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In the management of reservoirs, different forms of infrastructure (such as dams, hydropower units, information) are functionally interdependent and often managed by different types of actors to form a social-ecological-technological system. Such interdependence also occurs because institutions (understood as rules that guide and constrain actor behavior) exist to indicate how infrastructures should be managed. We apply institutional analysis and social network analysis to identify how functionally interdependent infrastructures and actors are connected by formal rules created to manage reservoir operations in Argentina (Ameghino Dam, Chubut) and the United States (Coyote Valley Dam, California). Using Exponential Random Graph Models and motif analysis we develop and test hypotheses about which types of patterns of rule-mediated interdependence are more likely to occur in the management of reservoir operations as well as how contextual features, such as the socio-political environment and the types of actors involved, influence rule-mediated interdependence in social-ecological-technological systems. We find that the type of actors involved and the socio-political context in which rules are designed shape the patterns of rule-mediated interdependencies. These findings shed light on and call for more attention to the role that formal rules play in shaping infrastructure management across socio-political contexts.

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This study aimed to understand the impact of municipal basic sanitation policies and plans on the rate of access to drinking water and sewage services. For this, data were collected from the 853 municipalities of Minas Gerais regarding the provision of sanitation, as well as socioeconomic, quality of life and demographic indicators, treated with the t-test techniques for differences between means and Propensity Score Matching. The results revealed the need for greater sanitation planning in the state since a significant portion of municipalities do not have formal planning instruments for the sector. Furthermore, it was found that sanitation policies and plans had a positive impact on the rates of access to sanitation, both total and urban. However, regarding water supply, the data did not reveal a statistically significant positive impact. Therefore, the results shed light on the effectiveness of planning instruments for this category of services, revealing their contribution to expanding access to sanitation.

Este estudo objetivou compreender o impacto das políticas e planos municipais de saneamento básico sobre a taxa de acesso aos serviços de água potável e esgotamento sanitário. Para isso, foram coletados dados dos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais no que se refere ao provimento do saneamento, bem como indicadores socioeconômicos, de qualidade de vida e demográficos, tratados com as técnicas de teste t de diferenças entre médias e Propensity Score Matching. Os resultados revelaram a necessidade de maior planejamento do saneamento no estado, uma vez que uma significativa parcela dos municípios não dispõem de instrumentos formais de planejamento do setor. Ademais, verificou-se que as políticas e planos de saneamento impactaram positivamente nos índices de acesso ao esgotamento sanitário, tanto totais quanto urbanos. Porém, no que refere ao abastecimento de água, os dados não revelaram impacto positivo estatisticamente significativo. Portanto, os resultados jogam luz sobre a efetividade dos instrumentos de planejamento sobre essa categoria de serviços, revelando sua contribuição para a ampliação do acesso ao esgotamento sanitário.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el impacto de las políticas y planes municipales de saneamiento básico en la tasa de acceso a los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado. Para ello, se recogieron datos de los 853 municipios de Minas Gerais, Brasil, sobre la provisión de saneamiento, así como indicadores socioeconómicos de calidad de vida y demográficos tratados con las técnicas de prueba t para diferencias entre medias y emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión (PSM). Los resultados revelaron la necesidad de una mayor planificación del saneamiento en el estado, ya que una parte importante de los municipios no cuentan con instrumentos formales de planificación para el sector. Además, se encontró que las políticas y planes de saneamiento tuvieron un impacto positivo en las tasas de acceso al saneamiento, tanto total como urbano. Sin embargo, en lo que respecta al suministro de agua, los datos no revelaron un impacto positivo estadísticamente significativo. Por lo tanto, los resultados arrojan luz sobre la efectividad de los instrumentos de planificación para esta categoría de servicios, revelando su contribución a la ampliación del acceso al saneamiento.

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This study aimed to estimate the percentage of households with intermittent water supply (IWS) in Peru and determine the association between socioeconomic characteristics and the presence of IWS. The National Household Surveys (ENAHO) of 2017, 2018, 2019, 2019, 2021, and 2022 were used. IWS was defined as a piped water supply for less than 24 hours per day, one or more days per week. Exposure variables, such as area of residence, geographic region, population density, and human development index and their association with IWS using 2022, were explored using generalized linear models. The percentage of households with IWS varied between 40.8 and 42.5% during the period studied. At the departmental level, Tumbes, Ica, Piura, and Loreto showed the highest percentages of IWS. In households with IWS, the average duration of water supply did not exceed 8 h. Urban households, those in the Coast region, with medium population density and medium human development index, had a higher prevalence of IWS compared with their counterparts in 2022. This analysis contributes to the understanding of water access challenges in the context of climate change and the need for strategies adapted to specific urban and geographic contexts.

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Arid and semiarid regions have particularities that make more difficult hydrological modeling, such as shallow soils, pronounced temporal and spatial irregularity of precipitation, and sometimes, lack of consistent data. In order to contribute to the hydrological studies in these regions, this research used the CAWM IV model (Campus Agreste Watershed Model Version IV), specially developed for applications in these areas. This model was used to simulate the input of natural flows in the Castanhão reservoir, the most important reservoir in the state of Ceará, northeast of Brazil. From this determination, it is possible to analyze the synergistic gain from exogenous water from other basins. Covering the Project of Integration of São Francisco River (PISF), eight sub-basins were modeled up to the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, the capital of the state, in the period between 1969 and 2021, depending on the availability of data for each fluviometric station. The sum of the areas of all delimited sub-basins is 60,755.68 km2, corresponding to 40.8% of the state area. The results obtained confirmed the satisfactory performance of the modeling, with emphasis on medium and high flows. Despite the calculation and analysis of water synergy made only to Castanhão reservoir, this method can be extended to the system of reservoirs that supply the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza and other systems of reservoirs in an integrated manner. The research found a synergistic gain between 706 and 850 hm3 per year, as well as an increase in the regularized average flow, corresponding to results previously found by other authors.

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One of the most important issues and challenges for Iran, particularly in hot and arid regions such as Qom province, is the current water crisis. Research has shown that good governance is directly linked to sustainable rural development. Therefore, the present study aims to design a water governance model in rural communities of Qom province to achieve sustainable rural development. The research population comprised 163 water experts from the Agricultural Engineering Organization of Qom province and 130 experts from the Water Organization of Qom province. Based on Cochran's formula and considering the population size, a sample size of 170 individuals was calculated and selected using simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used as the main research tool for data collection, which had been validated and confirmed for its reliability. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (partial least squares method) and confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results, it was determined that in the research model for measuring sustainable development in Qom province, three factors, namely government effectiveness, participation, and technical factors, are recognized as components of sustainable development. Additionally, for measuring the factors influencing water governance, technical, economic, social, institutional, legal, and customary factors are recognized as identified factors. Previous studies have not considered the role of water governance in rural development. This study, however, has placed greater emphasis on the role of water governance in sustainable rural development through a review of various theories and perspectives on this matter.

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La Organización Panamericana de la Salud / Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS), en su compromiso por garantizar el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible - #6 (Garantizar la disponibilidad y la gestión sostenible del agua y el saneamiento para todos) para 2030, tiene la firme voluntad de promover el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de los servicios de salud en la Región de las Américas. En 2018, el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas hizo un llamamiento mundial para que se adopten medidas en favor del agua, el saneamiento y la higiene (WASH, por sus siglas en inglés) en todas las instalaciones de atención de la salud y, en la 72.ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, se adoptó una resolución para instar a los países (entre otros puntos clave) a establecer y aplicar, según cada contexto nacional, las normas mínimas sobre agua, saneamiento e higiene y sobre prevención y control de infecciones (PCI), en todas las instalaciones de atención de la salud.

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Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region.

Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To assess whether the 'economic boom' in the tropical seaport city of Barranquilla improved tapped water supplies to socio-economically poor neighbourhoods resulting in: (1) their reduced use for domestic water-storage in large (> 1,000-litre) custom-made cement tanks which are their principal Aedes aegypti breeding sites and (2) their pupae/person index (PPI) values to below their established 0.5-1.5 PPI arbovirus transmission-threshold value, compared to matched neighbourhoods in the: (a) pre-economic boom (2004) period in Barranquilla and (b) economically-neglected seaport city of Buenaventura. METHODS: The simple, accurate and robust water surface sweep-net/calibration factor or total count methods were used to determine the total Ae. aegypti pupae numbers in greater or less than 20-litre water-holding container types located 'inside' or 'outside' these neighbourhood premises. The women residents also participated in questionnaire-based responses about their domestic water supplies, water-storage and maintenance and mosquito life stages and disease transmission knowledge, to subsequently plan appropriate resident education programmes. Microsoft Excel 8.0 with OpenEpi was used to determine the samples sizes and the statistical values. RESULTS: Tapped water supplies to the three poor Barranquilla neighbourhoods were dramatically increased from 2004 to 2023 resulting in their residents significantly reducing their: (a) large cement water-storage tanks from 1 per 6.9 (2004) to 1 per 31.2 (2020) premises (z = 10.5: p = 0) and (b) PPI values to 0.16, 0.19 and 0.53 (mean: 0.29: 95% CI ± 0.4) in each study neighbourhood. In contrast, tapped water supplies remained inadequate in the Buenaventura neighborhoods, thereby resulting in their continued use of many large (> 1,000-litre) water-storage containers (Barranquilla: 1 per 31.2 and Buenaventura: 1 per 1.5 premises: z = - 9.26: p = 0), with unacceptably high 0.81, 0.88 and 0.99 PPI values in each study neighbourhood (mean 0.89: 95% CI ± 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Improved tapped water supplies resulted in reduced numbers of large custom-made stoneware water-containers, as are employed by poor residents throughout the world, as well as their Ae. aegypti PPI transmission threshold values which, together with appropriate residents' education programmes, are also urgently to reduce to prevent/reduce Ae. aegypti transmitted human diseases globally.

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The global demand for agricultural commodities has driven extensive land conversion to agriculture in Brazil, especially in the MATOPIBA region. This area encompasses the Rio Grande Basin, a major tributary of the São Francisco Basin that is known for expanding intensive irrigated agriculture and hydropower generation. However, recent data reveal declining precipitation and aquifer recharge, potentially exacerbating ongoing water and land conflicts. This study investigates the long-term sustainability of agricultural expansion amid the worsening water scarcity using a system dynamics model. Findings suggest that rising costs and decreasing profits due to irrigation water shortages may hinder the expansion of irrigated land. By 2040, the irrigation demand may remain partly unmet, while downstream flow and baseflow could decrease. Additionally, agricultural expansion will significantly raise energy demand, posing a developmental challenge. We suggest that ensuring the sustainability of the Rio Grande Basin depends on improved water management and exploring alternative energy sources to address existing constraints.

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Fluvial sediment analysis and water quality assessment are useful to identify anthropic and natural sources of pollution in rivers. Currently, there is a lack of information about water quality in the Pixquiac basin (Veracruz state, Mexico), and this scarcity of data prevents authorities to take adequate measures to protect water resources. The basin is a crucial territory for Xalapa, the capital city of Veracruz state, as it gets 39% of its drinkable water from it. This research analyzed 10 physicochemical parameters and 12 metal concentrations in various rivers and sources during two seasons. Dissolved metals presented average concentrations (µg/L): Al (456.25) > Fe (199.4) > Mn (16.86) > Ba (13.8) > Zn (7.6) > Cu (1.03) > Pb (0.27) > As (0.12) > Ni (0.118) (Cd, Cr and Hg undetectable). Metals in sediment recorded average concentrations (ppm): Fe (38575) > Al (38425) > Mn (460) > Ba (206.2) > Zn (65.1) > Cr (29.8) > Ni (20.9) > Cu (16.4) > Pb (4.8) > As (2.1) (Cd and Hg undetectable). During the rainy season, Water Quality Index (WAWQI) classified stations P17 and P18's water as "unsuitable for drinking" with values of 110.4 and 117.6. Enrichment factor (EF) recorded a "moderate enrichment" of Pb in sediment in P24. Pollution was mainly explained by wastewater discharges in rivers but also because of erosion and rainfall events. Statistical analysis presented strong relationships between trace and major metals which could explain a common natural origin for metals in water and sediment: rock lixiviation.

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Helicobacter pylori is a microorganism that infects 60% of the population and is considered the main cause of atrophic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. Different emerging pathogens have been found in drinking water and their presence is considered to be an important public health problem. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out the validation of reliable technologies for this type of pathogens and evaluate their performance. This paper reports, for the first time, H. pylori reduction in a drinking water pilot plant of two slow sand filters (SSF). Inlet water was taken from a gravel filtration system of a rural water supply in Colombia and then inoculated with viable cells of H. pylori. By determining the Genomic Units (GU) through quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), the concentration of GU/sample was measured. In the inlet water amplification for SSF1 and SSF2 were 5.13 × 102 ± 4.48 × 102 and 6.59 × 102 ± 7.32 × 102, respectively, while for the treated water they were 7.0 ± 5.6 and 2.05 × 101 ± 2.9 × 101 GU/sample for SSF1 and SSF2, respectively. The SSF pilot plant reached up to 3 log reduction units of H. pylori; therefore, since there is not an H. pylori contamination indicator and its periodic monitoring is financially complicated, the SSF could guarantee the drinking water quality necessity that exists in rural areas and small municipalities in developing countries, where infection rates and prevalence of this pathogen are high.

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Addressing urban water management challenges requires a holistic view. Sustainable approaches such as blue-green infrastructure (BGI) provide several benefits, but assessing their effectiveness demands a systemic approach. Challenges are magnified in informal areas, leading to the combination of integrated urban water management (IUWM) with BGI as a proposed solution by this research. We employed the Urban Water Use (UWU) model to assess the effectiveness index (EI) of BGI measures in view of IUWM after stakeholder consultation. The procedure in this novel assessment includes expert meetings for scenario building and resident interviews to capture the community's vision. To assess the impact of IUWM on the effectiveness of BGI measures, we proposed a simulation with BGI only and then three simulations with improvements to the water and sewage systems. The results of the EI analysis reveal a substantial improvement in the effectiveness of BGI measures through IUWM combination. Moreover, we offer insights into developing strategies for UWU model application in informal settlements, transferrable to diverse urban areas. The findings hold relevance for policymakers and urban planners, aiding informed decisions in urban water management.

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Para ser considerada própria para consumo humano, a água deve atender ao padrão de potabilidade estabelecido pela legislação em vigor. Os parâmetros para o monitoramento da qualidade bacteriológica da água para consumo humano são a presença e a ausência de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli. O cloro utilizado para a desinfecção da água tem reduzido consideravelmente a transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os resultados das análises de coliformes totais, de Escherichia coli e de cloro residual livre em amostras de água provenientes de 62 municípios das regiões de Marília e Assis (São Paulo), de janeiro a dezembro de 2022. A presença de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli em 4.751 amostras analisadas foi de 269 (5,7%) e 36 (0,8%), respectivamente. A presença de E. coli indica contaminação por material fecal, além de um alto potencial de organismos patogênicos que oferecem risco à saúde. A análise dos resultados de cloro residual livre revelou que todos os municípios estão cumprindo a obrigatoriedade de adição de cloro na água de abastecimento público. Os resultados deste estudo propiciaram a avaliação da qualidade da água de abastecimento público em relação aos padrões bacteriológicos estabelecidos pela legislação e comprovaram a importância do monitoramento e das ações por órgãos de saúde. O desenvolvimento de políticas e ações intersetoriais e integradas proporcionam a identificação de limitações tecnológicas e operacionais dos sistemas de abastecimento e a avaliação dos riscos à saúde, desencadeando estratégias de redução da morbimortalidade e da promoção da saúde.

To be considered suitable for human consumption, water must meet the potability standards established by current legislation. The parameters for monitoring the bacteriological quality of water for human consumption are the presence/absence of total coliforms and Escherichiacoli. Chlorine used to disinfect water has considerably reduced the transmission of waterborne diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of the analyses of total coliforms, Escherichia coli and free residual chlorine in water samples from 62 municipalities in the regions of Marília and Assis, São Paulo, from January to December 2022. The presence of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in 4,751 samples analyzed was 269 (5.7%) and 36 (0.8%), respectively. The presence of E. coli indicates contamination by fecal material, in addition to a high potential for pathogenic organisms that pose a risk to health. The analysis of the results of free residual chlorine revealed that all municipalities are complying with the mandatory addition of chlorine to the public water supply. The results of this study allowed the evaluation of the quality of the public water supply in relation to the bacteriological standards established by law and demonstrated the importance of monitoring and actions by health agencies. The development of intersectoral and integrated policies and actions allow the identification of technological and operational limitations of the supply systems and the assessment of health risks, triggering strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality and promote health.

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Introdução: As mudanças climáticas podem afetar a qualidade e a disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos. Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência das séries temporais de precipitação e vazão e o impacto dos cenários climáticos projetados para o período de 2020-2050 na bacia hidrográfica Sorocaba- Médio Tietê-BHSMT e suas repercussões no abastecimento público de água. Método: Estudo de revisão narrativa sobre os impactos das mudanças climáticas na disponibilidade e qualidade da água. Um estudo de tendência dos dados históricos de precipitação e vazão do período de 1980 a 2020 de quatro estações localizadas na BHSMT, utilizado os métodos de Man-Kendall e de Pettitt. Aplicação do modelo SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) para avaliar o impacto dos cenários climáticos RCP4.5 e RCP8.5 para o período de 2020 a 2050, no ciclo hidrológico da bacia e na disponibilidade de água para abastecimento público. Resultados: Existem muitas lacunas para compreender os impactos dos cenários climáticos nos recursos hídricos e suas repercussões na saúde da população. A análise de tendência dos dados de vazão e precipitação mostrou estacionariedade. A análise dos impactos dos cenários climáticos mostrou importante redução na precipitação e vazão, para ambos os cenários, em especial para o período de 2020-2030 e 2030-2040, oferecendo riscos ao abastecimento de público e segurança hídrica na região. Conclusão: Estratégias envolvendo ampla gama de áreas temáticas e perspectivas para garantir segurança hídrica e ampliar a resiliência das bacias frente aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas são necessárias.

Introduction: Climate change can affect the quality and availability of water resources. Objective: To evaluate the trend of precipitation and flow time series and the impact of climate scenarios projected for the period 2020-2050 in the Sorocaba- Médio Tietê-BHSMT river basin and its repercussions on public water supply. Method: Narrative review study on the impacts of climate change on water availability and quality. A trend study of historical precipitation and flow data from 1980 to 2020 from four stations located in the BHSMT, using the Man-Kendall and Pettitt methods. Application of the SWAT model (Soil Water Assessment Tool) to evaluate the impact of the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios for the period from 2020 to 2050, on the basin's hydrological cycle and on the availability of water for public supply. Results: There are many gaps in understanding the impacts of climate scenarios on water resources and their repercussions on the population's health. Trend analysis of flow and precipitation data showed stationarity. The analysis of the impacts of the climate scenarios showed an important reduction in precipitation and flow, for both scenarios, especially for the period 2020-2030 and 2030-2040, posing risks to public supply and water security in the region. Conclusion: Strategies involving a wide range of thematic areas and perspectives to ensure water security and increase the resilience of basins to the effects of climate change are necessary.

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The maintenance of adequate fluoride (F) concentration in the public water supply is fundamental for ensuring that the community use of F can reach the maximum benefit for caries control and minimum risk for dental fluorosis. Thus, surveillance systems must use accurate and valid analytical methods to determine F concentration and, according to the literature, give preference to the ion-specific electrode (F- ISE) analysis. Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of the ISE and SPADNS methods in the determination of the F concentration in the same water sample. Methods: Duplicate water samples were taken from 30 sampling sites in the municipality of Maringá, state of Paraná, monthly for 12 months, totaling 276 samples. An aliquot was analyzed by the FOP-UNICAMP Oral Biochemistry laboratory, using the F- ISE method, and the other one, by the SANEPAR laboratory in Maringá/PR, using the SPADNS method. Descriptive analysis and Pearson's correlation test were applied, with a significant level of p<0.05. Results: Results were expressed as ppm F (mg F/L), and a very strong positive correlation (r= 0.91; p<0.001) was detected between the two methods of analysis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the determination of f luoride concentration in water can be made with accuracy by the SPADNS method, a standardized analysis protocol

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This study analyzed the relationships between the concentration of natural fluoride in public water supply and meteorological and hydrographic factors in a northeastern region of Brazil. This was a descriptive, analytical, ecological, longitudinal, and field study conducted by collecting water in 23 municipalities (2019 to 2020) of four macroregions of Paraíba (Brazil): coast (1), borborema (2), agreste (3), and outback (4). Four collection sites were selected per municipality: two near and two distant from the water treatment plant. Fluoride concentration was determined using a combined ion-specific electrode and classified according to the Collaborating Center of the Ministry of Health in Oral Health Surveillance. Meteorological, hydrographic, and population characteristics were also collected. All analyzed samples showed natural fluoride; macroregions 2 and 4 showed the highest mean fluoride concentration, macroregion 4 presented the highest mean temperature, and all macroregions showed a similar pattern of precipitation. The mean fluoride concentration of the four macroregions was below the appropriate value to prevent caries. An increase in precipitation would decrease the fluoride concentration in water. In conclusion, the concentration of natural fluoride varied according to meteorological and hydrographic factors. The concentration in surface waters increased during periods of low precipitation. Therefore, this study provided important information to support implementation of community water fluoridation in this region.

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Quantifying drought's economic impacts has been key for decision-making to build future strategies and improve the development and implementation of proactive plans. However, climate change is changing drought frequency, intensity, and durability. These changes imply modifications of their economic impact, as longer droughts result in greater cumulative economic losses for water users. Though the longer the drought lasts, other factors also play a crucial role in its economic outcomes, such as Infrastructure capacity (IC), the Amount of Water in Storage (AWS) in reservoirs and aquifers, and short- and long-term responses to it. This study proposes and applies an analytical framework for the economic assessment of long-run droughts, assessing and explaining central Chile megadrought economic effects through the factors that begin to influence the economic impact level in this setting. High levels of both IC and the AWS, as well as short- and long-term responses of water users, allow for high resilience to long-run droughts, tolerating extraordinary water disruption in its society with relatively low total economic impacts. Despite this adaptability, long-term droughts bring places to a water-critical threshold where long-term adaptation strategies may be less flexible than short-term strategies, escalating the adverse economic effects. This fact suggests that the economic evaluation of megadrought needs to focus on future tipping points (substantial water scarcity). The tipping point depends on the IC, how water users manage the AWS, and adaptation strategies. Establishing the tipping point should be a priority for future interdisciplinary research.

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[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Investigar a relação entre prevalência de esquistossomose e geo-helmintíases e variáveis de acesso a água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos em países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 1950 e agosto de 2021, com desenho ecológico e foco em agregados populacionais (estados, municípios e/ou distritos), tendo como desfecho primário a prevalên- cia da infecção por Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma sp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides ou Trichuris trichiura e como variável explicativa o acesso a água, esgotamento sanitário e/ou resíduos sólidos. Foram considerados artigos com disponibilidade de texto completo e acesso livre nos idiomas inglês, espa- nhol ou português. O risco de viés e a qualidade dos estudos foram avaliados conforme o manual do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados. De 2 714 artigos, nove foram elegíveis, publicados entre 1994 e 2021 e cobrindo 22 países da ALC e 14 350 municípios. A qualidade metodológica de todos os artigos foi moderada. As variáveis ambien- tais apontaram associação de abastecimento de água e coleta de resíduos sólidos com esquistossomose; abastecimento de água com ascaridíase, tricuríase e ancilostomíase; e de esgotamento sanitário com asca- ridíase e ancilostomíase. Exceto por um artigo com abrangência regional para ALC, todos os demais foram desenvolvidos no Brasil. Conclusão. Evidencia-se a necessidade de ampliar a pesquisa sobre a associação entre condições sanitárias domiciliares e coletivas e doenças parasitárias para todos os países endêmicos da ALC para embasar estratégias ambientais para controle dessas doenças.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis with variables related to access to water, sanitation and solid waste in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Method. A systematic review was performed in the LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science, and SciELO databases. Studies published between 1950 and August 2021, with an ecological design and a focus on population groups (states, municipalities and/or districts), having the prevalence of infection by Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma sp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura as primary variable and access to water, sewage and/or solid waste as explanatory variables were included. Open access articles with full text available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were considered. The risk of bias and the quality of the studies were assessed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute manual. Results. Of 2 714 articles, nine were eligible, published between 1994 and 2021 and covering 22 LAC coun- tries and 14 350 municipalities. All articles had moderate methodological quality. Environmental variables indicated an association between water supply and solid waste collection with schistosomiasis; water supply with ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm; and sewage with ascariasis and hookworm. Except for one article, which had regional coverage for LAC, all the others were developed in Brazil. Conclusion. There is a clear need to expand research on the association between household and collective health conditions and parasitic diseases for all endemic countries in LAC to support environmental strategies to control these diseases.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Investigar la relación entre la prevalencia de esquistosomiasis y geohelmintiasis y las variables de acceso al agua, el saneamiento y el manejo de residuos sólidos en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science y SciELO. Todos los artículos fueron de calidad metodológica moderada. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 1950 y agosto del 2021, con diseño ecológico y atención en agregados demográficos (estados, municipios o distritos), que tuvieran como resultado principal la prevalencia de infección por Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma spp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides o Trichuris trichiura y como variable explicativa el acceso al agua, el saneamiento y el manejo de residuos sólidos. Se analizaron artículos de texto completo y acceso libre en español, inglés o portugués. El riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de los estudios se evaluaron según las normas del manual del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados. De los 2 714 artículos, hubo 9 que cumplieron con los requisitos establecidos; estos se publi- caron entre 1994 y el 2021 y abarcaron 22 países y 14 350 municipios de América Latina y el Caribe. Las variables ambientales indicaron una relación del abastecimiento de agua y la recolección de residuos sólidos con la esquistosomiasis; del abastecimiento de agua con la ascariasis, la tricuriasis y la anquilostomiasis; y del saneamiento con la ascariasis y la anquilostomiasis. Con excepción de un artículo que abarcó la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, todos los demás se realizaron en Brasil. Conclusiones. Es evidente la necesidad de ampliar las investigaciones sobre la relación entre las condicio- nes sanitarias domésticas y colectivas y las enfermedades parasitarias en todos los países de América Latina y el Caribe donde son endémicas, con el fin de formular estrategias centradas en el medio ambiente para controlar esas enfermedades.

RESUMEN

Among the challenges faced by regulatory authorities in the water sector, the large number of municipal supply services to be inspected and the cost of on-site inspections are prominent. To overcome these issues, decisions regarding the priority of inspections based on indicators is an alternative. Therefore, this research aims to propose and evaluate the Regulatory Index of Quality of Water Supply Service (RIQS) to triage on-site inspections of water supply systems in cities of the state of Minas Gerais. The study was conducted with information from the Regulatory Agency of Water Supply and Sanitation Services of Minas Gerais (Arsae-MG). The methodology followed seven steps: (i) selection of available indicators; (ii) grouping of indicators according to their typology; (iii) screening of indicators; (iv) establishment of standardized scale; (v) evaluation of the relative importance of typologies and indicators, through the adaptation of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP); (vi) determination of the RIQS; and (vii) analysis of results. As a result, we selected 12 indicators to compose the RIQS, which deal with efficiency, effectiveness, and customer relationship. We noticed that the indicator of water supply service coverage (17.2%) had the highest weight in the calculation of the RIQS, and the index of requests for an inspection of the water connection served on time (2.1%) had the lowest weight. In addition, 95.1% of the 591 municipalities evaluated presented excellent or good performance. Based on these results, we show that the RIQS can be used to identify cities with low performance and prioritize inspections in the most urgent water systems. Furthermore, these outcomes reveal the possibility of extending and adapting the methodology to other regulatory agencies around the world for identifying the priority of inspections in water supply systems at a municipal level.