcategories: traditional woman, independent woman, and sexy woman. This study aimed to observe the predominant and differentiating stereotypes of each type of woman and the formation of impressions in a Portuguese sample. Method: Participants (N = 78), distributed in 6 conditions according to the experimental design 3 (woman type: traditional, independent vs. sexy) x 2 (participant's gender: male vs. female), should base on a previous description indicate the professional field, physical appearance and dress of the target woman and form an impression in terms of warm and competent attributes. Results: The results indicate higher warmth ratings for traditional women, little variability in competency ratings, and the responses obtained through semantic analysis provide different images for the three subgroups of women. Conclusions: The results partially confirm the hypotheses and are discussed based on the implications for the gender stereotypes` literature.

Posición social y obesidad en población chilena: mediadores y moderadores psicológicos / Social position and obesity in Chilean population: Psychological mediators and moderators

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad es un problema de salud mundial que ha sido vinculada con la posición social de las personas. Si bien la evidencia que relaciona estas variables es clara, se ha puesto menos atención a los mecanismos por medio de los cuales estas variables pueden asociarse. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la posición social se relacionaba directamente con obesidad abdominal e indirectamente vía percepción de discriminación, afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta, y el rol moderador del apoyo social. Método: 420 funcionarios de una universidad chilena. Se midió el perímetro de cintura como proxy de obesidad, se utilizaron instrumentos de autorreporte para variables psicológicas y conductuales. Resultados: análisis de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que la posición social no se asoció directamente con obesidad abdominal, pero sí a través de una secuencia de mediación que incluyó la percepción de discriminación, afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta. El apoyo social no moderó estas relaciones. Conclusión: se identifican mecanismos que median el nexo entre posición social y obesidad abdominal. Se destaca la relevancia de considerar variables psicológicas y conductuales subyacentes en esta relación.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is a health problem worldwide that has been linked to social position. Although the evidence linking these variables is sound, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms by which these variables can be associated. We sought to determine whether social position is directly related to abdominal obesity and indirectly via perceived discrimination, negative affectivity and diet quality, and the moderating role of social support. Method: Four hundred and twenty participants from a Chilean University were selected. Obesity was measured through waist circumference and self-reported measures were used to asses psychological and behavioral variables. Results: Structural equation modeling allowed us to estimate that social position was not directly related to abdominal obesity, but indirectly via a sequenced mechanism that included perceived discrimination, negative affectivity and diet quality. Social support did not moderate these associations. Conclusion: We identified underlying mechanisms that mediate the association between social position and abdominal obesity. We highlight the relevance that psychological and behavioral variables has in obesity.

Silent speech of vowels in persons of different cognitive styles / Habla silenciosa de las vocales en personas de diferente estilo cognitivo

Abstract Introduction: This research measures the differences in silent speech of the vowels / a / - / u / in Spanish, in students with different cognitive styles in the Field Dependence - Independence (FDI) dimension. Method: Fifty-one (51) adults participated in the study. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were taken from 14 electrodes placed on the scalp in the language region located in the left hemisphere. Previously, the embedded figures test (EFT) was applied in order to classify them into dependent, intermediate and field independent persons. To analyse the EEG data, the signals were decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and a mixed repeated measures analysis was performed. Results: It was found that the Power Spectral Density (PSD) in the vowels is independent of the cognitive style and its magnitude depends on the position of the electrodes. Conclusions: The results suggest that there are no significant differences in PSDs in the silent speech of vowels /a/-/u/ in persons of different cognitive styles. Significant differences were found in the PSDs according to the position of the 14 electrodes used. In our configuration, the silent speech of vowels can be studied using electrodes placed in premotor, motor and Wernicke areas.

Resumen Introducción: La investigación mide las diferencias en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en español, en estudiantes de diferente estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia - Independencia de campo (DIC). Método: En el estudio participaron 51 adultos. Se tomaron señales electroencefalográficas (EEG), a partir de 14 electrodos dispuestos sobre el cuero cabelludo de la región del lenguaje ubicada en el hemisferio izquierdo. Previamente les fue aplicado el test de figuras enmascaradas EFT con el fin de clasificarlos en personas dependientes, intermedios e independientes de campo. Para analizar los datos del EEG se descompusieron las señales en funciones de modo intrínseco (IMF) y se realizó un análisis mixto de medidas repetidas. Resultados: Se halló que la densidad espectral de potencia (PSD) en las vocales es independiente del estilo cognitivo y su magnitud depende de la posición de los electrodos. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que no existen diferencias significativas en los PSD en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en las personas de diferente estilo cognitivo. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en los PSD de acuerdo con la posición de los 14 electrodos utilizados. En nuestra configuración, el habla silenciosa de las vocales puede ser estudiada mediante electrodos situados en las áreas premotora, motora y de Wernicke.

Psychological aspects of soccer and futsal players: A systematic review / Aspectos psicológicos em jogadores de futebol e futsal: Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Introduction: The present systematic review aimed to compile the information available in the literature having to do with sport psychology regarding futsal and soccer players, in order to identify which psychological constructs are being investigated in these athletes and by means of which instruments and analysis techniques. Method: The search was carried out in the APA (PsycINFO), EBSCO (SportDiscus), PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, BVS and EMBASE databases, with the following descriptors: psychological construct; psychological factor; psychological variable; psychological phenomenon; soccer; futsal and athlete, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Results: Initially, 66 studies met the established eligibility criteria. Of these, 46 studies were conducted with soccer players, 19 with futsal players and one with athletes who participate in both sports. The psychological constructs most studied in the soccer modality were anxiety, stress, motivation, coping, motivational climate, depression, self-efficacy and group cohesion. With regard to the futsal modality, the most studied psychological constructs were group cohesion, perfectionism, motivation, athlete satisfaction, leadership style, perceived parenting styles and burnout. Conclusions: Group cohesion was associated with several other psychological aspects of an individual nature, with cohesion being the construct of both modalities which is of the greatest interest to researchers possibly because it is a collective modality. It can be established that important psychological factors have not been studied in soccer and futsal modalities, especially among female athletes. Therefore, it is recommended that the research carried out with male athletes be extended to include female populations.

Resumo Introdução: O presente estudo de revisão sistemática procurou compilar informações disponibilizadas na literatura quanto aos estudos da psicologia do esporte em jogadores de futsal e futebol, com a finalidade de identificar quais construtos psicológicos estão sendo estudados nesse público e por quais instrumentos e técnicas de análise. Método: A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados APA (PsycINFO), EBSCO (SportDiscus), PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, BVS e EMBASE, com os seguintes descritores: construto psicológico; fator psicológico; variável psicológica; fenômeno psicológico; futebol; futsal e atleta, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. Resultados: Foram selecionados 66 estudos por meio dos critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos. Destes, 46 estudos foram conduzidos com jogadores de futebol, 19 com jogadores de futsal e um com atletas de ambas as modalidades. Os construtos psicológicos mais estudados na modalidade de futebol foram ansiedade, estresse, motivação, coping, clima motivacional, depressão, autoeficácia e coesão grupal. Os construtos psicológicos mais estudados na modalidade de futsal foram coesão de grupo, perfeccionismo, motivação, satisfação do atleta, estilo de liderança, estilos parentais percebidos e burnout. Conclusão: A coesão grupal foi associada a diversos outros aspectos psicológicos de natureza individual, sendo a coesão o construto de maior interesse dos pesquisadores de ambas as modalidades, possivelmente, por serem modalidades coletivas. Pode-se identificar que fatores psicológicos importantes não foram estudados nas modalidades de futebol e futsal, em especial junto a atletas do sexo feminino. Recomenda-se, assim, que pesquisas realizadas com atletas do sexo masculino sejam também conduzidas com a população feminina.