RESUMEN

Motivation for the study. There is a gap in knowledge about vertical transmission of SARS- CoV-2 and its implications for maternal and neonatal health, despite evidence of multisystem involvement in pregnant women with COVID-19. Main findings. The study results suggest low incidence of vertical transmission during pregnancy, with only one PCR-positive case in the placenta and one asymptomatic neonate. Implications. Our results can inform strategies for prevention and management of COVID-19 in pregnant women, as well as guide the development of health policies aimed at protecting maternal and neonatal health during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women with COVID-19 in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital (HNERM). Twelve pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria were included. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed when each woman was admitted to the hospital, placenta samples were collected for pathological evaluation as well. The results showed that vertical transmission of the virus was rare, with an overall low positivity rate in newborns. Although the study has limitations, such as the small number of cases and the lack of electron microscope analysis, it is the first attempt to evaluate vertical transmission in Peru. It is concluded that more research is needed to better understand the relationship between COVID-19 infection and complications during pregnancy.

Se realizó un estudio en el departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) con el objetivo analizar la transmisión vertical del SARS-CoV-2 en mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19. Se incluyeron 12 gestantes que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron pruebas diagnósticas de PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR) para SARS-CoV-2 durante la admisión de cada gestante y se recolectaron muestras de placenta para su evaluación anatomopatológica. Los resultados mostraron que la transmisión vertical del virus fue poco común, con una tasa general de positividad baja en los recién nacidos. Aunque el estudio presenta limitaciones, como el número reducido de casos y la falta de análisis con microscopio electrónico, constituye el primer intento en Perú de evaluar la transmisión vertical. Se concluye que se necesita más investigación para comprender mejor la relación entre la infección por la COVID-19 y las complicaciones durante el embarazo. Motivación para realizar el estudio. A pesar de la evidencia de una afectación multisistémica en mujeres embarazadas con la COVID-19, existe un vacío de conocimiento sobre la transmisión vertical del virus y sus implicancias en la salud materna y neonatal. Principales hallazgos. Los resultados del estudio sugieren una baja incidencia de transmisión vertical durante el embarazo, con solo un caso positivo de PCR en la placenta y un neonato asintomático. Implicancias. Este resultado pueden informar las estrategias de prevención y manejo de la COVID-19 en mujeres embarazadas, así como guiar el desarrollo de políticas sanitarias dirigidas a proteger la salud materna y neonatal durante la pandemia.

RESUMEN

Desde 2007, el Servicio de Epidemiología e Infectología, ha implementado un programa de transición que busca optimizar la atención de los adolescentes con infección por el HIV durante el paso de la atención pediátrica a la de adultos. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, virológicas y psicosociales de los adolescentes con infección HIV atendidos en el Programa y analizar el proceso de transición. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se incluyeron a los adolescentes, atendidos en el Programa de Transición entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2023, en el Hospital Garrahan, con al menos un resultado de CV y CD4+ en ese período. Se obtuvo la información de la historia clínica electrónica y se analizaron variables clínicas, epidemiológicas, virológicas, terapéuticas y psicosociales. Resultados: Se incluyeron 124 pacientes. La vía de transmisión fue vertical en el 92,74% y el estadio clínico e inmunológico era avanzado. En el momento de la transición 77,4% se encontraban con supresión virológica y con recuperación inmunológica. El 55,6% ya realizó la transición a un centro de adultos, 31,4% continúan en el programa, 11,3% se perdieron en el seguimiento y 1,7% fallecieron. Se recopilaron los datos de 31 pacientes transferidos. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 2 años; 25 pacientes (80,6%) continúan en seguimiento. Conclusiones: A pesar de la pandemia de COVID-19, el programa logró la retención de los adolescentes con infección por HIV y una transferencia sostenida en el tiempo. Además de un programa de transición estructurado para garantizar una atención continua y de calidad, es necesario continuar evaluando la evolución postransición (AU)

Since 2007, the Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Department has implemented a transition program to optimize the care of adolescents with HIV infection during their transition from pediatric to adult care. Objective: To describe the clinical, epidemiological, virological, and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents with HIV infection treated in the program and to analyze the transition process. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Adolescents followed in the Transition Program at Garrahan Hospital between January 2019 and December 2023, with at least one viral load and CD4+ result during that period, were included. Information was obtained from electronic medical records, and clinical, epidemiological, virological, therapeutic, and psychosocial variables were analyzed. Results: A total of 124 patients were included. The route of transmission was vertical in 92.74%, and the clinical and immunologic stage was advanced. At the time of transition, 77.4% were virologically suppressed and had achieved immunologic recovery. Of the patients, 55.6% had already transitioned to an adult center, 31.4% were still in the program, 11.3% were lost to follow-up, and 1.7% died. Data were collected from 31 transferred patients, with a median follow-up of 2 years; 25 patients (80.6%) remain in follow-up. Conclusions: Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the program successfully retained HIVinfected adolescents and ensured sustained transition over time. In addition to a structured transition program to ensure continuous and quality care, it is necessary to continue evaluating post-transition outcomes (AU)

RESUMEN

Se realizó un estudio en el departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Re-bagliati Martins (HNERM) con el objetivo analizar la transmisión vertical del SARS-CoV-2 en mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19. Se incluyeron 12 gestantes que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron pruebas diagnósticas de PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR) para SARS-CoV-2 durante la admi-sión de cada gestante y se recolectaron muestras de placenta para su evaluación anatomopatológica. Los resultados mostraron que la transmisión vertical del virus fue poco común, con una tasa general de posi-tividad baja en los recién nacidos. Aunque el estudio presenta limitaciones, como el número reducido de casos y la falta de análisis con microscopio electrónico, constituye el primer intento en Perú de evaluar la transmisión vertical. Se concluye que se necesita más investigación para comprender mejor la relación entre la infección por la COVID-19 y las complicaciones durante el embarazo.

RESUMEN

Introducción: las infecciones virales durante el embarazo pueden provocar complicaciones maternas y fetales. Es importante describir las repercusiones maternas y fetales de la enfermedad COVID-19. Objetivos: describir y analizar las características de las pacientes que presentaron infección a SARS-CoV-2 durante la gestación y los resultados maternos y fetales. Material y método: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes embarazadas que presentaron infección por SARS-CoV-2 y que fueran hospitalizadas en una institución de asistencia privada (casos) en el período 1/3/2021 - 31/7/2021. Los controles se tomaron de pacientes embarazadas que estuvieran ingresadas en igual período de tiempo pero que resultaron negativas para las pruebas de SARS-CoV-2. Se incluyeron dos controles por cada caso. Las variables maternas consideradas fueron: trabajo de parto prematuro, diabetes gestacional, estado hipertensivo del embarazo, preeclampsia (severa o no severa), muerte fetal, restricción del crecimiento fetal, abruptio placentae. Las variables neonatales consideradas fueron: estado vital, peso del recién nacido (RN), Apgar al minuto y a los cinco minutos, necesidad de ingreso a una unidad especializada en cuidados neonatales y días de estadía. Se registraron las pruebas para COVID-19 y la condición del RN al alta. Resultados: las características demográficas maternas fueron comparables en ambos grupos. Se observaron 21 (55%) complicaciones obstétricas en el grupo casos y 117 (44,7%) en el grupo controles; OR = 4,2 (IC 95%: 1,9-9,7). Se identificaron 12 (30,8%) complicaciones neonatales en el grupo casos y 3 (3,8%) en el grupo control; OR = 11,2 (IC 95%: 2,9-42,9). El grupo casos estuvo asociado con una menor probabilidad de estar vacunados; OR = 0,3 (IC 95%: 0,13-0,75). Conclusiones: reportamos un riesgo aumentado de resultados maternos y neonatales adversos relacionados con la infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2. La vacunación confirma ser una herramienta valiosa contra esta infección viral.

Introduction: Viral infections during pregnancy can lead to maternal and fetal complications. It is important to describe the maternal and fetal implications of COVID-19 disease. Objetives: To describe and analyze the characteristics of patients who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection during gestation, and maternal and fetal outcomes. Method: A case-control study was conducted. All pregnant patients who presented SARS-CoV-2 infection and were hospitalized in a private healthcare institution (cases) during the period 1/03/2021 - 31/07/2021 were included in the study. Controls were selected from pregnant patients who were admitted during the same time but tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Two controls were included for each case. The maternal variables considered were preterm labor, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, (severe or non-severe) preeclampsia, fetal death, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption. The neonatal variables considered were vital status, newborn weight, one-minute and five-minute Apgar scores, need for admission to a specialized neonatal care unit, and length of stay in days. COVID-19 tests for the newborn and their condition at discharge were recorded. Results: Maternal demographic characteristics were comparable in both groups. Twenty-one (55%) obstetric complications were observed in the case group, and 117 (44.7%) in the control group; OR= 4.2 (95% CI: 1.9-9.7). Twenty-one (30.8%) neonatal complications were observed in the case group, and 3 (3.8%) in the control group; OR= 11.2 (95% CI: 2.9-42.9). The case group was associated with a lower likelihood of being vaccinated; OR = 0.3 (95% CI: 0.13-0.75). Conclusions: We report an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Vaccination proves to be a valuable tool against this viral infection.

Introdução: as infecções virais durante a gravidez podem causar complicações maternas e fetais. É importante descrever as repercussões maternas e fetais da COVID-19. Objetivos: descrever e analisar as características das pacientes que apresentaram infecção por SARS-CoV-2 durante a gravidez e os desfechos maternos e fetais. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo caso-controle. Foram incluídas todas as gestantes que apresentaram infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e que estiveram internadas em instituição privada (casos) no período de 01 de março a 31 de julho de 2021. Os controles foram pacientes grávidas hospitalizadas durante o mesmo período de tempo, mas com teste negativo para SARS-CoV-2. Dois controles foram incluídos para cada caso. As variáveis maternas consideradas foram: trabalho de parto prematuro, diabetes gestacional, estado hipertensivo da gravidez, pré-eclâmpsia (grave ou não grave), óbito fetal, restrição do crescimento fetal, descolamento prematuro da placenta. As variáveis neonatais consideradas foram: estado vital, peso do recém-nascido (RN), Apgar de um e cinco minutos, necessidade de internação em unidade especializada em cuidados neonatais e dias de internação. Os resultados dos testes para COVID-19 e a condição do recém-nascido na alta foram registrados. Resultados: As características demográficas maternas foram comparáveis em ambos os grupos. 21 (55%) complicações obstétricas foram observadas no grupo caso e 117 (44,7%) no grupo controle; OR= 4,2 (IC 95%: 1,9-9,7). 12 (30,8%) complicações neonatais foram identificadas no grupo caso e 3 (3,8%) no grupo controle; OR = 11,2 (IC 95%: 2,9-42,9). O grupo de casos foi associado a uma menor probabilidade de ser vacinado; OR = 0,3 (IC 95%: 0,13-0,75). Conclusões: Relatamos um risco aumentado de resultados maternos e neonatais adversos relacionados à infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. A vacinação confirma ser uma ferramenta valiosa contra esta infecção viral.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of symptom-based screening on the prevalence and outcomes of neonatal coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women admitted for delivery. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted from June to August 2020 at Gonzaga Mota of Messejana Hospital, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. All pregnant women were screened for coronavirus disease 2019 based on symptoms. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or immunology assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were performed when a patient reported a symptom. All newborns of symptomatic patients were submitted for Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Newborns were divided into groups according to the Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results to identify the relationship between maternal symptoms and neonatal coronavirus disease 2019. RESULTS: A total of 55 (55/1,026, 5.4%) and 50 (50/1,026, 4.8%) pregnant women reported symptoms and had a positive confirmatory test, respectively. The most common symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 among the pregnant women with positive confirmatory test was cough (n=23, 46%). Seven newborns (7/50, 14%) of symptomatic mothers had positive Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Upon birth, no newborn had serious complications. CONCLUSION: Universal screening of pregnant women admitted for delivery can reduce the perinatal transmission of coronavirus disease 2019. Symptom-based screening can be an alternative for regions with a low prevalence of the disease where a better allocation of financial resources is necessary.

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many aspects of health and society worldwide. One vulnerable group that faced SARS-CoV-2 infection is pregnant women, who were considered to have potentiated risk factors. In physiological pregnancy, maternal systems have several changes and adaptations to support fetal development. These changes involve regulations of cardiovascular, respiratory, and immunologic systems, among others, which SARS-CoV-2 could severely alter. Furthermore, the systemic effects of viral infection could be associated with placental dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, which have been studied from the start of the pandemic to date. Additionally, pregnancy is a condition of more significant mental health vulnerability, especially when faced with highly stressful situations. In this chapter, we have collected information on the effect of COVID-19 on maternal mortality, the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in pregnancy, and the impact on pregnancy outcomes, maternal mental health, and placental function, with a particular focus on studies that consider the Latin American population.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The impact of Covid-19 infection on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes is not fully known. To describe the risk factors and perinatal outcome of pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 infection. METHODS: We evaluated medical records of women with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who received health care services at the University Hospital of São Bernardo do Campo from March 1 to July 31, 2020, and personal, clinical, and laboratory data of these women and their newborns. RESULTS: Of the 219 women identified, 29% were asymptomatic. Considering the total population, 26% and 17% had obesity and hypertensive syndrome, respectively. Fever measured in the emergency room was the main reason for hospitalization. The presence or not of flu-like symptoms did not impact on perinatal outcomes. Pregnant women requiring hospitalization had newborns with lower birth weight (p < 0.01), shorter length (p = 0.02), and smaller head circumference (p = 0.03), and, in these cases, a higher number of cesarean section deliveries was observed. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 infection did not affect the prognosis of pregnancy and newborns. However, the worst clinical outcome, requiring hospitalization, had an impact on the anthropometric measurements of newborns.

What is already known on this subject?The SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully undestood, specially during pregnancy and puerperae. There are conflicted information about this in the literature so far. However, it is known that respiratory infections such as influenza and SARS can develop unfavorably in pregnant women, since pregnancy changes the women's physiological condition, including altered immunity to tolerate placenta and fetus proper development.What this study adds?COVID-19 did not affect the prognosis of pregnancy and newborns in this study, but, the worst clinical outcome (hospitalization), impacted the anthropometric measurements of newborns.

RESUMEN

Introdução: A integridade do sistema auditivo é essencial para o desenvolvimento das habilidades auditivas e aquisição da linguagem da criança. Considerando a alta prevalência de perda auditiva em recém-nascidos, devido a infecções congênitas que ocorrem durante a gestação, há a necessidade de investigar os efeitos da Covid-19 na audição do RN. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre perda auditiva em neonatos de gestantes diagnosticadas com COVID-19. Estratégia de Pesquisa: A busca de artigos científicos foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline (Pubmed), LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science e Bireme sem restrição de idioma, período e localização. Para complementar e evitar viés de risco foi realizada uma busca por literatura cinzenta no Google Acadêmico. Critérios de Seleção: A revisão sistemática foi conduzida de acordo com as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) e incluiu estudos que pontuaram ≥ 6 pontos de acordo com o protocolo de pontuação qualitativa proposto por Pithon et al. (2015). Análise dos dados: Os artigos elegíveis foram analisados e quantificados seguindo os critérios propostos no presente estudo com juízes cegos nas etapas de recuperação. Resultados: foram recuperados 29 artigos com potencial de inclusão, dos quais 6 responderam à questão norteadora com potencial de elegibilidade. Quatro estudos encontrados não detectaram associação entre infecção materna por COVID-19 e perda auditiva congênita. Conclusão: A infecção por COVID-19 durante a gravidez não parece ser fator de risco para perda auditiva congênita e não foram verificadas alterações auditivas impactantes que comprometessem estes neonatos por infecção vertical. (AU)

Introduction: The integrity of the auditory system is essential for children to develop auditory skills and acquire language. Considering the high prevalence of hearing loss in newborns due to congenital infections that occur during pregnancy, there is a need to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on newborns' hearing. Objective: To verify the association between hearing loss in newborns whose mothers had been diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy. Research Strategy: Scientific articles were searched in the MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, and BIREME databases, without restrictions on the language, time, and place of study. The grey literature was also searched in Google Scholar to complement the sample and avoid risk bias. Selection Criteria: The systematic review followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and included studies that scored ≥ 6 points according to the protocol for qualitative scoring proposed by Pithon et al. (2015). Data analysis: It was performed using a specific form for systematic reviews prepared by two researchers in Excel®. Results: 29 potentially eligible articles were retrieved, six of which answered the research question. Four studies did not detect an association between maternal COVID-19 infection and congenital hearing loss. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection during pregnancy does not seem to be a risk factor for congenital hearing loss and there were no impacting hearing changes due to vertical infection that might affect these newborns. (AU)

Introducción: La integridad del sistema auditivo es fundamental para el desarrollo de las habilidades auditivas y la adquisición del lenguaje de los niños. Considerando la alta prevalencia de hipoacusia (HL) en recién nacidos (RN), debido a infecciones congénitas que ocurren durante el embarazo, surge la necesidad de investigar los efectos del Covid-19 en la audición del recién nacido. Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre hipoacusia en neonatos de gestantes diagnosticadas con COVID-19. Estrategia de investigación: La búsqueda de artículos científicos se realizó en las bases de datos Medline (Pubmed), LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science y Bireme, sin restricción de idioma, período y ubicación. Para complementar y evitar sesgos de riesgo, se realizó una búsqueda de literatura gris en Google Scholar. Criterios de selección: La revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de los Elementos de información preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis (PRISMA). Los estudios que obtuvieron una puntuación ≥ 6 puntos según el protocolo de puntuación cualitativa propuesto por Pithon et al. (2015). Análisis de datos: Se realizó mediante un formulario específico para revisión sistemática elaborado por dos investigadores del Programa Excel®. Resultados: se recuperaron 29 artículos con potencial de inclusión, de los cuales 6 respondieron a la pregunta orientadora Cuatro estudios encontrados no detectaron una asociación entre la infección materna por COVID-19 y la pérdida auditiva congénita. Conclusión: La infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo no parece ser un factor de riesgo para la pérdida auditiva congénita y no hubo cambios auditivos impactantes que pudieran comprometer a estos recién nacidos debido a la infección vertical. (AU)

RESUMEN

Resumen La pandemia COVID-19 se extendió por todo por a la enorme capacidad del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 para transmitirse entre humanos. El COVID-19 es una amenaza para la salud pública mundial. La entrada de este virus en las células se ve muy facilitada por la presencia de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ACE2) en la membrana celular. Hoy en día no tenemos un conocimiento preciso de cómo se expresa este receptor en el cerebro durante el desarrollo humano y, como consecuencia, no sabemos si las células neurales en desarrollo son susceptibles de ser infectadas a través de la transmisión de madre a feto. Revisamos en este artículo los conocimientos sobre la expresión de ACE2 en el cerebro humano en desarrollo, con especial atención a la etapa fetal. Esta etapa corresponde al periodo de formación de la corteza cerebral. La posibilidad de infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el periodo fetal puede alterar el desarrollo normal de la corteza cerebral. Así pues, aunque se han publicado pocos casos demostrando la transmisión vertical de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, el gran número de jóvenes infectados puede representar un problema sanitario que necesite seguimiento, por la posibilidad de que se originen alteraciones cognitivas y anomalías en el desarrollo de los circuitos corticales, que pueden representar predisposición a padecer problemas mentales a lo largo de la vida.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world due to the enormous transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 among humans. COVID-19 represents a threat to global public health. The entry of this virus into cells is greatly facilitated by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the cell membrane. Today we do not have a precise understanding of how this receptor expresses in the brain during human development and, as a consequence, we do not know whether neural cells in the developing brain are susceptible to infection. We review the knowledge about ACE2 expression in the developing human brain, with special attention to the fetal stage. This stage corresponds to the period of the cerebral cortex formation. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection during the fetal period may alter the normal development of the cerebral cortex. Although few cases have been published demonstrating vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the large number of infected young people may represent a problem which requires health surveillance, due to the possibility of cognitive alterations and abnormalities in the development of cortical circuits that may represent a predisposition to mental problems later in life.

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world due to the enormous transmission of the SARSCoV-2 among humans. COVID-19 represents a threat to global public health. The entry of this virus into cells is greatly facilitated by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the cell membrane. Today we do not have a precise understanding of how this receptor expresses in the brain during human development and, as a consequence, we do not know whether neural cells in the developing brain are susceptible to infection. We review the knowledge about ACE2 expression in the developing human brain, with special attention to the fetal stage. This stage corresponds to the period of the cerebral cortex formation. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection during the fetal period may alter the normal development of the cerebral cortex. Although few cases have been published demonstrating vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the large number of infected young people may represent a problem which requires health surveillance, due to the possibility of cognitive alterations and abnormalities in the development of cortical circuits that may represent a predisposition to mental problems later in life.

La pandemia COVID-19 se extendió por todo por a la enorme capacidad del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 para transmitirse entre humanos. El COVID-19 es una amenaza para la salud pública mundial. La entrada de este virus en las células se ve muy facilitada por la presencia de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ACE2) en la membrana celular. Hoy en día no tenemos un conocimiento preciso de cómo se expresa este receptor en el cerebro durante el desarrollo humano y, como consecuencia, no sabemos si las células neurales en desarrollo son susceptibles de ser infectadas a través de la transmisión de madre a feto. Revisamos en este artículo los conocimientos sobre la expresión de ACE2 en el cerebro humano en desarrollo, con especial atención a la etapa fetal. Esta etapa corresponde al periodo de formación de la corteza cerebral. La posibilidad de infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el periodo fetal puede alterar el desarrollo normal de la corteza cerebral. Así pues, aunque se han publicado pocos casos demostrando la transmisión vertical de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, el gran número de jóvenes infectados puede representar un problema sanitario que necesite seguimiento, por la posibilidad de que se originen alteraciones cognitivas y anomalías en el desarrollo de los circuitos corticales, que pueden representar predisposición a padecer problemas mentales a lo largo de la vida.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To identify gestational complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women during 2020-2021. CONTENT: The risk of gestational complications was confirmed during SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection. However, this is not robust for COVID-19 because there is still no scientific evidence from longitudinal studies. A systematic review was performed using four databases, and 14 prospective or retrospective cohorts were finally included in the analysis. SUMMARY: The most frequently associated sociodemographic characteristic or comorbidity was the presence of any previous comorbidity (9 studies, 64.3%), followed by ethnicity and age (6 studies each one, 42.9%). The most frequently associated gestational complications in mothers were the admission to Intensive Care Unit (4 studies, 28.6%) and gestational age at delivery <37 weeks (3 studies, 21.4%). The most frequently associated gestational complications in newborns were preterm birth (4 studies, 28.6%) and the admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (2 studies, 14.3%). OUTLOOK: Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 appear to have a higher risk of admission to Intensive Care Unit. Newborns of mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 appear to have a higher risk of preterm birth and admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

RESUMEN

Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 produjo una pandemia afectando la salud de la población mundial desde el año 2019, lo que determinó cambios en las conductas sanitarias. Objetivos: describir resultados obstétricos-neonatales en madres COVID-19 positivas al momento del nacimiento en la asistencia pública y privada en el período desde marzo de 2020 a junio de 2021. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo de las embarazadas COVID-19 positivas al momento del parto y sus neonatos en en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell y en Médica Uruguaya. Resultados: se obtuvo una muestra de 240 madres y 244 neonatos. El 0,42% (n=1) de las madres presentó sintomatología grave por COVID-19. El 46% (n=110) de los embarazos finalizaron por cesárea. El 3% (n=7) de las madres ingresaron a terapia intensiva, en su mayoría por complicaciones de la gestación. En cuanto a los recién nacidos, tuvieron contacto con su madre el primer día de vida el 86,5% (n=211), siendo la causa principal de ingreso a Terapia Intensiva no contar con cuidador. Se realizó PCR a todos sin identificar transmisión vertical. La internación fue mayor a tres días en 36,48% (n=89). Se registró una sola muerte neonatal por prematurez extrema. Fueron alimentados con pecho exclusivo el 19,67% (n=48) en la internación. Conclusiones: la pandemia afectó la asistencia inicial del binomio madre-hijo. No observamos ascenso en el número de cesáreas pero sí disminución en lactancia exclusiva, prolongación de la estadía hospitalaria y aumento del ingreso en áreas de cuidado intensivo sin detectar contagios en los neonatos.

Summary: Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a pandemic that affected the health of the world´s population since 2019, what resulted in changes in health behaviors. Objectives: to describe obstetrical and neonatal results in mothers positive for COVID-19 at the time of birth in public and private institutions between March, 2020 and June, 2021. Method: observational, descriptive, retrospective study of pregnant women positive for COVID-19 at the time of delivery and their neonates at Pereira Rossell Hospital and Medica Uruguaya. Results: a sample of 240 mothers and 244 neonates was studied. 0.42% (n=1) of mothers evidenced severe symptoms for COVID-19. 46% (n=110) of pregnancies ended up in C-sections. 3% of mothers were admitted to ICU due to gestational complications in most cases. As to the newborns, 86.5% of them were in contact with their mother their first day of life, the first cause for their being admitted to ICU was absence of a caregiver. PCR tests were performed to all newborns and no vertical transmission was identified. Hospitalization was longer than three days in 36.48% of cases (n=89). Only one neonatal death was recorded as a consequence of extreme prematurity. Exclusively breastfed babies represented 19.67% (n=48) during hospitalization. Conclusions: the pandemic affected the initial assistance of the mother-child binomial. No increase was observed in the number of C-sections, although exclusive breastfeeding did decrease, hospitalization was longer and there was an increase in admission to the ICU although no neonate contagion was observed.

Introdução: o SARS-CoV-2 produziu uma pandemia afetando a saúde da população mundial desde 2019, o que determinou mudanças nos comportamentos de saúde. Objetivos: descrever os desfechos obstétrico-neonatais em mães positivas para COVID-19 no momento do parto na rede pública e privada no período de março de 2020 - junho de 2021. Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo retrospectivo de gestantes positivas para COVID-19 no momento do parto e seus recém-nascidos no Hospital Pereira Rossell e Médica Uruguaya. Resultados: obteve-se uma amostra de 240 mães e 244 recém-nascidos. 0,42% (n=1) das mães apresentaram sintomas graves de COVID-19. 46% (n=110) das gestações terminaram por cesariana. 3% (n=7) das mães foi internada em terapia intensiva devido a complicações na gravidez. Em relação aos recém-nascidos, 86,5% (n=211) tiveram contato com a mãe no primeiro dia de vida, sendo a principal causa de internação em terapia intensiva a falta de cuidador. O teste PCR foi realizado em todos sem detecção de transmissão vertical. Em 36,48% (n=89) a internação foi superior a três dias. Foi registrado um único óbito neonatal por prematuridade extrema. 19,67% (n=48) foram amamentados exclusivamente durante a internação. Conclusões: a pandemia afetou o atendimento inicial do binômio mãe-filho. Não se registrou um aumento do número de cesáreas, porém observou-se diminuição do aleitamento materno exclusivo, prolongamento da internação e aumento das internações em unidades de terapia intensiva sem detecção de contágio em recém-nascidos.

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Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 es un Betacoronavirus, así como el SARS-CoV y el MERS-CoV, ambos asociados a abortos espontáneos, parto prematuro, morbi-mortalidad materna y alto número de ingresos a UCI en las gestantes. Además, al ser un virus nuevo, se conoce poco sobre los efectos en la gestación. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar la evidencia disponible sobre el SARS-CoV-2 en la gestación. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, BVS y SciElo. Se realizó la crítica de la evidencia y la extracción de la información con dos instrumentos propuestos por el Instituto Joanna Briggs. Lo anterior bajo las directrices de PRISMA-ScR. Resultados: Se incluyeron 85 artículos que evidenciaron que la mayoría de gestantes con SARS-CoV-2 desarrollaron enfermedad leve a moderada, pero presentaron mayor riesgo de muerte y complicaciones comparado con las pacientes no embarazadas. Se documentó bajo riesgo de transmisión vertical y los resultados perinatales se asociaron a la severidad del cuadro clínico materno. La efectividad del tratamiento no fue concluyente.Discusión: Se discute la presentación clínica de la infección en las gestantes, la transmisión vertical, el tratamiento, la gravedad de la enfermedad y los desenlaces neonatales.Conclusiones: La COVID-19 en la gestación es una complicación que genera mayor morbimortalidad, por lo que es de vital importancia el desarrollo de más investigaciones que amplíen la comprensión de su comportamiento, las implicaciones fisiológicas, emocionales y el posible tratamiento. Esta revisión hace un análisis riguroso de la calidad de los estudios y aporta información valiosa de la evidencia.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus as well as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, both associated with spontaneous miscarriage, preterm birth, maternal morbidity and mortality and a higher number of ICU admissions for pregnant women. Being a new virus, its effects on pregnancy are little known. This review aims to analyze the available evidence on SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, BVS and SciElo. Evidence criticism and information extraction were conducted using two instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: 85 articles were included evidencing that most pregnant women with SARS-COV-2 suffered mild to moderate disease and were at a higher risk of death and complications compared to non-pregnant patients. Low risk of vertical transmission was documented and adverse perinatal outcomes were associated with severe maternal clinical manifestations. The effectiveness of treatment was inconclusive. Discussion: Clinical presentation of infection in pregnant women, vertical transmission, treatment, disease severity and neonatal outcomes were discussed. Conclusions: COVID-19 during pregnancy is a complication that generates greater morbidity and mortality, for which it is vital to develop further research on the understanding of the behavior, physiological and emotional implications and possible treatment. This review makes a rigorous analysis of the quality of studies and provides valuable information from evidence.

Introdução: O SARS-CoV-2 é um betacoronavírus, assim como o SARS-CoV e o MERS-CoV, ambos associados ao aborto espontâneo, parto prematuro, morbidade e mortalidade materna e alto número de internações na UTI em mulheres grávidas. Além disso, sendo um novo vírus, pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos na gravidez. Esta revisão tem como objetivo analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre o SARS-CoV-2 na gravidez. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, BVS e SciElo. A analise crítica das provas e a extração de dados foram realizadas utilizando dois instrumentos propostos pelo Instituto Joanna Briggs sob as diretrizes do PRISMA-ScR. Resultados: 85 artigos foram incluídos, mostrando que a maioria das mulheres grávidas com SRA-CoV-2 desenvolveu doença leve a moderada, mas tinha um risco maior de morte e complicações em comparação com pacientes não grávidas. Baixo risco de transmissão vertical foi documentado e os resultados perinatais foram associados à gravidade do quadro clínico materno. A eficácia do tratamento foi inconclusiva. Discussão: Apresentação clínica da infecção em mulheres grávidas, transmissão vertical, tratamento, gravidade da doença e resultados neonatais são discutidos. Conclusões: A COVID-19 na gravidez é uma complicação que gera maior morbidade e mortalidade, portanto, mais pesquisas para expandir a compreensão de seu comportamento, implicações fisiológicas e emocionais, e o tratamento potencial são de vital importância. Esta revisão fornece uma análise rigorosa da qualidade dos estudos e informações valiosas a partir das evidências.

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BACKGROUND: Chagas is a public health problem, especially in Latin America, exacerbated by migratory movements and increasing urbanization. Argentina is among the countries with the highest estimated prevalence in the region, with 1,500,000 people infected, with mother to child as the main mode of transmission. Vertical transmission has been significantly reduced by treating women of childbearing age; several guidelines in the region recommend treatment as a primary prevention strategy for the child and a secondary prevention strategy for women and their families. Despite recommendations, women of childbearing age are not always treated, and children do not receive timely diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this research was to design an implementation strategy to improve using Chagas guidelines focused on attending women of childbearing age and children at the primary healthcare level and pilot it in three primary health care centers in Argentina. METHODS: We conducted a pilot feasibility study using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A qualitative process evaluation was conducted using semi-structured interviews with health care providers and observations in primary health care centers. RESULTS: We developed a multifaceted implementation strategy including training, flowcharts and reminders, a register of suspected and confirmed cases, and the selection of a management facilitator. The pilot study took place between September 2019 and May 2020. The implementation level was heterogeneous and varied depending on the components, being the facilitating factors, the simplicity of the intervention, professionals' willingness to expand the indication of serologic tests, and staff commitment to the adoption of intervention components. The main barriers found were the change of authorities at the local level, some professionals´ reluctance to administer etiological treatment, staff shortages, lack of diagnostic supplies, and the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral change strategies should be applied to improve implementation to address some of the main barriers, including support actions offered by opinion leaders, medical experts, and local health authorities. Rapid diagnostic tests should be readily available to maintain behavior changes. We suggest further refinement of the strategy and its implementation in more centers to assess outcomes prospectively with a hybrid implementation research design.

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INTRODUCTION: Limited data are available on pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics and evolution from birth to discharge of a retrospective cohort of 71 neonates, with one set of twins, born to women with COVID-19 diagnosed at the end of pregnancy. The authors included all newborns admitted into a neonatal unit of a tertiary hospital in Brazil, between March 2020 and March 2021, whose unvaccinated mothers had COVID-19 symptoms and RT-PCR (Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction) for SARS-CoV-2 positive within fourteen days prior to delivery. Newborns to mothers with COVID-19 symptoms and negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 were excluded. RESULTS: The main route of birth delivery was cesarean, corresponding to 60 pregnant women (84.5%). The foremost indications for cesarean were pregnant with critical disease (24.6%) and acute fetal distress (20.3%). The mean birth weight was 2452 g (865‒3870 g) and the mean gestational age was 345/7 weeks (25‒40 weeks). There were 45 premature newborns (63.3%), of which 21 newborns (29.5%) were less than 32 weeks of gestational age. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on oropharyngeal swabs was positive in 2 newborns (2.8%) and negative in the other 69 newborns (97.2%). Most newborns (51.4%) needed respiratory support. Therapeutic interventions during hospitalization were inotropic drugs (9.9%), antibiotics (22.8%), parenteral nutrition (26.8%), and phototherapy (46.5%). CONCLUSION: Maternal COVID-19 diagnosticated close to delivery has an impact on the first days of neonatal life.

RESUMEN

RESUMEN Desde la confirmación de los primeros casos de COVID -19, múltiples han sido los estudios publicados que reflejan su elevada incidencia, transmisibilidad, morbilidad y mortalidad, con gran repercusión y severidad en los grupos poblacionales de riesgo. El embarazo no escapa de ello, y la inmunosupresión fisiológica que se presenta en esta condición hace a la gestante ser más susceptible a las enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los principales aspectos relacionados con el diagnóstico y el manejo de la gestante enferma con COVID-19 y la conducta obstétrica pertinente en cada caso. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, en el período comprendido entre julio y septiembre de 2021, en las bases de datos: Mediline, SciELO, SCOPUS, Dialnet, Cumed y Lilacs. De los 35 artículos obtenidos inicialmente, 30 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se comprobó que el aumento de las notificaciones de mujeres embarazadas creció de manera exponencial con respecto al inicio del brote pandémico, lo cual trajo consigo el desenlace fatal en mujeres que presentaron comorbilidades asociadas. El parto en estas circunstancias debe intentarse por la vía vaginal, no existen evidencias de la transmisión vertical madre-hijo y se promueve la lactancia materna exclusiva, tomando todas las medidas de bioseguridad. Se considera que las embarazadas están en mayor riesgo de complicaciones por COVID-19, morbilidad obstétrica y mortalidad perinatal. El plan terapéutico para gestantes no difiere al establecido para el resto de los grupos poblacionales y está basado en el cumplimiento del aislamiento y las medidas generales.

ABSTRACT Since the confirmation of the COVID -19 first cases, multiple studies have been published that reflect its high incidence, transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, with great repercussion and severity in the population groups at risk. Pregnancy does not escape this, and the physiological immunosuppression that occurs in this condition makes the pregnant woman more susceptible to infectious diseases. The objective of this review is to describe the main aspects related to the diagnosis and management of pregnant women with COVID-19 and the relevant obstetric behavior in each case. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out between July and September 2021, in the databases: Mediline, SciELO, SCOPUS, Dialnet, Cumed and Lilacs. Of the 35 articles initially obtained, 30 met the inclusion criteria. It was found that the increase in notifications of pregnant women grew exponentially with respect to the beginning of the pandemic outbreak, which brought with it the fatal outcome in women who presented associated comorbidities. Delivery in these circumstances should be attempted vaginally, there is no evidence of mother-to-child vertical transmission, and exclusive breastfeeding is promoted, taking all biosafety measures. Pregnant women are considered to be at increased risk for complications from COVID-19, obstetric morbidity, and perinatal mortality. The therapeutic plan for pregnant women does not differ from that established for the rest of the population groups and is based on compliance with isolation and general measures.

RESUMEN

COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease threatening pregnant women, which increases the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several recent studies have demonstrated the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the mother enterocytes, disturbing the gut microbiota diversity. The aim of this study was to characterize the entero-mammary microbiota of women in the presence of the virus during delivery. Fifty mother−neonate pairs were included in a transversal descriptive work. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal, mother rectal swabs (MRS) and neonate rectal swabs (NRS) collected from the pairs, and human colostrum (HC) samples collected from mothers. The microbiota diversity was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of V3-16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from HC, MRS, and NRS. Data were analyzed with QIIME2 and R. Our results indicate that several bacterial taxa are highly abundant in MRS positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. These bacteria mostly belong to the Firmicutes phylum; for instance, the families Bifidobacteriaceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Microbacteriaceae have been previously associated with anti-inflammatory effects, which could explain the capability of women to overcome the infection. All samples, both positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2, featured a high abundance of the Firmicutes phylum. Further data analysis showed that nearly 20% of the bacterial diversity found in HC was also identified in MRS. Spearman correlation analysis highlighted that some genera of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla were negatively correlated with MRS and NRS (p < 0.005). This study provides new insights into the gut microbiota of pregnant women and their potential association with a better outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. Other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, were associated with complications in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to report the clinical history of five pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 (four symptomatic and one asymptomatic who gave birth to a stillborn child) during the COVID-19 pandemic. They gave birth between August 2020 to January 2021, a period in which there was still no vaccination for COVID-19 in Brazil. In addition, their placental alterations were later investigated, focusing on macroscopic, histopathological, and ultrastructural aspects compared to a prepandemic sample. Three of five placentas presented SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected by RT-PCRq at least two to twenty weeks after primary pregnancy infection symptoms, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was detected in all placentas by immunoperoxidase assay. The macroscopic evaluation of the placentas presented congested vascular trunks, massive deposition of fibrin, areas of infarctions, and calcifications. Histopathological analysis showed fibrin deposition, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis, and blood vessel thrombosis. Ultrastructural aspects of the infected placentas showed a similar pattern of alterations between the samples, with predominant characteristics of apoptosis and detection of virus-like particles. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in placental tissue, vertical transmission.

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INTRODUCTION: Placental alterations caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have already been described, but most studies used small sample groups and the difference according to the severity of the disease has not been verified. Our objective was to describe placental alterations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and analyze the association of pathological placental findings with the clinical parameters of COVID-19 and perinatal results. METHODS: This was a nested study within a prospective cohort study involving 109 symptomatic pregnant women with COVID-19. The prevalence of observed placental alterations was described, and the associations of pathological findings with the clinical parameters of COVID-19 severity and with perinatal outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: The frequency of types of placental features was poor maternal vascular perfusion in 45% of cases, poor fetal vascular perfusion in 33.9%, hematogenous origin infection in 32.1%, and morphological changes corresponding to ascending infection in 21.1%. Hematogenous infection differed significantly according to COVID-19 severity (p = 0.008), with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.74 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.98) in the moderate COVID-19 group compared to the mild COVID-19 group. Among the perinatal outcomes, there was an unexpected inverse association between prematurity and placental infection of hematogenous origin, with lower rates of prematurity among cases with inflammation of hematogenous origin (p = 0.029). DISCUSSION: Moderate SARS-Cov-2 infection presented a higher prevalence of placental pathological findings. There was no association of placental findings with adverse perinatal outcomes.

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Not available.